藏獒细小病毒性肠炎的综合防治

藏獒细小病毒性肠炎是由细小病毒引起的一种病毒性传染病,该病毒感染后引起腹泻、便血、体温先升高后降低、最后虚脱衰竭而死亡,本病给藏獒养殖业带来很大的冲击,造成养殖业的重大经济损失。为了做好藏獒犬细小病毒性肠炎的防治,本文从藏獒细小病毒病发病原因、临床症状、病理变化、实验室诊断及防治技术进行了探讨。1病原     

两例藏獒犬细小病毒病的诊治

犬细小病毒病是由犬细小病毒（CPV）引起的犬和其他犬科动物以及鼬科动物的一种高度接触性传染病。2013年6～8月，根据发病情况、临床特征及实验室诊断对2例藏獒CPV病例进行了诊治。     

一例藏獒细小病毒病的治疗体会

犬细小病毒病是由犬细小病毒引起的一种急性传染病,特征为出血性胃肠炎和非化脓性心肌炎。藏獒感染犬细小病毒主要表现为出血性胃肠炎症状,多数能治愈。如果治疗不及时或诊断失误,则可能引起死亡,造成不必要的损失。     

犬细小病毒病的治疗和预防

犬细小病毒感染(Canie parvovirus infection,CP)是犬细小病毒引起的一种急性、高度接触性传染病,该病已成为危害犬类的最主要的烈性传染病之一.本文从犬细小病毒病原、流行病学、发病机理、犬细小病毒病的发病症状及病理变化、犬细小病毒病的诊断、预防与治疗等方面进行了较为详细的综述.     

犬细小病毒的研究进展

犬细小病毒病(Canine Parvovirus,CPV)是由犬细小病毒感染犬发生的一种急性传染病,临床上表现以出血性坏死性肠炎和急性非化脓性心肌炎为特征。在犬类,尤其是幼犬中引起严重的发病率和死亡率,给养犬人士带来经济损失和精神伤害。通过对犬细小病毒的病原学、流行病学、诊断、治疗方法和预防进行综述,为该病诊断和防控提供参考。     

藏獒犬细小病毒流行病学调查及其防治

为了解犬细小病发病率、死亡率与藏獒年龄、免疫接种、季节之间的关系,并总结出一套治疗藏獒犬细小病最有效的方法。在2009年1月至2010年2月收治100例临床藏獒犬细小病病例,从流行病学、各种诊断方法、病理剖检、治疗等方面进行深入全面的研究。结果表明,犬细小病发病率及死亡率与藏獒的年龄、免疫接种、季节有很大的关系;通过应用以被动免疫(犬细小病血清、犬细小单克隆抗体)和联合主动免疫(弱毒疫苗)为主的综合治疗方法取得了良好治疗效果。     

藏獒犬瘟热与细小病毒混感的诊治

犬瘟热是由犬瘟热病毒引起的犬科、鼬科和浣熊科等多种动物的一种急性、热性、高度接触性、致死性传染病,主要表现为双相热、急性鼻卡他,随后以支气管炎、肺炎、严重的胃肠炎和神经症状等为特征,少数病例出现鼻部和脚垫的高度角化。犬细小病毒病是由犬细小病毒引起的一种急性、烈性、致死性传染病,该病以出血性肠炎和非化脓性心肌炎为主要临床特征。随着我国养犬业迅速发展,犬发生犬瘟热与细小病毒病混合感染的病例也在不断增加,导致犬只死亡,给养犬业带来很大的危害。2013年4月19日,我们在淮安生物工程高等职业学校动物医院接诊了一只藏獒,根据流行病学调查、临床检查、血细胞分析检查及犬瘟热病毒（CDV）快速检测和犬细小病毒（CPV）快速检测,诊断该藏獒为犬瘟热病毒与细小病毒混合感染,现就诊治情况报告如下。     

新疆哈密地区犬细小病毒病的诊断与防制

1哈密地区犬细小病毒病的流行状况通过对哈密地区100例重症犬统计分析得知:该病发病率为34%,治愈率为14.7%,死亡率为85.29%。本地未免疫的哈萨犬及从青海引进的藏獒发病率,死亡率均比其它犬高,也有极少数免疫过的犬发病。2008年1月至今该病呈上升趋势。2病原与流行病学犬细小病毒病是由犬细小病毒(CPV)引起的一种急性热性传染病,该病毒属于细小病毒科细小病毒属RNA型病     

浅谈犬细小病毒病及其治疗

犬细小病毒病是由犬细小病毒（CPV）引起的一种高感染性、高发病率、高死亡率的传染性疾病,易感染幼犬。为预防犬细小病毒感染犬类,要及时进行疫苗注射。     

藏獒犬细小病毒病的诊治

<正>犬细小病毒病主要侵害幼犬,是由犬细小病毒引起的一种具有高度接触性传染的烈性传染病,死亡率极高,对养犬业的危害相当大。该病多发于冬春寒冷季节,临床上以剧烈呕吐、非化脓性心肌炎和出血性肠炎为特征。近年来,随着藏獒饲养量的逐年上升,犬细小病毒病在藏獒中呈暴发趋势,6周龄到6月龄藏獒幼犬的发病率和死亡率比一般的犬种还要高,已成为当前藏獒养殖业危害最大的疫病之一。2014年2月,笔者诊治一起以呕吐、拉稀、拉血便为特征的藏獒犬细     

Experiments with a homologous,inactivated canine parvovirus vaccine in vaccination programmes for dogs

Summary

The significance of canine parvovirus (CPV) infections as a permanent threat to susceptible dogs, in particular pups, made the authors develop three liquid homologous inactivated adjuvant CPV vaccines that were compatible with existing canine vaccines and could he incorporated in current vaccination programmes. One vaccine (Kavak Parvo) contained only the CPV component, the second product (Kavak i‐LP) also contained two inactivated leptospiral antigens, and the third vaccine (Kavak i‐HLP) contained in addition an inactivated canine hepatitis virus.

This paper reports on the studies conducted to test the safety and efficacy of the three products. They were used as such and as diluents for freeze dried vaccines containing live attenuated measles, distemper, and hepatitis viruses. The study was performed in a breeding kennel where all dogs were free from CPV antibodies and the nonvaccinated sentinels remained so for the course of the study. All vaccines proved to be safe in dogs of all ages, including pregnant bitches. The efficacy of the CPV component was studied both by monitoring antibody titres for more than a year and by challenge exposure of some dogs to virulent CPV. The results obtained from these studies prove that the CPV component used in the three vaccines can be incorporated as indicated in the recommended canine vaccination programmes. The observations that both the inactivated CPV and hepatitis components do induce an active immunity in pups that are still protected by low levels of maternally derived antibodies against these viruses, make those vaccines very suitable in breeding kennels. Additional studies on a comparative basis are being continued in endemically CPV infected breeding kennels to quantify the significance of these observations in these special conditions.     

Use of modified live feline panleukopenia virus vaccine to immunize dogs against canine parvovirus

Modified live feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) vaccine protected dogs against canine parvovirus (CPV) infection. However, unlike the long-lived (greater than or equal to 20-month) immunity engendered by CPV infection, the response of dogs to living FPLV was variable. Doses of FPLV (snow leopard strain) in excess of 10(5.7) TCID50 were necessary for uniform immunization; smaller inocula resulted in decreased success rates. The duration of immunity, as measured by the persistence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody, was related to the magnitude of the initial response to vaccination; dogs with vigorous initial responses resisted oronasal CPV challenge exposure 6 months after vaccination, and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies persisted in such dogs for greater than 1 year. Limited replication of FPLV in dogs was demonstrated, but unlike CPV, the feline virus did not spread to contact dogs or cats. Adverse reactions were not associated with living FPLV vaccination, and FPLV did not interfere with simultaneous response to attenuated canine distemper virus.     

Association between cancer chemotherapy and canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, and rabies virus antibody titers in tumor-bearing dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between cancer chemotherapy and serum canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and rabies virus antibody titers in tumor-bearing dogs. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 21 client-owned dogs with various malignancies and 16 client-owned dogs with lymphoma. PROCEDURE: In study A, serum antibody titers were measured by use of hemagglutination inhibition (CPV titers) or serum neutralization (CDV titers) before and at least 1 month after initiation of chemotherapy. Baseline values were compared with values obtained from a control population of 122 healthy dogs seen for routine revaccination. Titers were considered protective at > or = 1:96 for CDV and > or = 1:80 for CPV. In study B, serum IgG titers were measured by use of immunofluorescent assay (CDV and CPV titers) and rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT, rabies titers) at baseline and again at weeks 5, 8, and 24 of a standard chemotherapy protocol for treatment of lymphoma. An IgG titer of > or = 1:50 was considered protective for CPV and CDV. An RFFIT titer of > or = 0.5 U/ml was considered protective for rabies virus. RESULTS: Significant changes were not detected in CDV, CPV, and rabies virus titers following chemotherapy in tumor-bearing dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that established immunity to CDV, CPV, and rabies virus from previous vaccination is not significantly compromised by standard chemotherapy used to treat tumor-bearing dogs.     

Three-year duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination against canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus

A challenge-of-immunity study was conducted to demonstrate immunity in dogs 3 years after their second vaccination with a new multivalent, modified-live vaccine containing canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine distemper virus (CDV). Twenty-three seronegative pups were vaccinated at 7 and 11 weeks of age. Eighteen seronegative pups, randomized into groups of six dogs, served as challenge controls. Dogs were kept in strict isolation for 3 years following the vaccination and then challenged sequentially with virulent canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), CPV, and CDV. For each viral challenge, a separate group of six control dogs was also challenged. Clinical signs of CAV-1, CPV, and CDV infections were prevented in 100% of vaccinated dogs, demonstrating that the multivalent, modified-live test vaccine provided protection against virulent CAV-1, CPV, and CDV challenge in dogs 7 weeks of age or older for a minimum of 3 years following second vaccination.     

Exposure of free-ranging maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) to infectious and parasitic disease agents in the No?l Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia.

Maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) are neotropic mammals, listed as a CITES Appendix II species, with a distribution south of the Amazon forest from Bolivia, through northern Argentina and Paraguay and into eastern Brazil and northern Uruguay. Primary threats to the survival of free-ranging maned wolves include habitat loss, road kills, and shooting by farmers. An additional threat to the conservation of maned wolves is the risk of morbidity and mortality due to infectious and parasitic diseases. Captive maned wolves are susceptible to, and die from, common infectious diseases of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) including canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), rabies virus, and canine adenovirus (CAV). Results from this study show that free-ranging maned wolves in a remote area of Bolivia have been exposed to multiple infectious and parasitic agents of domestic carnivores, including CAV, CDV, CPV, canine coronavirus, rabies virus, Leptospira interrogans spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Dirofilaria immitis, and may be at increased risk for disease due to these agents.     

Aspects of the diagnosis, pathogenesis and epidemiology of canine parvovirus

Between 18 July 1980 and 2 January 1981, 188 samples (145 faeces and 43 intestinal contents) were submitted from dogs with suspected canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis. CPV was demonstrated in 56 (30%) of these samples; the weekly rate of positive CPV identification was remarkably constant at approximately 30% even though clinical and often post-mortem findings strongly supported a diagnosis of CPV enteritis. The simplest, most sensitive and most rapid method for detection of virus was haemagglutination (HA) which was twice as sensitive as isolation of virus and 8 times as sensitive as electron microscopy (EM). Forty nine of 56 (88%) samples positive for CPV were from dogs less than 1 year old and 44 (79%) CPV-positive samples were from pups less than 6 months old; only one sample from a pup less than 2 months old (pup was 7 weeks old) was positive. An additional 68 samples (53 faeces and 15 intestinal contents) were submitted from Beagle dogs that were part of a colony of approximately 1200 dogs. Epidemiological data pinpoints the entry of CPV into the colony in November 1978 at which time most dogs including pups less than 6 months of age developed antibody to CPV without developing clinical disease. From these data an overview of some aspects of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of CPV is constructed.     

Serum antibody response to canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus-1, and canine distemper virus in dogs with known status of immunization: study of dogs in Sweden

Serum antibody titers to canine parvovirus (CPV), canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1), and canine distemper virus (CDV) were measured in dogs with known immunization status. The dogs represented 3 groups: nonvaccinated dogs less than 12 months old; vaccinated dogs less than 12 months old; and adult dogs greater than 12 months old. For practical reasons, the population from which the specimens were obtained could be considered as free from natural infection with CAV-1 and CDV. In nonvaccinated dogs less than 12 months old, antibodies against all 3 viruses were measured at the time the dogs were given their first vaccination. Altogether, 50.7% of the dogs had titer greater than or equal to 1:10 to CPV, and 26.1 and 46.2% had titer greater than or equal to 1:8 to CAV-1 and CDV, respectively. The concentration of maternal antibody seemed to be of major importance for failure of immunization with use of inactivated CPV vaccine, but not with CAV-1 and CDV vaccination. In dogs less than 12 months old and vaccinated against CPV infection with inactivated virus, only 11.5% had titer greater than or equal to 1:80. In dogs vaccinated against infectious canine hepatitis and canine distemper, 63.2 and 78.3%, respectively, had titer greater than or equal to 1:16. In adult dogs greater than 2 months old and vaccinated against CPV infection, less than 50% had titer greater than or equal to 1:80, regardless of time after vaccination. There was no significant difference in titer between vaccinated and nonvaccinated dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Clinical and pathologic features of parvoviral diarrhea in pound-source dogs

From June 1980 through May 1982, 161 pound-source dogs that developed diarrhea while being used in research were evaluated to determine whether canine parvovirus (CPV) type 2 was the etiologic agent. Evaluation included notation of clinical signs, determination of serum CPV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG titers, virus isolation attempts, and histologic examination of tissues. Criteria for diagnosis of canine parvoviral enteritis were serum CPV-specific IgM antibodies, isolation of CPV from feces, and histologic evidence of intestinal crypt cell necrosis. Upon arrival, 67 clinically normal pound-source dogs were evaluated to determine the prevalence of fecal shedding of CPV and to determine their antibody titers to CPV. Parvovirus was not isolated from any of these dogs, although 76% had IgG antibodies and 3% had IgM antibodies. Of the 161 dogs with diarrhea, 40 (25%) had parvoviral enteritis. Of dogs with parvoviral enteritis, 71% had IgG antibodies and 68% had IgM antibodies. Canine parvovirus was isolated from 18 dogs. Serum IgG antibodies were found in 85% of dogs with diarrhea due to other causes. The geometric mean titer of IgG antibodies to CPV was not significantly different among the 3 groups. Clinical signs that appeared significantly (P less than 0.05) more often in dogs with parvoviral enteritis included bloody diarrhea, anorexia, fever (greater than or equal to 39.4 C), and leukopenia (WBC less than 6,000/mm3). Cases occurred throughout the year, without apparent seasonal variation. The duration between arrival and onset of diarrhea was significantly (P less than 0.05) shorter for dogs with parvoviral enteritis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Application of a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for evaluation of the immune status to canine parvovirus and distemper virus in adult dogs before revaccination.

A growing body of literature has been published indicating that the current practice of annual vaccination of dogs may not be beneficial and in some cases may even be harmful. A number of publications have proposed assessing the immune status of dogs before annual revaccination. In this study the usefulness of a commercially available dot-ELISA kit was evaluated to determine the duration IgG antibody titers to canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) in 158 dogs vaccinated at least one year ago. Overall, the percentage of dogs with protective antibody titers to both CPV and CDV was 84%. The percentage of dogs with borderline antibody titers was 11% for CPV and 10% for CDV. Four percent of the dogs had no detectable antibody to CPV and 6% had no antibody to CDV. The results reported here are in good agreement with other studies measuring IgG antibody levels. It is concluded that the kit offers veterinarians the opportunity of determining antibody titers and revaccinating only those pets whose antibody titers to specific diseases have waned.