电场处理油葵种子对其萌发期水分胁迫敏感性的影响

用不同电场强度处理油葵种子15min,以PEG(聚乙二醇)模拟水分胁迫,测定电场处理对种子萌发期抗旱性的影响.结果表明:在0～6.0kV/cm场强范围,不同电场强度,对种子水分胁迫的敏感性的影响程度不同.随着电场强度的增加,种子敏感性以振荡关系变化.适当电场处理条件能够显著地提高种子的吸水率,减轻细胞膜对干旱胁迫的敏感性,从而减小水分胁迫对细胞膜的伤害.提高种子抗旱性最佳电场处理条件的选取与处理时间和电场强度有关.     

壳聚糖包衣对水分胁迫下玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

壳聚糖(Chitosan,CS)是一种天然高分子物质,通过壳聚糖应用于种子包衣,研究对水分胁迫条件下玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,壳聚糖包衣处理明显提高玉米种子的发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数,中度水分胁迫下发芽率比对照高6.9%,达极显著差异;玉米幼苗变高,茎粗和根长增加,根冠比极显著提高;降低玉米幼苗叶片的脯氨酸和丙二醛含量,提高叶绿素含量以及超氧化物歧化酶活性,有利于增强玉米幼苗的抗旱能力。     

钙浸种对小麦幼苗保护酶活性及膜功能的影响

小麦种子用0．25％CaCl2浸种18h后，能减缓水分胁迫时期对幼苗的伤害，增强抗旱性。种子经过Ca2+预处理后，在水分胁迫条件下，体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活性程度比用蒸馏水预处理的高，并能减少丙二醛在小麦叶片中的积累。     

外源NO对低温胁迫下‘胭脂茄’种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

以闽西地方茄子品种‘胭脂茄’种子和幼苗为试材,用不同浓度SNP（0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、1.0、1.5 mmol/L）浸种6 h,分别在28℃和4℃暗培养处理3 d后转入培养箱进行常规培养萌发,统计各处理的发芽指标;对胭脂茄幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度SNP（0、0.1、0.3、0.5、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.5 mmol/L）预处理3 d后,于10℃/5℃下进行低温胁迫,通过测定幼苗的株高、茎粗、鲜重、干重及叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量以及丙二醛（MDA）含量,研究低温胁迫下外源一氧化氮（NO）预处理后对种子萌发、幼苗生长及相关生理生化特征的影响。结果表明,外源NO供体SNP预处理后,胭脂茄种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数的变化趋势均随着SNP浓度的升高呈先增加后减少变化,SNP浓度为0.2 mmol/L时,种子萌发各指标达到最大,SNP浓度超过0.5 mmol/L时各指标降低;施加低浓度（0.1~1.0 mmol/L）SNP预处理能够增加胭脂茄幼苗株高、茎粗、鲜重和干重,可以增加幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量、提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,降低幼苗叶片中MDA累积,SNP浓度为0.5 mmol/L时CAT活性最高,其余各项指标以SNP浓度为0.8 mmol/L时达到最佳,高浓度SNP对各项指标产生抑制作用。研究结果表明低温胁迫下低浓度SNP预处理后可有效保护胭脂茄种子萌发和幼苗生长,浓度过高反而造成伤害。本研究结果为合理使用外源NO促进胭脂茄种子萌发和幼苗生长提供理论依据,为闽西地区有效防御茄子低温冷害提供应用价值。     

干旱胁迫对中粒种咖啡幼苗膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响

以苗龄约8个月的中粒种咖啡袋育苗为材料,测定3种干旱胁迫强度下咖啡幼苗叶片的生理指标变化,旨在了解其对干旱胁迫的生理响应。结果表明:在轻度干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量为55%~60%),与对照相比,中粒种咖啡幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性极显著增加,而丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率没有显著变化。但在中度干旱或重度干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量为40%~45%或25%~30%),可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性显著或极显著减少,而可溶性糖、脯氨酸的积累减缓,MDA含量和相对电导率迅速上升。在适度干旱胁迫下,中粒种咖啡幼苗可通过提高抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节能力来增强其对干旱胁迫的耐性。     

干旱胁迫下外源海藻糖对糯玉米幼苗生理特性的影响

以苏玉糯5号为供试材料,研究干旱胁迫条件下外源海藻糖对糯玉米幼苗根系和叶片抗氧化系统及渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著降低叶片叶绿素含量和根系活力,喷施外源海藻糖后这两类物质含量增加。干旱胁迫下喷施外源海藻糖增加玉米根系和叶片中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,增强糯玉米幼苗根系和叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等活性,降低超氧阴离子产生速率(O2-)、丙二醛(MDA)等含量。外源海藻糖处理下叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、AsA和GSH含量增加幅度大于根系,叶片中丙二醛含量降幅大于根系。表明喷施外源海藻糖缓解干旱胁迫对叶片伤害效果大于根系。干旱胁迫下喷施外源海藻糖能够增强糯玉米抗旱能力,减小干旱伤害。     

5-羟色胺对油菜幼苗干旱的缓解效应

为探讨5-羟色胺（又名血清素）对油菜耐旱性的调节作用,以中双11号为材料,通过水培试验,采用PEG6000 (polyethylene glycol)胁迫模拟干旱,分析了干旱条件下施加外源5-羟色胺对油菜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢及渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明,在干旱模拟胁迫下,油菜的生长受到抑制,过氧化氢（H2O2）、丙二醛（malonadialdehyde,MDA）、脯氨酸（proline,Pro）以及可溶性糖(soluble sugar,SS)的含量明显增加,过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase,APX）的活性显著提高。在干旱模拟条件下施加外源5-羟色胺可以缓解干旱对油菜幼苗的不良影响,促进其生长。与单纯干旱模拟条件下的幼苗相比,添加外源5-羟色胺显著地提高了CAT、SOD、APX的活性,减少了过氧化氢和丙二醛的积累,同时渗透调节物质脯氨酸与可溶性糖含量显著增加。以上结果说明,外源5-羟色胺通过增加油菜幼苗的抗氧化酶活性来清除过多的过氧化氢和丙二醛,减轻膜脂过氧化反应,同时提高渗透调节物质含量从而缓解干旱胁迫对油菜幼苗的不利因素,促进油菜幼苗生物量积累,提高油菜幼苗的耐旱能力。     

外源钙对酸雨胁迫下花生幼苗生理特性的影响

以鲁花12号花生品种为试验材料,研究了外源钙对酸雨胁迫下花生幼苗抗氧化酶活性和膜脂过氧化特征的影响,结果表明,30～40 mmol/L外源Ca~(2+)能提高花生幼苗过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,同时降低了丙二醛MDA含量和细胞膜透性,缓解了酸雨胁迫对花生幼苗的伤害。     

小麦专用复方抗旱型浸种剂和包衣剂抗旱机理的初步研究

为探讨小麦复方抗旱型浸种剂和包衣剂的抗旱机理及给其推广应用提供理论依据,以小麦品种临麦2号为材料,研究了干旱胁迫条件下小麦用复方抗旱型包衣剂和浸种剂及普通包衣剂处理后小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长、光合等生理指标的变化.结果表明,与普通包衣剂处理和对照相比,抗旱型包衣剂处理的小麦种子萌发率、发芽势降低,而抗旱型浸种剂处理的种子萌发率、发芽势升高,两种抗旱型种子处理剂处理下小麦幼苗根数和根长均显著增加.除气孔间隙CO2浓度外,抗旱型浸种剂和抗旱型包衣剂处理的幼苗地上部干重、叶片持水力和MDA含量低于对照和普通包衣剂处理,根干重、根冠比、叶绿素含量、气孔导度、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性均明显高于后二者,其中抗旱型浸种剂处理效果较佳.说明在干旱胁迫下复方抗旱型包衣剂和浸种剂处理可显著增加小麦幼苗根系生长、抗氧化、硝态氮利用和光合性能,浸种剂还可促进种子萌发,从而降低干旱胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,提高小麦抗旱能力;抗旱型浸种剂表现优于包衣剂.     

干旱胁迫对木棉叶片若干生理生化指标的影响

在温室条件下,以一年生木棉盆栽苗为材料,研究不同干旱胁迫时间处理对木棉幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果显示:木棉幼苗对干旱胁迫表现出明显的应激反应,随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,叶片的相对含水量(RWC)降低,其体内与抗性密切相关的防御酶活性也随着干旱时间延长发生明显的变化,过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,游离脯氨酸(PRO)和丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加,总生物量总体呈降低趋势,根冠比则随胁迫时间延长而逐渐升高。     

盐胁迫下电场处理对花葵种子发芽率的影响

用不同强度的电场处理0.5%盐浓度胁迫下花葵种子，测定电场对盐胁迫下种子发芽的影响。统计分析表明：在0～6.0kV/cm场强范围，不同电场强度对种子的发芽率影响不同。在0.5%盐浓度下，用1.0kV/cm 的电场处理花葵种子，种子发芽率可提高18.44% 。     

Changes in oil,sugars and nitrogenous components during germination of sunflower seeds,Helianthus annuus

Since germination has been found to improve the nutritional quality of grains, sunflower seeds Helianthus annuus were germinated for up to five days, and the cotyledons were analyzed for oil, sugar, free amino acid, non-protein nitrogen, lysine, tryptophan and methionine contents. Protein was fractionated. Soaking and germination increased the non-protein nitrogen, total free amino acid, lysine and tryptophan contents. Protein content and dry weight decreased. The oil content decreased significantly after 72 hours of germination. The reducing sugars increased gradually until day five of germination.The saline soluble albumin and globulin fractions decreased while the glutelin content increased during germination. No changes were noticed in the prolamin and methionine contents.     

腐植酸包衣对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

在正常水分和水分胁迫两种处理条件下研究腐植酸包衣对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,腐植酸包衣能提高玉米种子的发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数,使玉米幼苗变高、叶鞘增粗、根长增加、根冠比提高。测定玉米幼苗生理生化指标的结果表明,腐植酸包衣处理能降低幼苗的电导率、脯氨酸含量和丙二醛含量,提高叶绿素、可溶性糖含量和SOD活性,有利于增强玉米幼苗的抗旱能力。     

Analysis of the relationships of environmental factors with seed oil and fatty acid concentrations of wild annual sunflower

Seed oil and fatty acid concentrations of wild annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed vary greatly depending on the environmental conditions during development. Previous research has shown seed oil and fatty acid concentrations' response to temperature has been variable in wild and cultivated sunflower. The objective of the present study was to examine environmental factors, specifically temperature (maximum and minimum), total solar radiation and daylength for their direct and indirect effects on seed oil and fatty acid concentrations in seed oil of wild annual and cultivated sunflower using correlation and path-coefficient analyses. Ten populations of wild annual sunflower indigenous to areas from 29° to 46° N Lat. and 81° to 122° W Long. were grown in a randomized block design with three replications on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) soils in 1980 and 1981. Three heads per genotype at early anthesis were sibbed or interpollinated at six different dates, and mature seeds were collected 28 days after sibbing for determination of seed oil and fatty acid concentrations. Hybrid ‘894’ was grown as a check for comparisons. Path-coefficient analyses indicated that minimum temperature and total solar radiation have the greatest direct effect on seed oil concentration in wild annual sunflower, though the influence was very low. In the cultivated hybrid, minimum temperature and daylength had the highest direct effect on seed oil concentration. Path-coefficient analyses also indicated that minimum temperature and solar radiation had the primary influence on oleic acid concentration in the wild and cultivated sunflower, with maximum temperature being less important. Linoleic acid concentration was primarily influenced (negatively) by minimum temperature and solar radiation as indicated by path-coefficient analyses in the wild and cultivated sunflower. The highest indirect effects of other environmental factors on fatty acid concentrations in the wild and cultivated sunflower were via minimum temperature followed by total solar radiation. There was a strong negative relation between linoleic and oleic fatty acid concentrations in the study. Path-coefficient analyses indicated that the wild annual sunflower reacted similarly to the cultivated sunflower to the environmental factors examined. This information will be useful to sunflower plant breeders when they incorporate the wild germplasm into commercial sunflower breeding lines.     

Moderate quantity of lard mixed with sunflower oil attenuate lipid accumulation in mice

Lard, a fat rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), is regarded as a risk factor for metabolic diseases. In the present study, effect of different lard blended with sunflower oil diets on lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, liver, and serum by mouse model was researched. Body weight, body fat percentage, cross-sectional area of adipocytes, liver triglycerides (TGs), and oil red stained area in mice liver of lard blend sunflower oil (L-SFO) group were significantly lower than those of sunflower oil (SFO) group, whereas no significant differences were observed between mice of lard and L-SFO groups. Serum TG and free fatty acid levels were significantly lower in L-SFO group than in other two groups. Furthermore, data showed that sunflower oil decreased contents of hormone-sensitive lipase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT-1) and increased fatty acid synthase activity in liver tissue. A mixture of lard and sunflower oil rather than only sunflower oil or lard might promote body fat loss and reduce lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, serum, and liver by promoting hydrolysis of TG, increasing β-oxidation of fatty acids. These data suggested that mixing lard and vegetable oil (e.g. sunflower oil) for cooking, or alternate using lard and vegetable oil could be beneficial for reducing body fat.     

壳寡糖浸种对低温下花生种子萌发及生理代谢的影响

为提高播种期花生抗寒性,明确壳寡糖（COS）浸种对低温条件下花生种子发芽及生理代谢的影响,测定COS浸种后种子发芽及相关生理指标。结果表明,与低温对照（CK）相比,COS（250 mg/L）浸种显著提高了低温下花生种子的发芽能力,发芽率和相对发芽率均增加了44.45个百分点、发芽指数和种子活力指数分别增加了5.59和24.83;COS浸种也显著提高了发芽过程中花生种子的赤霉素（GA）含量,降低了脱落酸（ABA）含量,发芽0、12、24、36、48 h的GA含量分别显著提高了7.94%、3.84%、8.52%、12.40%、19.20%,ABA含量分别显著降低了38.41%、36.99%、38.03%、41.20%、40.12%;同时,COS浸种提高了脂肪酶（LIP）、蛋白酶（PR）、α-淀粉酶（α-AMS）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,增加了三磷酸腺苷（ATP）和可溶性糖（SS）、可溶性蛋白（SP）、脯氨酸（Pro）的含量,降低了丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）的含量。研究表明,COS通过调节低温下花生种子发芽初期的激素水平、提高水解酶活性,促进贮藏物质分解,并提高抗氧化物酶活性、增加渗透调节物质含量,减缓脂膜过氧化,促进种子萌发。     

Changes in Seed Quality during Maturation of Sunflower under High or Changeable Water Table Conditions

Abstract

Growth, yield and quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in a rotational paddy field were compared with those in an upland field. In the rotational paddy field the growth was significantly suppressed and the seed and oil yields were significantly lower than those in the upland field. In the maturing period, oil accumulated in seeds until about 25 d after flowering (DAF) in both fields, but less in the rotational paddy field than in the upland field. Differences in oil contents (per seed) between the fields were seen from about 25 DAF onward. The fatty acid in seeds changed with maturing of plants. In mid-oleic hybrids, oleic acid increased remarkably until about 25 DAF and then decreased slightly; linoleic acid content decreased until about 14 DAF and then tended to increase. In linoleic acid hybrids, oleic acid increased until about 14 DAF and then decreased; the linoleic acid content tended to be low until about 14 DAF and then increased. Although the temporal patterns of fatty acid compositions during seed maturation were similar in both fields, the oleic acid content tended to be lower in the rotational paddy field even under the same climatic conditions and ripening periods. The differences between the fields were seen clearly from around 25 DAF. We discuss our findings with regard to physiological changes in developing seeds and the effects of high or changeable soil moisture content on sunflower growth and quality.     

Genetic variability in the response of fatty acid composition to minimum night temperature during grain filling in sunflower

It is not known if the response of the oil fatty acid composition to temperature is similar among sunflower hybrids, especially among traditional hybrids. The objective of this work was to asses the genetic variability of the response of the oil fatty acid composition to temperature during the period 100–300 °C day after flowering among sunflower hybrids. Seven traditional hybrids and a high oleic hybrid were grown in several locations of Argentina. With the same hybrids two experiments were carried out in growth chambers where the plants were exposed to different day–night temperatures during grain filling. From these field and growth chamber experiments wide ranges of variation of temperature and oil fatty acid compositions for each hybrid were obtained. The concentration of oleic acid in sunflower oil showed a sigmoidal response to minimum night temperature from 100 to 300 °C day after flowering, increasing almost lineally within a given range of temperature. Outside this range, the concentration of this fatty acid remained merely constant. The same mathematical expressions characterized the response of oleic acid concentration to temperature in both, traditional and high oleic hybrids. The same expression also described the response of other fatty acids to temperature in all the hybrids. Differences between hybrids were observed for the minimum and maximum concentration of oleic acid and also for the maximum slope and range of the response. Since the sum of oleic + linoleic acids increased with temperature, increasing temperature reduced the concentration of saturated fatty acids and behenic acid. Genetic variability in the response of these fatty acids to temperature was observed. The results presented here show that it is possible to obtain sunflower oils of very different qualities combining the genetic variability in the response of the fatty acid composition to temperature and the climatic diversity under which sunflower is cultivated.     

贮藏方法对花生发芽和出苗的影响

在恒温箱和田间条件下,研究了冰柜和陶缸两种贮藏方法对珍珠豆型、普通型、龙生型3种不同类型花生发芽和出苗的影响。结果表明：与当季收获的花生相比,两种贮藏方法的种子活力和出苗率均有不同程度的降低,冰柜保存的下降程度相对较低。方差分析表明,冰柜保存花生种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数与对照相比差异不显著,而陶缸保存与对照相比差异达极显著水平,说明冰柜保存可以较好地保持种子活力。