恢复阶段退化草地资源与营养评价

摘要：选取内蒙古自治区克什克腾旗达来诺日镇典型草原区封育7年恢复中天然放牧草地,于2008年6-10月对草地进行野外实地考察和调查,分析草地生产力、草地资源以及草地营养物质动态变化并对草地牧草饲用价值进行评价,进而探讨草地理论载畜能力,为建立科学合理的围封恢复草地（原）放牧管理体系以及促进草地畜牧业的可持续发展提供理论指导。结果表明,经过7年的围封恢复,退化至冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）+小禾草阶段的草原生态系统基本恢复到以羊草（Leymus chinensis）和克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii）为主的草原群落,整个生长期群落平均盖度37.5%,密度184.6株/m2,平均自然高度18.3 cm,平均鲜草生物量154.3 g/m2,最高产量达到358.6 g/m2;在整个牧草生长期,草群保持着较高的粗蛋白（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）、可消化总养分（TDN）和代谢能（ME）含量,平均分别为12.06%、1.87%、57.4%和8.31 MJ/kg,体现出封育后草地牧草较高的饲用价值;根据草地牧草产量估算得出的暖季产量载畜量为0.656 hm2/羊单位,根据牧草与绵羊营养指标（CP、ME、TDN）供需关系估算出草地营养载畜量分别为0.513、0.802和0.774 hm2/羊单位。试验区草地经过7年围封,生态恢复效果明显,草地承载力提高,优等饲用牧草种类增多,营养价值高,家畜亦喜食,适于牛羊适度放牧利用。     

不同载畜量对南方人工草地生产性能的影响

载畜量调控是草地放牧系统优化的主要技术环节。在昆明小哨示范牧场设轻牧、中牧、重牧3个载畜量处理,对应的载畜量分别为每公顷0.74、1.52、2.24个牛单位。每个处理设3个放牧小区进行轮牧,轮牧周期3个月。每个月测定牧草的生长量、饲草现存量、饲草养分;6月和10月两次测定地下生物量。结果表明,随着载畜量的增加,草地牧草的生长量也随之增加,轻牧、中牧、重牧的年度累计生长量分别为8667、9486和10264kg/hm2。同一时间段载畜量越高,牧草现存量越低。枯草期牧草的粗蛋白含量随载畜量的增加而降低,粗脂肪的差异则不大。生长期3个载畜量的草地牧草的粗蛋白、粗脂肪等主要营养成分差异均不大。草地牧草的地下生物量主要集中在0～10 cm的土层中,10月份地下牧草根量呈现出随载畜量增大而增加的趋势。3个载畜量条件下的轮牧小区均没有出现草地退化现象。     

草地载畜量研究进展：概念、理论和模型

 平衡理论强调家畜和草地资源之间的生物反馈，主张采取保守放牧策略保证草地生态系统的稳定性，草地管理的目标是调节草地牧草供给量和家畜饲草需求量平衡。基于非平衡理论的“新草地科学”，则强调气候因素尤其是降水，决定着干旱、半干旱区草地承载力，主张采取机会主义策略，充分利用草地并维持草地基况。传统上，草地载畜量的确定是先计算生长季末的草地产量，利用草地利用率等校正系数校正，再除以家畜的年平均需求量；但由于其没有考虑牧草质量、饲喂价值和家畜营养需求，载畜量估计存在误差，从而导致争议。本文依据国内外研究进展，回顾了草地载畜量概念的发展和演变，比较了草地产量载畜量、营养载畜量（包括标准干草载畜量、总可消化养分及可消化粗蛋白载畜量、能量载畜量）差异，归纳了草地载畜量在应用上的争议。本文指出，由于牧草养分的季节变化动态，采用家畜营养需求法估测的载畜量值通常较草地产量法为低，放牧实践上应采用２种方法相结合估算草地载畜量，根据估算数较低者确定草地载畜量有利于草地可持续利用和保护。草地通常既存在平衡态，也存在非平衡态；而基于平衡理论的保守放牧策略在放牧率和放牧压力上，与基于非平衡理论的机会放牧策略存在差异；放牧管理应结合气候条件、草地基况、草地产权制度、政府贴现与否及市场价格等因素，选择保守放牧策略或机会放牧策略，实现草地畜牧业生产的生态和经济效益。由于生态模型通过模拟草地对放牧的响应及放牧对草地的影响，是草地管理的基础，本文归纳了草地放牧管理相关的生态模型和放牧管理应用程序，以期为草地放牧管理决策提供参考。     

云贵高原山区草地生物改良技术研究

对20年来在云贵高原山区进行的难利用草地改良技术进行了总结.划区围栏是控制家畜放牧和草地管理的基础,可将载畜量从3.5个羊单位/hm2提高到7.5个羊单位/hm2; 免耕补播要先用畜群(牛群效果最好)清除天然植被,补播白三叶Trifolium repens等豆科牧草,待其成苗后再补播鸭茅Dactylis glomerata 等禾本科牧草效果明显;施肥以磷肥为主,补播初期施钙镁磷肥750 kg/hm2, 第3年转为维持施肥375kg/hm2,草地生产力最高;轮牧与定牧结合,羊群与牛群顺序放牧时,草地和家畜的生产性能俱佳.合理地、综合地运用这些技术可提高山区草地的综合效益,对山区草地畜牧业的可持续发展发挥促进作用.     

暖季放牧犊牦牛对高寒草甸地区人工草地的影响

为更好地了解青藏高原高寒草甸区暖季放牧条件下人工草地牧草的生长特点,为制定合理放牧制度提供依据,于2001~2003年开展了暖季放牧牦牛对多年生人工草地影响的试验。结果表明:放牧2年后轮牧人工草地播种牧草比例为95.27%,连续放牧人工草地为86.15%,无放牧人工草地为58.01%。轮牧人工草地牧草月风干重最高值3 198.8 kg/hm2,连续放牧人工草地为3 023.2 kg/hm2。放牧可以提高人工草地牧草生长率,轮牧人工草地的牧草生长率高于连续放牧人工草地。放牧还影响着第2年播种牧草的生长,轮牧能促进种子出苗数,播种牧草的鲜重,风干重和种子产量分别达到了5 088.88 kg/hm2,3 053.33 kg/hm2和480 kg/hm2,均高于连续放牧人工草地和无放牧草地,轮牧人工草地杂草鲜草产量最低,为193.33 kg/hm2。适宜的放牧是保持人工草地可持续利用的手段之一。     

昆明小哨示范牧场草地植物资源调查及利用研究

对云南昆明小哨示范牧场草地植物资源进行调查,共记录草地植物37科119属143种。其中,人工种植牧草2科7属10种,野生植物37科114属133种。经多年的放牧演替,人工草地以东非狼尾草—白三叶、东非狼尾草—非洲狗尾草+白三叶两种草地型为主,草地植被盖度达95%以上,鲜草产量24-32 t/hm2,牧草品质优良,适口性好。天然草地包括草丛草地和灌草丛草地2个类型。草丛草地形成了以鼠尾粟+毛花雀稗、知风草+刺芒野古草2种类型为主,植被盖度75%-85%,鲜草产量9-12 t/hm2,牧草品质中等,为较好的天然放牧草地。灌草丛草地以地盘松—扭黄茅型和川梨—白茅型草地为主,植被盖度65%-75%,鲜草产量5-9 t/hm2,牧草品质和适口性均较差,采食率较低。利用不同放牧家畜采食习性的差异,肉牛放牧系统中引入山羊等家畜充分利用草地植物,是有效提高放牧系统草地生产力的一条有效途径。     

共和县天然草地畜草平衡分析

根据农业部草地资源新标准,2005年通过对共和县12个乡草地牧草产量的调查,全县现有可利用草地面积106.9万hm2,平均产草量(干草)1566.69kg/hm2,天然草地实际载畜量179.49万羊单位,与理论载畜量相比,饲草资源尚有盈余。     

纳罗克非洲狗尾草引种试验报告

纳罗克非洲狗尾草为刈牧兼用型的多年生上繁型禾草，在云南省已有18年的栽培历史。该品种耐寒、耐牧，单播刈割利用时年干物质产量为15～22t/hm2；与白三叶共生性好，其混播人工放牧草地载畜量为1～1.5黄牛单位/hm2，年肉牛增重300～350kg/hm2。适合我国秦岭以南的绝大多数地区推广应用。     

玛曲县高寒草地可食牧草产量和养分含量变化及草地承载力分析

为确定甘肃省玛曲县高寒草地牧草生长期产草量及养分含量的动态变化,核定适宜载畜量,将遥感与地面监测和实验室分析相结合,对玛曲县高寒草地牧草生长盛期产草量及分级,可食牧草养分含量及动态变化进行了研究,并以可食牧草产量和粗蛋白(CP)产量为基础,分析评价了不同放牧季高寒草地的承载力。结果表明:6—8月份玛曲县高寒草地可食牧草平均鲜草产量均随牧草生育期延续而升高,且以7月份增幅最大,产量分级走高且趋于分散。可食牧草CP和磷含量随牧草生育期延续而降低,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量增加,粗脂肪和钙含量具有先上升后下降趋势。以8月可食牧草产量和CP产量为基础的冷季草场承载力分别为117.75万个羊单位和105.73万个羊单位,暖季草场承载力分别为258.35万个羊单位和252.00万个羊单位,冷季草场承载力远低于暖季;冷季和暖季草场基于CP产量的载畜量分别较产草量载畜量低12.01万个羊单位和6.35万个羊单位,以CP产量为基础核定草地承载力能更加合理地反映放牧家畜与草地营养供给之间的平衡。     

贵州独山草地肉牛育肥试验研究

１９９０年１２月－１９９１年６月在贵州独山县贵州草种场人工草地上，用７０头试验牛进行了放牧强度饲养方式试验，研究了全草型草地肉牛生产中牧草供量，肉牛采食量和牧草利用率等基本要素。试验结果表明：限制冬季肉牛采食量可相应增加牧草利用率和肉牛越冬数量，在独山上司地区，冬季肉牛载畜量每公顷保持２．５－３头是可行的。试验还表明：液晚归圈使肉牛的增重效果降低２５％，建议在可能的情况下，冢畜应２４不时放牧在草地     

The grazing response of cattle to pasture contaminated with rabbit faeces and the implications for the transmission of paratuberculosis

Transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, the organism responsible for paratuberculosis (or Johne's disease) in ruminants, occurs through the faecal-oral route. As M. a. paratuberculosis has been isolated from rabbit faeces, cattle grazing rabbit faecal contaminated pasture may thus be at risk.A herd of 57 beef cattle was monitored on a farm in Perthshire, throughout the 1999 'grazing year', to investigate whether the cattle avoided rabbit faecal contaminated pasture and thus the potential for disease transmission. Grazing was measured every two days over eight rotations by sward heights on 40 marked treatment plots (0.5 m x 0.5 m) to which 0, 10, 50 and 250 rabbit faecal pellets were added. Cattle were also monitored by an active transponder system which enabled individual animals contacting two plots per field rotation (one control and one contaminated) to be recorded. During the monitored grazing year, grazing pressure was low with a net mean sward offtake of 18% of sward height per rotation. There were no significant differences between rabbit faecal treatments (0, 10, 50 and 250 pellets) with respect to the height or proportion of sward removed, or between the numbers of contacts made by cattle on contaminated and uncontaminated plots. Over 90% of all the cattle contacted contaminated plots, indicating that the potential for disease transmission was widespread among the herd.To our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of a lack of avoidance by grazing cattle towards swards contaminated with faeces, and implies that the potential for transmission of paratuberculosis from rabbit contaminated pasture is high.     

Effects of direct exposure to cold weather under grazing in winter on the physiological,immunological, and behavioral conditions of Japanese Black beef cattle in central Japan

This study aimed to reveal the effects of direct exposure to cold weather under grazing in winter (GW) on the health of Japanese Black beef cattle, as assessed using physiological, immunological, and behavioral parameters. Ten Japanese Black beef cattle (328 ± 45 kg, 7.6 ± 3.4 years of age) were used in this experiment. In winter, five of the 10 cattle grazed for 2 months in a 1.8 ha pasture (GW), and the remaining cattle were fed under confined conditions with tethering (control [CT]). The two groups were fed similar feed during the experiment, except for the grazing forage. Blood samples were collected approximately every 2 weeks. The numbers of neutrophils and monocytes and antioxidant enzyme activity were higher in the GW group than in the CT group (p < 0.05). The proportions of CD4‐single‐positive cells were lower in GW cattle than in CT cattle (p = 0.06). This study showed that direct exposure of beef cattle to cold weather under GW enhanced the levels of circulating neutrophils and monocytes and contributed to the kinetic homeostasis of lymphocytes but also activated antioxidant enzymes due to an increase in oxidative stress.     

Increase in plasma total antioxidant capacity of grazing Japanese Black heifers and cows in forestland in Japan

Blood total antioxidant capacity (TAC) has become a key bio‐marker for animal health. Forest‐grazing cattle are known to forage various native plants that have high TAC. This study evaluated differences of plasma TAC between forest‐grazing (FG) and pasture‐grazing cattle (PG). Experiment 1 monitored the plasma TAC levels of 32 Japanese Black cattle. The level in PG did not change throughout the grazing period. However, that in FG, which increased from summer, was significantly higher than that in PG through fall (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, we used nine Japanese Black heifers and investigated their blood antioxidant parameters and the TAC in plants that the cattle consumed in late June and September. The plasma TAC levels in FG were significantly higher than those in PG in both periods (P < 0.05). Plasma levels of lipid peroxidation in FG tended to be lower than that in PG (P = 0.098). Furthermore, the TAC levels in various species of shrubs and trees consumed by FG were higher than those in pasture grasses. Results of this study show that plasma TAC of grazing Japanese Black cattle in forestland increase from summer through fall.     

Factors determining the sward utilisation of winter pasture in cattle feeding

In this review article, factors determining the sward utilisation of winter pasture in cattle feeding were defined and analyzed. The results from literature and own investigations have shown that yield and quality of autumn-saved herbage on winter pasture are determined by pratotechnical measures such as harvest date in winter and pre-utilisation date in summer, botanical composition of sward, and particularly the dominated grass species or community, nitrogen fertilisation and weather conditions in winter. The date of winter harvest as a dominating factor affects the development of dry matter yield as well as the digestibility of organic matter and nutrients concentration in herbage during winter. For the management of winter grazing systems it could be obtained that crude protein and energy concentration of the tested autumn-saved herbage met the requirements of suckler cows or beef cattle until the end of the year if they were pre-utilised in July. The weather conditions during autumn-winter period are important factor determining the accumulation of secondary metabolites formed by field fungi in herbage of winter pasture.     

Nutritional management of grazing beef cows.

In grazing operations, forage quality and availability are sometimes limited, and cattle are unable to consume enough nutrients from pasture forage to fulfill requirements. During such situations, supplemental or replacement feeding is necessary to meet production goals. A fundamental understanding of ruminant nutrition and forage management is helpful in deciding which feed or supplement type (ie, energy versus protein) best fits the goals of a specific beef production system. It is important to choose a delivery method and supplement form that provide the targeted amount of desired nutrients to each animal in the herd and that minimize input costs. The objective of this article is to serve as a resource for veterinarians as they provide nutritional management support to beef cow producers.     

Long-term cattle gain responses to stocking rate and grazing systems in northern mixed-grass prairie

The effects of stocking rate and grazing system on gains of yearling beef cattle grazing rangelands have largely been addressed in short-term (< 10 years) studies, and often stocking rates are confounded within grazing systems with higher stocking rates for short-duration rotational grazing systems compared to season-long grazing. A grazing system (season-long and short-duration rotational grazing) × stocking rate (light: 16 steers/80 ha, 18.0 animal unit days/ha; moderate: 4 steers/12 ha, 30.1 animal unit days/ha; and heavy: 4 steers/9 ha, 40.1 animal unit days/ha) study was initiated in 1982 on northern mixed-grass prairie. Here, we report on the final 16 years (1991–2006) for yearling beef cattle gains. Average daily gains (kg/head/day) across all years with season-long grazing decreased with increasing stocking rate and grazing pressure. Heavy stocking rates reduced average daily gain by 16% and 12% compared to light and moderate stocking rates, respectively. In contrast to average daily gain, beef production (kg/ha) increased with increasing stocking rate and grazing pressure. Cattle gains were reduced by 6% with short-duration rotation compared to season-long grazing over the study period, with differences between systems observed in years with average, but not dry or wet, spring (April + May + June) precipitation. Grazing season gains (kg/head) and beef production both exhibited significant increasing hyperbolic relationships with spring precipitation, with the percentage of variation explained by spring precipitation substantially higher (62–83%) for beef production compared to grazing season gains (32–45%). The influence of spring precipitation on cattle gains suggests that incorporation of these relationships into modeling efforts for strategic planning and risk assessment will assist land managers in better matching forage and animal resources for greater sustainability in this highly variable environment.     

甘蔗的饲用价值及在肉牛业中的应用前景

甘蔗在成熟后期的产量和品质都与云南省现有热带优良禾本科牧草品种相近，与常规牧草在利用季节上有极强的互补性。用于放牧系统中肉牛的旱季补饲，能兼顾养牛业和甘蔗种植业的效益，在云南省暖热区有一定的应用前景。     

Behavioral and Ecological Implications of Bunched,Rotational Cattle Grazing in East African Savanna Ecosystem

Rangelands and the wildlife and livestock they support are critical to human livelihoods, but rangeland ecosystems increasingly suffer from overgrazing and degradation. Planned grazing, a strategy that commonly involves time-controlled rotations of high-density (bunched) groups of cattle across a pasture, is marketed as a method to enhance rangeland health and lessen livestock impacts. However, the behavioral mechanisms underlying any potential rangeland improvements resulting from rotational, high-density planned grazing have rarely been examined. To investigate these mechanisms, we compared planned grazing with conventional continuous grazing management in a savanna ecosystem in Kenya. We surveyed cattle grazing behavior, measured changes in vegetation characteristics through surveys conducted before and after cattle grazing, and measured native ungulate abundance following grazing using camera traps. Stocking rates were held constant across treatments, resulting in a commensurate decline in total foliar hits per pin (a proxy for vegetative biomass) across treatments. Planned grazing management altered cattle behavior and reduced grazing selectivity by restricting movements, causing cattle to walk more slowly while grazing and to take more bites per step. Vegetation survey results supported this finding: cattle in the planned grazing treatment ate significantly more Pennisetum grasses (typically avoided because of their unpalatability), creating the opportunity for regrowth of more palatable species after seasonal rains. We also documented significantly higher zebra presence in planned grazing plots after cattle grazing, likely due to increased relative abundance of more palatable grass species. This investigation of grazing behavior, and specifically decreased grazing selectivity as a mechanism underpinning the benefits of planned grazing, shows that when conducted at appropriate stocking densities, planned grazing has the potential to help mitigate rangeland degradation and improve rangeland sustainability for both livestock and wildlife in pastoral African savanna ecosystems.     

Comparison of plasma metabolite concentrations and enzyme activities in beef cattle raised by different feeding systems in Korea, Japan and New Zealand

Concentrations of metabolites and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism were measured in plasma of Korean and Japanese beef cattle, which were raised by the indoor feeding system programmed to feed larger amount of roughage in their growing periods and larger amount of concentrate diet in their finishing periods (Japanese feeding system), and grazing New Zealand beef cattle. By the Japanese beef grading system, Korean and Japanese beef cattle showed high beef quality score, average grade 3.3 and 3.6, respectively. The plasma free fatty acid and lactate concentrations and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in Korean beef cattle were significantly higher than those in Japanese beef cattle. The plasma lactate concentration in Korean beef cattle was 8.40 mmol/l, which was similar to the values observed in lactic acidosis. The higher activities of plasma LDH, MDH and AST may indicate slight liver damage by slightly acidotic conditions in Korean beef cattle. New Zealand beef cattle fed on pasture which they harvest by grazing showed significantly lower plasma glucose, cholesterol, lactate and IRI concentrations and enzyme activities than those in Korean and Japanese beef cattle fed on larger amount of concentrate diets. Plasma metabolite concentrations and energy metabolism-related enzyme activities may be good indicators for evaluating metabolic conditions of beef cattle raised by different feeding systems.     

苜蓿放牧地生产性能与管理

苜蓿(Medicago sariva)放牧草地以其成本相对低、营养价值高、家畜生产性能优异而得到生产者的青睐.但用于干草的苜蓿不耐践踏,不适合放牧,而且家畜鼓胀病也限制其利用,因而使之成为苜蓿科研的新方向.有关放牧型苜蓿品种的选育以及家畜鼓胀病的管理研究,笔者将分别在其他文章中阐述.本文主要就苜蓿放牧地的管理(放牧方式、时间和强度)、合理利用及其对不同家畜生产性能的影响,以及目前育成的放牧型苜蓿品种进行综述,以期为苜蓿放牧的管理和利用提供参考.