干旱胁迫对野生及栽培大豆幼苗生理特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了干旱胁迫对野生及栽培大豆生理特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响。即用相对含水量分别为80%、70%、60%、50%、40%、30%的土壤分别栽种野生大豆和栽培大豆,测定其根系活力、细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果表明：在同样的土壤相对含水量以及干旱胁迫程度下,相对于栽培大豆,野生大豆表现出高根系活力和抗氧化酶活性以及低细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量。由此可以说明野生大豆的抗干旱能力高于栽培大豆。     

干旱条件下冷型小麦叶片衰老特性研究

选择典型的冷型小麦和暖型小麦为材料，通过测定功能叶净光合速率、群体冠层温度、叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白及超氧化物歧化酶等指标，研究干旱条件下不同温度型小麦开花后旗叶衰老特性。结果表明，在籽粒灌浆期闻，冷型小麦叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶等含量变化明显优于暖型小麦，在籽粒灌浆后期表现尤为明显。因此，在小麦生产中，可以借助群体冠层温度作为衡量小麦代谢的功能指标，为旱地小麦育种和栽培提供理论依据。     

不同大豆品种在萌发期对干旱胁迫的生理响应及抗旱性评价

对3个大豆品种(黄豆、晋豆19及郑9007)采用不同浓度PEG-6000(0、12%、14%、16%、18%和20%)模拟干旱胁迫处理,测定种子萌发及抗氧化酶活性等指标。结果表明,不同浓度PEG处理均降低了3个大豆品种的相对发芽势、相对发芽率及相对胚根长,18%PEG处理为合适的干旱胁迫条件。在18%PEG处理下,3个大豆品种胚根的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸及丙二醛(MDA)含量均发生了显著变化。其中,黄豆胚根SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量分别为对照的5.41、2.13、2.64、2.84、2.13倍和10.98倍,均高于晋豆19和郑9007,而MDA含量上升为对照的1.59倍,低于晋豆19和郑9007。通过隶属函数法综合评价发现,3个大豆品种的抗旱性强弱依次为黄豆郑9007晋豆19,说明黄豆的抗旱能力高于晋豆19和郑9007。     

干旱条件下冷型小麦叶片衰老特性研究

选择典型的冷型小麦和暖型小麦为材料,通过测定功能叶净光合速率、群体冠层温度、叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白及超氧化物歧化酶等指标,研究干旱条件下不同温度型小麦开花后旗叶衰老特性。结果表明,在籽粒灌浆期间,冷型小麦叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶等含量变化明显优于暖型小麦,在籽粒灌浆后期表现尤为明显。因此,在小麦生产中,可以借助群体冠层温度作为衡量小麦代谢的功能指标,为旱地小麦育种和栽培提供理论依据。     

水分胁迫条件下冷暖型小麦幼苗期某些生理特性变化比较

采用溶液培养、PEG6000渗透胁迫处理等方法研究了不同温度型的小麦品种小偃6号(冷型)、陕229(冷型)和NR9405(暖型)在水分胁迫条件下,幼苗期小麦叶片中叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、细胞膜相对透性、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、水势等生理特性的变化.结果表明:水分胁迫条件下,与暖型小麦NR9405相比,冷型小麦小偃6号和映229叶片中叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量下降缓慢,细胞膜相对透性较低,相对含水量(RWC)、水势较高.该结果说明,冷型小麦对于干旱的适应性较暖型小麦强.     

不同旱稻品种灌浆期抗旱生理适应性的研究

选择抗旱性不同的4个旱稻品种,对其灌浆期旗叶抗旱性生理指标进行测定。结果表明:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及游离脯氨酸含量均为抗旱性较强品种(旱稻15号,旱稻2号)极显著地高于抗旱性较弱品种(旱稻1号,旱稻3号);丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞膜相对透性大小表现为抗旱性较强品种(旱稻15号,旱稻2号)极显著地低于抗旱性较弱品种(旱稻1号,旱稻3号)。SOD、POD、CAT活性和丙二醛含量、游离脯氨酸含量、细胞膜相对透性可用来说明旱稻品种之间的抗旱生理适应性的差异。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生理特性及抗氧化酶基因表达的影响

以玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,研究外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA)对15％PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生理特性及抗氧化酶基因表达的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖含量显...     

干旱胁迫下大豆开花期的生理生化变化与抗旱性的关系

研究了干旱胁迫下抗旱性不同的大豆品种开花期生理生化特性的变化与抗旱性的关系。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的加重,叶片的细胞膜透性、可溶性糖(WSS)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)含量都有明显增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则表现为胁迫前期略有上升后期下降。细胞膜透性、WSS和游离Pro含量的变化与大豆抗旱性密切相关,抗旱性强的品种WSS和游离Pro积累强度大于抗旱性弱的品种,细胞膜透性的增加则是抗旱性强的品种小于抗旱性弱的品种。而MDA含量、SOD活性的变化与抗旱性的关系在不同抗旱性品种中没有表现出明显的规律性。     

水分胁迫对全膜双垄沟播玉米光合等生理特性的影响

在甘肃榆中大田条件下,研究了水分胁迫对全膜双垄沟播玉米叶片保护酶系活性、膜脂过氧化、根系活力、光合速率及产量的影响。结果表明,玉米生育前中期水分胁迫使超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性大幅度增加,随干旱持续和强度加剧,使SOD、CAT、POD活性降低,叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量增加。播后126 d,严重水分胁迫处理的SOD、CAT、POD活性分别降低到充分供水处理的61.2%、62.5%和76.1%,MDA含量较充分供水处理增加18.4%。短期水分胁迫能提高玉米根系活力,但随着受旱时间延长根系活力迅速下降。水分胁迫使玉米光合产物合成与转运量显著下降,致使百粒重、穗粒数和收获指数分别降低15.1%、54.1%和47.4%,减产达45.7%。     

银胶菊的花对小麦的化感作用机制

采用温室盆栽法,研究了银胶菊的花水浸提液对小麦生长及其生理生化机制的影响,以明确其对小麦的化感作用。结果显示,花水浸提液抑制小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,且抑制强度随浸提液浓度的升高而加强;随着花水浸提液浓度的增加,小麦叶片光合作用、光合色素含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降,磷(P)和丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,氮(N)含量呈现先降低后趋于正常的变化趋势,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性没有显著变化,而过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。表明银胶菊的花水浸提液抑制小麦叶片光合作用,提高了小麦叶片的MDA含量,并降低了小麦叶片SOD、POD和CAT的活性。     

生殖生长期光富集和遮阴对大豆干物质分配及产量品质的影响

大豆冠层截获的太阳辐射强度是决定大豆生长发育和产量的重要环境因素.通过对蛋白质、脂肪含量不同的三个大豆品种在生殖生长期进行光处理,研究田间条件下,群体光富集和遮阴对大豆干物质分配、产量及品质的影响.结果表明:与自然光照相比,光富集后大豆积累的光合产物更多地分配到库;而遮阴后大豆积累的光合产物更多地分配给了源.光富集显著增加大豆单株产量、荚数和粒数,不同品种(系)单株产量增加幅度为27.7%～71.7%、单株荚数增加幅度为33.3%～71.1%、单株粒数增加幅度为35.5%～85.7%;遮阴显著减少大豆单株产量、荚数和粒数,不同品种(系)单株产量降低幅度为34.4%～49.7%、单株荚数降低幅度为43.0%～47.7%、单株粒数降低幅度为33.4%～52.6%.生殖生长期光富集有增加籽粒蛋白质含量和降低籽粒脂肪含量的趋势,而遮阴有降低籽粒内蛋白质含量和增加籽粒脂肪含量的趋势,品种间有一定差异.     

Canopy height‐to‐row spacing ratio as a simple and practical onsite index to determine the time for terminating Ipomoea coccinea control in the Japanese soybean‐growing systems

In order to determine the time for terminating Ipomoea coccinea control in Japanese soybean‐growing systems, the relationship between the relative photosynthetic photon flux density at the emergence time of I. coccinea seedlings and their fate in competition with a Japanese determinate soybean cultivar, “Hatayutaka”, was investigated. A 2 year field study was conducted, in which I. coccinea was seeded at 0, 5 and 7 weeks after seeding of the soybean in 2010 and once per week between 0 and 7 weeks after seeding in 2011, while soybean was seeded in six plots at three different seeding times and two different row‐spacing arrangements with the same intrarow spacing. The results showed that the I. coccinea seedlings that emerged at a relative photosynthetic photon flux density of <49% grew weak or died. At this value, the canopy height‐to‐row spacing ratio of soybean was very stable, regardless of the row spacing, in both study years. This ratio was also stable when tested on 11 different soybean cultivars that covered all cultivation areas of Japan and had various growth speeds during the early growing period. A canopy height‐to‐row spacing ratio of 1.0 could be a simple and practical onsite index for determining the time to terminate I. coccinea control in Japanese soybean‐growing systems.     

Evaluation of validity and limitations of the soybean canopy height‐to‐row spacing ratio as an onsite index to control weeds using diverse soybean accessions

A canopy height‐to‐row spacing ratio (CHRSR) of 1.0 is expected to be a simple and practical onsite index for soybean growers to determine when further weed control is no longer necessary. This is decided when relative photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) reaches 50% under the soybean canopy. To evaluate the validity of this index, a 2‐year field experiment was conducted to compare days after sowing (DAS) to reach a relative PPFD of 50% (defined as PPFD50) and DAS to reach a CHRSR of 1.0 (defined as CHRSR1.0) in 190 accessions with different canopy architectures from a soybean core collection. A total of 104 accessions, for which final relative PPFD reached <10% in 2014, were examined for the differences between CHRSR1.0 and PPFD50. The mean and median values of the difference in 2014 were 0.02 and 2.2, respectively. Similarly, the mean and median values in 2015 were 2.8 and 2.6, respectively. Thus, CHRSR1.0 tended to be achieved slightly later than PPFD50, so a consideration was made that there would be a negligible risk of failure if growers used CHRSR1.0 to determine the termination time for weed control in the most of accessions. Although there were some accessions with a standing type of morphological characteristics or with a smaller or narrower leaf, showing negative differences between CHRSR1.0 and PPFD50 larger than 1 week, a CHRSR of 1.0 could be used to estimate PPFD50 in most of accessions without risk of failure to control weeds.     

Spatiotemporal variation and correlation of soil enzyme activities and soil physicochemical properties in canopy gaps of the Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China

The study of the heterogeneity of soil enzyme activities at different sampling locations in canopy gaps will help understand the influence mechanism of canopy gaps on soil ecological processes. In this paper, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of soil enzyme activities and soil physicochemical properties at different sampling locations (closed canopy, expanded edge, canopy edge, gap center) in different sampling time (December, February, April, June, August, and October) on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China. The results showed that soil catalase, cellulase, sucrase, and acid phosphatase activities were relatively high from June to October and low from December to April, and most of soil enzyme activities were higher at closed canopy than at gap center. Soil urease activity was high during December-February. The soil temperature reached the highest value during June-August and was relatively high at gap center in October, December, and February. Soil water content was significantly higher in December and April than in other months. Soil bulk density was higher at gap center than at closed canopy in December. Soil pH and soil electrical conductivity in most months were higher at closed canopy than at gap center. Soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen, and soil total phosphorus were generally higher at gap center than at closed canopy. Furthermore, sampling time played a leading role in the dynamic change of soil enzyme activity. The key factors affecting soil enzyme activity were soil temperature and soil water content, which were governed by canopy gaps. These results provide important support for further understanding the influence mechanism of forest ecosystem management and conservation on the Tianshan Mountains.     

密度对大豆群体冠层结构及光合特性的影响

以垦农4号大豆为试验材料,在大田条件下,研究了密度对大豆群体植株形态特征、叶面积指数、干物质重、透光率、光能截获量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、比叶重及产量的影响.结果表明:群体冠层结构及光合特性存在差异,高密度与低密度群体之间差异显著;株高、平均茎长及平均柄长均随着密度的增加呈增加趋势,而节数、平均茎粗、平均柄粗及...     

Effect of solar radiation on severity of soybean rust

Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a damaging fungal disease of soybean (Glycine max). Although solar radiation can reduce SBR urediniospore survival, limited information is available on how solar radiation affects SBR progress within soybean canopies. Such information can aid in developing accurate SBR prediction models. To manipulate light penetration into soybean canopies, structures of shade cloth attenuating 30, 40, and 60% sunlight were constructed over soybean plots. In each plot, weekly evaluations of severity in lower, middle, and upper canopies, and daily temperature and relative humidity were recorded. Final plant height and leaf area index were also recorded for each plot. The correlation between amount of epicuticular wax and susceptibility of leaves in the lower, middle, and upper canopies was assessed with a detached leaf assay. Final disease severity was 46 to 150% greater in the lower canopy of all plots and in the middle canopy of 40 and 60% shaded plots. While daytime temperature within the canopy of nonshaded soybean was greater than shaded soybean by 2 to 3°C, temperatures recorded throughout typical evenings and mornings of the growing season in all treatments were within the range (10 to 28.5°C) for SBR development as was relative humidity. This indicates temperature and relative humidity were not limiting factors in this experiment. Epicuticular wax and disease severity in detached leaf assays from the upper canopy had significant negative correlation (P = 0.009, R = -0.84) regardless of shade treatment. In laboratory experiments, increasing simulated total solar radiation (UVA, UVB, and PAR) from 0.15 to 11.66 MJ m(-2) increased mortality of urediniospores from 2 to 91%. Variability in disease development across canopy heights in early planted soybean may be attributed to the effects of solar radiation not only on urediniospore viability, but also on plant height, leaf area index, and epicuticular wax, which influence disease development of SBR. These results provide an understanding of the effect solar radiation has on the progression of SBR within the soybean canopy.     

Effect of chlorimuron-ethyl on Bradyrhizobium japonicum and its symbiosis with soybean

Possible side-effects of the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl on Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner & Jordan) in pure culture and on inoculated soybean plants growing under controlled conditions were investigated. Growth of B japonicum strain E109 was not affected by this herbicide even when exposed to concentrations 150 times higher than recommended field doses. However, nodulation of soybean plants treated 5 days after emergence with chlorimuron-ethyl at standard application rates was impaired: a 38% decrease in the number of nodules per plant was observed four weeks after treatment. Despite nodule number decrease, no changes in shoot nitrogen content could be detected. Total fresh biomass was diminished by 25% in herbicide-treated plants. Leghemoglobin content in nodules did not vary; nevertheless total nodule protein was diminished by 40% in the herbicide-treated group. ALS activity in different soybean tissues and their relative sensitivity to chlorimuron-ethyl were also investigated. Roots and bacteroids had the greatest specific ALS activities. On a fresh weight basis, the bacteroid fraction displayed the highest ALS activity and was also the most tolerant to in vitro chlorimuron addition: 72% of its activity was retained after including 10 microM chlorimuron-ethyl in the reaction mixture. These results indicate that standard application rates of chlorimuron-ethyl will have limited incidence on B japonicum survival, and effects on nodulation may have little long-term consequences on soybean nitrogen fixation potential. The differences found among soybean tissues not only in intrinsic ALS activity but also in their relative sensitivity to this herbicide suggests that, in leguminous plants living in symbiosis with rhizobia, nodules may contribute to an enhanced tolerance to ALS inhibitors.     

耐密性春大豆品种光合特性研究

选用耐密性不同的两个大豆品种,设置了22.5万株·hm^-2、30.0万株·hm^-2和37.5万株·hm^-2等3个密度,研究耐密性大豆的光合特性。试验结果表明,耐密品种垦丰16号,叶形指数高,上部冠层叶柄短,随着密度增加,耐密植品种垦丰16冠层上部叶柄长度显著低于普通品种,叶形指数高于普通品种,尤其是高密度条件下从第9节位开始垦丰16的叶形指数显著或极显著高于普通品种合丰39,从第11节开始叶柄长度短于合丰39,有利于通风透光;随着密度增大,耐密植品种垦丰16的叶色值峰值出现时期没有明显变化,密植条件下生育后期叶片持绿性更强;随着密度增加耐密植品种垦丰16净光合速率和水分利用率下降速度慢,当密度为30.0万株·hm^-2时垦丰16与合丰39的净光合速率和水分利用率差异达到显著水平（分别为P=0.0423,P=0.0384）,密度为37.5万株·hm^-2时差异达到极显著水平（分别为P=0.0026,P=0.0042）;随着密度增加耐密品种垦丰16产量逐渐增加,不耐密品种合丰39产量呈现先上升后降低的趋势,密度为37.5万株·hm^-2时,两个品种间差异达到极显著水平（P=0.0024）。不同密度条件下垦丰16与合丰39在形态和光合生理指标的变化可以看出,耐密性春大豆品种冠层结构更有利于在高密度条件下通风透光,密植条件下后期持绿性强,光合速率和水分利用率受密度影响小,因此在高密度条件下能够获得较高的产量。     

植物生长调节剂对大豆叶片碳代谢相关生理指标的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以垦农4号大豆为材料,通过叶面喷施植物生长调节剂,比较叶片中蔗糖、转化酶、淀粉、可溶性糖、还原糖和总糖含量及转化酶活性,研究6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)、脱落酸(ABA)对大豆叶片碳代谢相关生理指标的影响.结果表明:6-BA、ABA两处理在喷药后40天均提高了大豆叶片中蔗糖含量,除喷药后40d的取样期内...     

基于冠层温度的玉米缺水诊断研究

冠层温度是判断植物水分状况的一项重要指标。以玉米良玉11为试验作物,在2014和2015年玉米抽雄期(7—8月)进行了4种不同梯度的土壤水分胁迫处理,研究了作物冠层温度、冠气温度比以及冠气温度差等指标与土壤含水量的关系,分析了冠气温度比与生理指标气孔导度的关系。研究结果显示:当土壤含水量低于0.16 cm3·cm~(-3)时,植株出现了明显的萎蔫现象,这时冠层温度、冠气温度比、冠气温度差也都分别达到了其最大值34℃,1.2℃和5℃;随着土壤含水量增大到0.20 cm3·cm~(-3),冠层温度等指标均达到其最小值,约为30℃,1.0℃和1℃,且变化比较稳定,这时植株生长良好,说明土壤供水充足,植株未受到水分胁迫。冠层温度等指标与气孔导度有显著的线性关系,气孔导度随着冠层温度等指标的增加而线性降低,表明气孔关闭会使得冠层温度显著提升。