家牛全基因组遗传多样性与起源研究进展

随着高质量的家牛三代基因组的组装、高密度芯片、高通量测序技术的发展,从全基因组水平上对家牛的起源、驯化、适应性机制、重要经济性状候选基因和群体历史动态的研究取得了许多重要的研究成果。本文综述了通过基因芯片和重测序技术研究世界家牛的起源、遗传多样性、群体结构、迁徙驯化历史、不同群体间的基因交流,以及原牛和近缘野牛对家牛的渐渗影响,以期为今后家牛重要经济性状相关功能基因的定位、家牛的起源和驯化研究提供参考。     

绵羊基因组测序及应用研究进展

随着测序技术的不断发展,测序价格的平民化使得基因组测序及应用普及到各个物种。绵羊作为人类重要的经济动物,其基因组研究近年来取得了重要进展,在绵羊起源、进化和适应性及功能基因鉴定等方面的研究取得了重要成果。该文重点综述绵羊的全基因组de nono测序进展及全基因组重测序在解析绵羊品种遗传多样性、揭示进化适应机制、功能基因定位等方面的研究应用,以期为绵羊的生物学研究提供方法参考,也为绵羊品种资源的保护和利用及分子育种提供参考。     

中国家禽遗传多样性的保存和利用

一.保护我国家禽遗传多样性的必要性 遗传多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分，是人类赖以生存的重要生物资源之一。广义的遗传多样性是指地球上的所有生物携带的遗传信息的总和。狭义的遗传多样性指种内不同群体之间或者一个群体内不同个体之间遗传变异的总和。家禽的遗传多样性指家禽不同群体之间或一个群体内不同个体遗传变异的总和。家禽的遗传多样性包括染色体和细胞器基因组DNA序列的遗传信息的多样性(多态性或变异性)，染色体的多样性以及蛋白质的多样性．是其物种进化的重要原料贮备。     

中国地方犬基因组遗传多样性及其选择信号分析的概要

正家犬是最早被驯化的家养动物,通过选择进化和培育,世界上已有超过400多个犬品种,每个品种都具有独特的生理、行为和形态特征。近年来,越来越多的研究人员利用高密度SNP芯片和全基因组重测序技术,开展了西方犬种的起源、进化、遗传多样性以及影响表型相关的基因研究,并取得了重要进展,但还未见中国地方犬的遗传多样性、群体结构、进化关系、基因组结构变异和选择信号等研究。     

马线粒体DNA多态性与起源进化的研究进展

人类历史的发展离不开家畜的驯化,家畜给人类提供了皮、毛、骨、肉、奶等,为人类的生存发展提供了有力的支持.马的驯化与其他家畜相比更多了一些神秘的色彩,它曾带领人类远足、征伐、迁徙,与人类社会的关系更加紧密.搞清楚马的驯化发展历史对于了解人类自身的发展历史起着至关重要的作用.从分子水平搞清楚马的亲缘关系及起源历史对珍稀品种的保护和新品种的繁育也有非常重大的意义.线粒体DNA是研究马起源驯化历史的有效工具,它具有典型的母系遗传方式,分离技术简单,重复性好,一个个体往往能代表一个母系集团,目前已经被广泛用在各品种畜禽的起源分化及遗传距离的鉴定方面.国内外通过马线粒体DNA来探究不同品种马起源进化及亲缘关系的研究也很多,在理论和实践上对于今后的研究工作都有重要的借鉴作用.     

改善动物福利的家禽育种展望

家禽和其它动物一样具有改变自身行为和生理以适应栖息环境的能力。通过自然选择、群体维持和累积的性状被保留,而那些对环境有害的则被摈弃。幸存的群体能够贡献更多与有益性状相关的基因以提高后代的适应性。家鸡是由红色原鸡驯化而来。在驯化过程中,家鸡保持了适应栖息环境的能力,这个行为通常是由多世代的累积遗传进化而成。与自然选择相比,人工选择的过程由人类的需求和行为所决定,可以在短期内取得更快更有效的结果。随着现代育种策略和专业化育种公司的出现,这一过程进一步得到加强。家禽的遗传改良将加速育种进程,在对家禽进行抗应激、抗病育种的同时成功实现高产高效和理想福利的育种目标。     

禽类恐惧行为遗传调控研究进展

恐惧行为给养禽生产带来经济损失,传统选育方法很难将其淘汰。随着全基因扫描、数量性状定位(QTL)及比较基因组技术的进步,禽类恐惧行为遗传调控研究取得重要进展。禽类恐惧行为存在品种、性别上的差异,通过双向选择已经在鸡、鹌鹑及圆环雉上构建恐惧反应不同的品系。候选基因碱基多样性分析结果表明,血清素、多巴胺受体等基因与恐惧行为相关,但研究结果仍有待进一步验证。鸡全基因组关联分析发现9个染色体37个位点携带恐惧相关基因。禽类恐惧行为遗传调控研究将为品种选育及改良提供支持。     

鸡重要性状全基因组关联分析研究现状及展望

全基因组关联研究(GWAS)是在全基因组范围内寻找与动植物重要经济性状相关联的遗传变异,最先应用于人类复杂疾病的研究,随着鸡全基因组图谱的完成与公布,以及不同密度SNP芯片的开发与推广,GWAS已经应用于鸡复杂性状的重要基因检测,是解析重要性状分子遗传机制强有力的分析方法。文章介绍了GWAS研究背景、原理与方法等,综述了GWAS在鸡体重、体尺、屠宰、肉质、繁殖、行为、抗病等重要性状上的研究现状,并预测GWAS技术在未来鸡育种中的应用前景,旨在为进一步利用GWAS进行鸡复杂性状的遗传基础研究以及鸡的全基因组选择(GS)育种提供参考。     

2014世界肉鸡遗传育种与资源研究和技术发展报告

2014年,世界家禽遗传资源保存和利用仍然以活体原位保种为主,而评价方法继续推行分子标记方法。传统遗传育种技术与信息技术、统计学手段以及分子遗传等多学科的结合则越来越密切。大规模高通量的SNP检测技术相继建立和应用,全基因组选择已成为肉鸡遗传育种技术的研究热点之一,其研究主要集中于基因组选择的计算方法和基因组育种值估计准确性方面。而在我国国内,分子遗传育种仍是肉鸡遗传育种技术研究与开发的主题之一。     

华大基因研究院“解密”水牛基因组

近日,孟加拉LalTeer畜牧科技公司和深圳华大基因研究院正式签署合作协议,宣布联合开展水牛基因组测序和生物信息学分析等相关研究。该项目将为深入了解水牛这一物种的起源驯化过程及其品种选育等奠定重要的分子基础。     

香格里拉地区尼西鸡养殖现状及发展对策

尼西鸡是云南特有的家禽品种,因产于香格里拉市尼西乡而得名,当地藏语叫"龙巴下",是云南20个地方家禽品种中典型的肉蛋兼用型品种,也是我国《国家级畜禽资源保护品种名录》中典型的地方家禽品种,是当地藏族经长期驯化饲养、选育而形成的优良品种,具有体型较小、产蛋高、肉质好、耐粗饲、灵活善飞等特点,在高海拔和气候寒冷的自然环境下...     

Use of personal protective measures by Thai households in areas with avian influenza outbreaks

Thailand has had multiple poultry outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 since its first emergence in 2004. Twenty-five human cases of HPAI H5N1 avian influenza have been reported in the country, including 17 fatalities, and contact with infected dead or dying poultry has been identified as a risk factor for human infection. This study assessed the use of protective equipment and hand hygiene measures by Thai poultry-owning households during activities involving poultry contact. Surveys conducted in 2008 included questions regarding poultry-related activities and protective measures used during an HPAI outbreak (2005) and 3 years after the study location's last reported outbreak (2008). For both time periods, poultry owners reported limited use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during all activities and inconsistent hand washing practices after carrying poultry and gathering eggs. This is the first time that PPE use in Thailand has been quantified for a large study group. These data are important for ongoing characterization of HPAI risk and for the crafting of educational messages.     

Serological evidence for exposure to avian influenza viruses within poultry workers in southern China

The risk of infection with avian influenza viruses for poultry workers is relatively unknown in China, and study results are often biased by the notification of only the severe human cases. Protein microarray was used to detect binding antibodies to 13 different haemagglutinin (HA1‐part) antigens of avian influenza A(H5N1), A(H7N7), A(H7N9) and A(H9N2) viruses, in serum samples from poultry workers and healthy blood donors collected in the course of 3 years in Guangdong Province, China. Significantly higher antibody titre levels were detected in poultry workers when compared to blood donors for the most recent H5 and H9 strains tested. These differences were most pronounced in younger age groups for antigens from older strains, but were observed in all age groups for the recent H5 and H9 antigens. For the H7 strains tested, only poultry workers from two retail live poultry markets had significantly higher antibody titres compared to blood donors.     

黄皮33份种质资源花粉形态观察

明确黄皮种质资源花粉的形态特征及种质间的亲缘关系,为确定黄皮种质资源的系统分类鉴定提供孢粉学依据。以来自福建省11个产地的33份黄皮种质花粉为试材,经固定、清洗、逐级脱水、干燥、喷金镀膜等处理,采用JSM-6380LV型扫描电子显微镜观察花粉的形态结构,分别选取有代表性的视野观察黄皮花粉群体(放大800倍)、花粉个体(放大3500倍)、花粉赤道面中部的外壁纹饰(放大8000倍)等方面的超微形态特征分别进行显微照相和相关指标测定,将试验所得的综合数据进行统计分析和聚类分析。试验结果表明,观察的黄皮花粉为近球形(0.88

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畜禽生长发育相关性状的全基因组关联分析研究进展

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Research Progress on Mechanisms of Lighting Affecting the Reproduction of Male Poultry Breeders

Lighting is one of the most crucial environment factors for the organisms. The superior photonasty of poultry enable them to sensitize the lighting and translate the photon to biological signals that regulate the growth,reproduction and behaviors. In the modern poultry industry, providing the optimized lighting environment has been an important management strategy for the enhancement of the animal performance. In the recent years, with the development of poultry artificial insemination technology,semen process,package and conservation, housing the male breeders separately from the females is getting popular. Therefore,the finer lighting environment for the males is valuable for their reproduction performance. The recent progresses on poultry photoreceptor,hormones involved in the light-sex signal transduction, and the effect of lighting regimen, light intensity,and spectrum on the reproduction of male poultry breeders were summarized in this review,aiming at providing the basis for the future study and industry application.     

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The domestication of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabanesis) has been discussed for years and still remained unclear. To obtain a better understanding of where, when and how the swamp buffaloes were domesticated, the complete mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences of 1,788 individuals from China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Burma, Bangladesh and India were investigated. Our results revealed swamp buffalo with abundant genetic diversity. The lineage SA of swamp buffalo may be first domesticated in Lower Yangtze and then migrated following two different routes: one migrated along the Upper Yangtze to Southwest China (L1); the other migrated to Southeast China to Southeast Asia through Guangxi province (L2). During the migration process several later domestication events may be inspired in the Upper Yangtze (SB3), Southwest China and North of Southeast Asia (SB1 and SB2). In this study, we proposed a non-independent multiple domestication pattern in swamp buffalo.