不同能量水平对特种野母猪后备期营养物质表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响

本试验研究不同能量水平对后备期特种野母猪饲料养分表观消化率、血清生化指标的影响。通过采用2(日粮结构)×4(能量水平)因子设计,选用后备特种野母猪32头随机分为8组,"玉米-豆粕"型和"40%的稻谷-玉米-豆粕"型日粮各设4个能量水平。结果表明,不同能量水平对试验猪只总能、粗蛋白、干物质的表观消化率的影响显著(P<0.05),对粗灰分的表观消化率影响不显著(P>0.05);不同能量水平对血清TP、血清Alb、血清Glo的影响达到了显著水平(P<0.05)。通过试验确定后备期特种野母猪最适宜的消化能为13.00MJ/kg。     

不同能量水平对特种野母猪后备期营翥物质表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响

本试验研究不同能量水平对后备期特种野母猪饲料养分表观消化率、血清生化指标的影响。通过采用2（日粮结构）X4（能量水平）因子设计,选用后备特种野母猪32头随机分为8组,“玉米一豆粕”型和“40％的稻谷一玉米一豆粕”型19粮各设4个能量水平。结果表明,不同能量水平对试验猪只总能．粗蛋白、干物质的表观消化率的影响显著（P〈O．05）,对粗灰分的表观消化率影响不显著（P〉O．05）;不同能量水平对血清TP、血清AIb、血清Glo的影响达到了显著水平（P〈0．05）。通过试验确定后备期特种野母猪最适宜的消化能为13．00MJ／kg。     

特种野母猪适宜日粮结构的研究

试验旨在研究不同能量来源对后备期特种野母猪生长性能和免疫指标的影响.试验采用2(日粮结构)×4(能量水平)因子设计,选用后备特种野母猪32头,随机分为8组,每组2个重复,每重复2头猪.“玉米-豆粕”型和“40％的稻谷-玉米-豆粕”型日粮各设4个能量水平.试验结果表明:1)生长性能,不同能量饲料组成的日粮对试验猪只的末质量、日增质量和料重比均未产生显著的影响.2)免疫指标,不同日粮结构对试验猪只血清免疫球蛋白M的影响显著,对其他各血清免疫指标的影响均不显著.说明“玉米-豆粕”型日粮在一定程度上可以提高猪只的生长速度.但“40％的稻谷-玉米-豆粕”型日粮可以显著降低特种野母猪的腹泻率,增强免疫力,提高猪的健康水平.     

不同日粮对后备野母猪养分消化率和血清生化指标的影响

为了研究不同日粮结构对后备期特种野母猪饲料养分消化率和血清生化指标的影响,试验采用2(日粮结构)×4(能量水平)因子设计,选用32头后备特种野母猪随机分为8组,进行试验。结果表明:不同日粮结构对各营养物质表观消化率的影响和血清生化指标的影响差异均不显著(P>0.05),后备期特种野母猪适宜的日粮结构为"40%稻谷-玉米-豆粕"型。     

不同日粮结构和能量水平对野母猪酶活的影响

不同日粮结构和能量水平对后备期特种野母猪血清酶活指标的影响。通过采用2(日粮结构)×4(能量水平)因子设计,选用32头后备特种野母猪随机分为8组,玉米-豆粕型和40%的稻谷-玉米-豆粕型日粮各设4个能量水平。结果表明:不同日粮结构对各血清酶活性指标影响均不显著。不同能量水平对血清谷丙转氨酶和血清谷草转氨酶的影响达到了显著水平,对血清碱性磷酸酶和血清胆碱酯酶的影响不显著。后备期特种野母猪最适宜的日粮结构为40%的稻谷-玉米-豆粕型日粮,消化能为13 MJ/kg。     

不同饲粮结构及能量水平对后备特种野母猪生长性能的影响

通过调制不同的饲粮结构,探讨不同能量来源及水平对特种野母猪后备期生长性能的影响。选择玉米和以40%的稻谷代替部分玉米组成的能量饲料,能量水平依次为饲粮消化能12.00MJ/kg、12.50 MJ/kg、13.00 MJ/kg、13.50 MJ/kg。试验结果表明,利用玉米作为能量饲料在一定程度上可以提高猪只的生长速度。但利用40%稻谷替代部分玉米作为能量饲料可以显著降低特种野母猪的腹泻率、增强免疫力,提高猪的健康水平。     

紫花苜蓿在特种野猪日粮中的应用研究

本试验研究紫花苜蓿在特种野猪饲料中的应用价值,开发以苜蓿为主要粗饲料的特种野猪饲料配方。试验结果表明:特种野猪育肥后期饲料中可以使用最多18%的紫花苜蓿草粉,替代对照组饲料中的玉米秸粉和玉米、豆粕、麦麸和葵花粕等精饲料。     

特种野猪日粮中硫酸锰适宜水平的研究

试验在基础日粮中添加硫酸锰(0,10,30,50 mg/kg)研究其对特种野猪生产性能、饲料养分表观消化率和酶活性的影响.采用单因子完全随机设计,将20头50日龄特种野猪随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复1头猪.结果表明:①各处理组平均日增重显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),料重比显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),处理组Ⅱ的料重比最低;②处理组Ⅱ的粗蛋白消化率显著高于对照组、处理组Ⅲ(P＜0.05),各组能量、粗纤维、粗脂肪的消化率差异不显著(P＞0.05);③处理组Ⅱ、Ⅲ的含锰超氧化物歧化酶、总超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组和处理组Ⅰ(P＜0.05),丙二醛含量显著低于对照组和处理组Ⅰ(P＜0.05),处理组Ⅱ效果最好.根据上述试验结果可推断,在基础日粮中添加30 mg/kg硫酸锰效果最佳.     

不同日粮能量和蛋白水平对特种野猪的表观消化率和生长性能的影响

选择54头健康断奶的50日龄50%野猪血缘的特种野猪为试验用猪(平均体重为7.92±0.61 kg),日粮消化能分为12.76,13.17和13.6M J/kg 3个水平;蛋白含量分为14%,16%和18%3个水平,采用3×3完全随机试验设计。研究了9种不同能量和蛋白质水平的日粮在舍饲条件下,特种野猪生长期的能量和蛋白质营养需要量。结果表明:在日粮表观消化率方面,不同能量水平对于总能、粗蛋白、干物质,高能组和中能组比低能组分别提高3.66%和2.55%(P<0.05),3.26%和1.29%(P<0.05);3.01%和1.74%。不同蛋白水平对于总能、粗蛋白、干物质,高蛋白组和中蛋白组比低蛋白组分别提高1.95%和1.36%(P<0.05);2.01%(P<0.05)和0.7%;1.55%(P<0.05)和0.92%。生长性能方面,不同能量水平中,中能组的日增重显著高于高能组与低能组(P<0.05),高能组平均日采食量,显著低于中能、低能组(P<0.05),对于料肉比,高能、中能组显著低于低能组(P<0.05)。不同粗蛋白水平中,对于平均日采食量,低蛋白水平显著高于高蛋、中蛋白水平(P<0.05),对于料重比,低蛋白水平显著高于高蛋白、中蛋白水平(P<0.05)。总之,日粮消化能在13.17 M J/kg和粗蛋白在16%水平有一个较好的生产性能,更能适应广西特种野猪的营养需要。     

杂交野猪适宜日粮磷水平与钙磷比例的研究

选用纯种野公猪与杜洛克母猪的杂交后代含50%野猪血缘的42日龄杂交野猪36头,随机分成9组,试验为双因子3水平(3×3)析因安排分组,完全随机区组设计,每个因子3个水平,共9个处理。结果显示,不同磷水平与钙磷比例对各处理组的平均日耗料量、平均日增重、料重比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。不同钙磷比例水平下对血清钙的影响差异极显著(P<0.01),日粮磷和钙磷比例互作效应对血清钙影响差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同日粮钙磷比例对血清磷水平差异显著(P<0.05),日粮磷和钙磷比例互作效应对血清磷影响显著(P<0.05);0.4%的日粮磷水平与0.6%的磷水平对血清AKP活性影响差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

不同能量、赖氨酸水平对特种野猪生产性能和屠宰性能的影响

试验以体重为(13±1)kg的健康含野猪血液为75%的特种野猪为试验动物,采用2(能量)×3(赖氨酸)因子完全交叉设计,研究不同能量、赖氨酸水平对特种野猪生长期生产性能及胴体品质的影响。试验结果表明:①在生长性能方面,不同能量、赖氨酸水平对末重、料重比均有显著影响(P<0.05),且对平均日增重有极显著的影响(P<0.01),对平均日采食量和总采食量均有极显著的影响(P<0.01)。②在屠宰性能方面,不同能量、赖氨酸对屠宰率、背膘厚和瘦肉率有显著影响,对胴体体长和眼肌面积均无显著影响(P>0.05)。综合各项指标,当能量12.5 MJ/kg、赖氨酸为1.0%时,特种野猪生长最好,屠宰性能最佳。     

Digestible energy content of pasture species in growing European wild boar (Sus scrofa L.)

The objectives were to determine the apparent energy digestibility of six pasture species frequently grazed by European wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) and to estimate the digestible energy (DE) consumption from pasture by grazing wild boar. Seven diets were prepared; a base diet (BD) which did not contain any pasture species, diets D1 to D5 which included 75% of the BD and 25% of the dried pasture species Lolium perenne (D1), Festuca arundinacea (D2), Agrostis capillaris (D3), Bromus staminius (D4) or Trifolium repens (D5) and D6 which contained 85% BD and 15% dried Plantago lanceolata. Seven purebred European wild boar (initial liveweight 24.4 ± 0.8 kg, average ± SEM) were given access to the diets following a Latin Square design. The animals received each diet for eight days, with faecal sampling on days 6, 7 and 8. The total apparent DE consumption from pasture by grazing wild boar was estimated using previously collected pasture consumption data from wild boar. The digestibility coefficients and DE contents of the pasture species ranged from 0.29 to 0.65, and 5.8 to 12.6 MJ/kg DM respectively, with L. perenne and P. lanceolata having the greatest digestibility coefficients and DE contents. The wild boar were estimated to satisfy between 52% and 142% of their maintenance energy requirements through pasture consumption. Grazing wild boar are able to utilise an important proportion of the energy present in pasture species.     

不同能量水平低氮饲粮对藏羊表观消化率、氮代谢和生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究不同能量水平低氮饲粮对藏羊表观消化率、氮代谢和生长性能的影响,为高寒地区反刍家畜冷季补饲提供参考。选取1.5周岁、体重(48.5±1.89) kg和体况相近的健康去势藏羊24只,随机分为低能(LE)、中低能(MLE)、中高能(MHE)和高能(HE)4个处理组,每组6个重复。试验饲粮的粗蛋白质(CP)含量相近[(6.97±0.05)%]而能量不同,其消化能(DE)水平分别为8.21、9.33、10.45和11.57 MJ·kg^-1。经过49 d的饲养和全收粪尿法,结果表明:1)藏羊的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、总能(GE)采食量在各处理组间基本相同(P>0.05),其中DM、GE表观消化率都随着能量水平的提高而线性增加(P<0.05);2)当饲粮能量水平升高时,藏羊血清尿素氮(BUN)浓度线性增加(P<0.05),而游离脂肪酸(FFA)浓度却线性降低(P<0.05);3)随着饲粮能量水平升高,藏羊尿氮排出量线性降低(P<0.05),氮平衡和氮沉积率均线性升高(P<0.05),并且氮沉积率(NDR,%)与饲粮能量水平(DE, MJ·kg^-1)呈显著线性正相关,其关系式为NDR=5.2143DE-39.006(R²=0.9616,n=24);4)藏羊的平均日增重(ADG)随着饲粮能量水平的提高而线性增加(P<0.05),除LE组外,其余ADG都为正值。上述研究结果表明,藏羊的蛋白和能量维持需要量较低,低氮条件下提高能量水平可改善藏羊的饲料营养消化率、氮代谢以及生长性能。     

特种野猪的消化道结构与消化力测定

为了揭示特种野猪消化生理特征,文章以三元杂交猪为对照,测定了体重50 kg特种野猪的消化道结构及其对饲料主要养分的消化力。结果表明,特种野猪消化道各部位的重量、长度和容积均小（短）于相似体重的三元杂交猪。特种野猪对饲料干物质消化率（81.30%）、粗蛋白质消化率（79.01%）、能量消化率（82.84%）、钙消化率（36.92%）和磷消化率（49.93%）显著高于三元杂交猪（P<0.05）。特种野猪采食量小,仅为三元杂交猪的71.87%,特种野猪对饲料干物质、粗蛋白质、能量、粗脂肪、粗纤维、钙和磷的消化量均低于三元杂交猪,这可能是特种野猪生长速度缓慢的主要原因之一。     

Effect of dietary energy on digestibilities,rumen fermentation,urinary purine derivatives and serum metabolites in Tibetan and small‐tailed Han sheep

Tibetan sheep are indigenous to the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, graze the grassland all year round without supplementation and are well‐adapted to the harsh conditions. Small‐tailed Han sheep were introduced to the plateau and are raised mainly in feedlots. Based on their different backgrounds, we hypothesized that the ability to cope with poor diets would be better in Tibetan than in Han sheep. To test our prediction, we examined the effect of dietary energy on apparent digestibilities, rumen fermentation, urinary purine derivatives and serum metabolites by using a 4 × 4 Latin square design in each sheep breed. Four diets were formulated to be low in crude protein (~7%) but to differ in metabolizable energy concentration. Average daily gain was greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.01) and increased linearly with an increase in energy intake (p < 0.001). The digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, and neutral and acid detergent fibres were greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH was lower (p < 0.05), while volatile fatty acids (VFAs), urea‐N, ammonia‐N and soluble protein‐N concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in Tibetan than in Han sheep. As a molar proportion of total VFA, acetate decreased (p < 0.001) with an increase in dietary energy whereas propionate and butyrate increased (p < 0.05). Urinary purine derivative excretion was greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.01), as was microbial nitrogen production; both parameters increased with dietary energy (p < 0.01). Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 increased (p < 0.05) as energy level increased, while non‐esterified fatty acids and growth hormone decreased (p < 0.05). It was concluded that Tibetan sheep were better able to cope with low‐protein, low‐energy diets and, consequently, our prediction was supported.     

饲粮能量水平对育肥后期锦江牛营养物质表观消化率、瘤胃发酵及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮能量水平对育肥后期锦江牛营养物质表观消化率、瘤胃发酵及血清生化指标的影响。试验选取育肥后期、体重相近[(355.94±35.11)kg]的锦江牛35头,分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复1~2头牛。按照《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004)中350 kg肉牛日增重(1.2 kg/d)所需净能的100%(A组)、106%(B组)、112%(C组)、118%(D组)、124%(E组)配制5种不同能量水平的饲粮,5种饲粮的综合净能(NEmf)分别为6.21、6.58、6.95、7.33、7.70 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质水平一致。预试期10 d,正试期128 d。结果表明:1)随着饲粮能量水平的提高,B组和E组平均日增重最高,但与其余各组相比差异均不显著(P>0.05);B组平均干物质采食量最高,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);与A组相比,其余组料重比均显著降低(P<0.05)。2)随着饲粮能量水平的提高,各组间营养物质表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)与A组相比,D组和E组瘤胃液pH显著降低(P<0.05);B组和C组瘤胃液氨态氮含量显著低于其余各组(P<0.05);各组间瘤胃液菌体蛋白含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但B组数值最高;随着饲粮能量水平的提高,各组瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸含量呈上升趋势,其中B组瘤胃乙酸/丙酸显著低于A组(P<0.05)。4)B组和C组血清葡萄糖含量较A组分别显著提高了19.38%和14.72%(P<0.05);B组、C组和D组血清尿素氮含量较A组显著降低(P<0.05),而血清谷丙转氨酶活性和高密度脂蛋白含量较A组显著升高(P<0.05)。综上所述,本试验条件下,随着饲粮综合净能水平的提高,未对各组育肥后期锦江牛的营养物质表观消化率造成显著性影响。但适宜能量水平的饲粮有助于瘤胃微生物蛋白的合成和氨态氮的利用,同时有助于提高锦江牛的生长代谢水平,从而提高生产效益。结合各项指标得出,综合净能为6.58 MJ/kg比较适宜育肥后期锦江牛的生产需要。     

Seasonal and dietary effects on Vitamin D deficiencies detected in wild boar from mid‐western Spain

Vitamin D (VitD) is involved in important mammalian physiological mechanisms, such as Ca–P metabolism, bone development and immunological response. VitD deficiencies are frequently detected in domestic animals and related to various health problems (e.g., rickets, bone deformation). However, knowledge about the status of VitD in wildlife species, such as the wild boar, is scarce. The aims of this work were to explore VitD status in wild boar populations from mid‐western Spain and to elucidate the influence of daylight exposure and food supplementation in levels of VitD. Serum concentration of VitD (measured as 25‐hydroxivitaminD) was assessed in 276 wild boar from 27 game estates located in mid‐western Spain using a commercial ELISA kit. In 19 out of 27 estates, the staff supplied a specific VitD‐enriched food (2,000 UI/Kg) ad libitum throughout the year, while in the remaining estates (8), no food was supplied. Blood samples were extracted from hunted animals (198) between October and February of hunting seasons 2016/2017 and 2017/2018, and from live wild boar (78) that were captured, sampled and released (March–September of 2017). The percentage of animals with VitD deficiency (<20 ng/ml), VitD insufficiency (20–30 ng/ml) and VitD sufficiency (>30 ng/ml) was estimated, and the relationship of these levels to factors like sex, age and season was assessed using chi‐square tests. Furthermore, associations between daylight exposure and supplemental food with VitD levels were explored using linear models. Of the studied wild boar population, 82.2% showed a VitD deficiency or insufficiency. VitD deficiencies were more frequent in animals sampled in winter and spring. Furthermore, levels of VitD positively correlated with daylight exposure and supplemental food intake. Ad libitum supplementation with VitD‐enriched food was insufficient to prevent VitD deficiencies in wild boar from November to April, probably because food consumption is lower during this period.     

日粮能量水平对母羊繁殖性能影响的研究进展

能量是影响母羊繁殖性能的重要因素之一.满足母羊不同时期的能量需求是提高母羊生产效益的重要措施,对保证母羊繁殖和羔羊健康生长有重要意义.能量主要通过下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴来影响母羊的繁殖性能.文章综述不同能量水平对母羊的发情、胚胎发育、泌乳和羔羊生长的影响,以期为母羊合理的日粮能量水平提供依据.