4种雀稗种子萌发期耐盐性的测定

用不同浓度的盐溶液处理4种雀稗种子,以研究不同盐浓度对各种雀稗种子相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对胚芽、相对胚根的影响。结果表明,低盐浓度处理对部分雀稗种子萌发、胚芽、胚根的生长和发芽势都有一定的促进作用;随着盐处理浓度增高,发芽率和发芽势呈下降趋势,胚芽、胚根的生长也受到抑制,但也有例外。不同浓度的盐胁迫下雀稗种子的适应情况不同,同一雀稗种子在萌发时对不同盐浓度的适应情况也不同。     

不同盐胁迫对长穗偃麦草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用不同浓度NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHCO3、Na2CO3单盐溶液对长穗偃麦草种子进行胁迫处理,测定种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数以及幼苗芽长和根长等指标,研究长穗偃麦草种子在不同盐胁迫条件下的萌发特性。结果表明,与用蒸馏水培养的对照相比,随着NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHCO3、Na2CO3单盐浓度的增加,长穗偃麦草种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均呈下降趋势。NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHCO3、Na2CO3对胚芽长和胚根长的抑制规律一致,表现为随盐浓度升高抑制作用增强,且胚根比胚芽对盐浓度反应更敏感;但是低浓度NaHCO3对胚根生长有一定的促进作用。4种单盐对长穗偃麦草种子萌发的抑制作用总体表现为:二价盐>一价盐。     

聚乙二醇对羊茅属4种植物种子萌发特性的影响研究

用不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液作为渗透胁迫剂,对羊茅属Festuca 4种牧草种子的萌发情况进行了研究.结果表明,低PEG浓度(5%)促进中华羊茅F.sinensis和西北羊茅F.kryloviana胚根的生长,较高PEG浓度(10%～15%)显著抑制4种羊茅植物胚根和胚芽的生长及种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数的提高,PEG浓度对胚芽生长的抑制效应比胚根大.各植物胚根(芽)长、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均随PEG浓度的增加呈显著降低变化(P＜0.05).胚根/胚芽比、发芽率、发芽势可作为羊茅属牧草种子萌发期抗旱性初步评定的鉴定指标.4种植物的抗旱性顺序为中华羊茅＞西北羊茅＞毛稃羊茅F.kirilovii和法恩苇状羊茅F.arundincea.     

NaHCO3和Na2CO3胁迫对藜种子萌发的影响

用两种钠盐不同浓度对藜种子进行了发芽试验,研究了两种钠盐胁迫对藜种子萌发的影响,探讨其耐盐性。结果表明：两种钠盐胁迫对藜种子的萌发有抑制作用,随着盐浓度的增加,种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均呈显著下降趋势（p〈0．01）,盐浓度过高会抑制种子萌发,NaHCO3浓度250mmol／L、Na2CO3浓度200mmol／L时,藜种子无发芽能力。两种钠盐对藜种子发芽后的胚根及胚芽生长的抑制作用表现不同,NaHCO3对藜种子的抑制：胚根〉胚芽,Na2CO3对种子的抑制：胚根〈胚芽。     

十二种柱花草种子萌发期耐盐性的测定

以热带地区常见的12种柱花草种子为试验材料,观测了它们在不同盐浓度处理下的萌发率.结果表明,低盐浓度对部分柱花草种子萌发有促进作用;随着盐处理浓度增高,发芽率一般呈下降趋势,但也有例外;不同浓度的盐胁迫下柱花草种子的适应情况不同,同一柱花草种子在萌发时对不同盐的适应情况也不同.     

盐胁迫对三种盐生禾草种子萌发及其胚生长的影响

采用不同浓度的NaCl、Na₂CO₃和二者混合盐的胁迫,对羊草、野大麦和朝鲜碱茅种子的发芽率、发芽速度、胚根和胚芽的影响以及盐胁迫解除后的发芽率、胚根和胚芽的生长进行测定与分析。结果表明,随着Na₂CO₃和混合盐溶液浓度的增加,羊草和野大麦种子的发芽率、发芽速度、胚根和胚芽的相对生长均呈下降趋势;而12.5mmol/LNaCl和37.5mmol/LNa⁺混合盐的低浓度胁迫对朝鲜碱茅种子的萌发、胚根和胚芽的生长有促进作用,但发芽速度则随着盐浓度的升高而降低;Na₂CO₃溶液对3种禾草胚根和胚芽的生长均有明显的抑制作用;3种盐分胁迫对羊草和朝鲜碱茅胚根生长的影响均大于胚芽生长;朝鲜碱茅种子萌发时的耐盐性强于野大麦和羊草;盐胁迫解除后,3种禾草的发芽率随原胁迫盐浓度的增加呈升高趋势。     

赤霉素对盐胁迫下红砂种子萌发的影响

超旱生小灌木红砂是干旱半干旱区优势乡土物种,但是种子依靠萌发繁殖活力较低,研究赤霉素与不同浓度盐交互作用对红砂种子萌发的影响,对于植被恢复和改善我国西部的生态环境具有重要作用。本试验采用培养皿纸上发芽法,对红砂种子进行不同赤霉素浓度(100、200、400、600 mg/L)、盐浓度(50、100、150、200、250、300 mmol/L)以及赤霉素与盐交互作用3种处理,以蒸馏水处理为对照,研究赤霉素对盐胁迫后红砂种子萌发和幼苗生长情况的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫抑制种子的萌发,红砂种子的发芽率随盐浓度升高逐渐下降,发芽整齐度随浓度升高而逐渐增大,胚根长与盐浓度具有显著负相关关系(R²=0.9452);使用较高浓度的赤霉素处理红砂种子,发芽率、发芽指数与发芽速度均随浓度增大而先减小后增大的趋势,阈值为200 mg/L,不同浓度赤霉素处理后的红砂种子的胚根长及胚芽长之间无显著性差异;赤霉素对较高浓度(>100 mmol/L)盐胁迫后红砂种子的发芽率有显著的改善作用,可以提高种子的发芽速度、发芽指数。赤霉素能促进盐胁迫后红砂的种子萌发,促进胚的发育。     

十二种柱花草种子萌发期耐盐性的测定

以热带地区常见的12种柱花草种子为试验材料，观测了它们在不同盐浓度处理下的萌发率。结果表明，低盐浓度对部分柱花草种子萌发有促进作用；随着盐处理浓度增高，发芽率一般呈下降趋势，但也有例外；不同浓度的盐胁迫下柱花草种子的适应情况不同，同一柱花草种子在萌发时对不同盐的适应情况也不同。     

不同盐分胁迫对苜蓿种子萌发的影响

对杂花、ＲＳ、龙牧、秘鲁４种苜蓿种子在氯化钠、硫酸镁,氯化钙３种盐不同浓度溶液处理下的种子萌发进行研究,观察其发芽率,计算发芽指数Ｇｉ。结果表明,低盐浓度对４种苜蓿种子萌发均有促进作用;随盐处理浓度增高,发芽率一般呈下降趋势,但也有例外,不同浓度的盐胁迫下苜蓿种子的适应情况不同．同一苜蓿种子在萌发时对不同盐的适应情况也不同。     

两种独行菜种子萌发对不同浓度NaCl胁迫的响应

为探究腺独行菜（Lepidium apetalum Willd）和宽叶独行菜（Lepidium latifolium L.var.affine C.A.mey）种子萌发耐盐性特征，用玻璃培养皿采用暗发芽的方法，在恒温25℃种子培养箱中进行发芽试验，测定不同NaCl浓度（0，50，100，150，200，250，300 mmol·L^-1）胁迫下两种独行菜种子的发芽率、发芽势、日均发芽率、日相对发芽率和种子胚芽、胚根的长度。结果表明：在同等盐胁迫下，腺独行菜种子的发芽率、发芽势等各项指标均显著大于宽叶独行菜种子的。在不同盐胁迫下，随NaCl浓度增大，腺独行菜种子发芽率呈先增大后减小的特征，发芽势呈持续下降趋势；宽叶独行菜种子的发芽率和发芽势均呈显著下降特征，且NaCl浓度达到150 mmol·L^-1后，失去发芽能力；种子胚芽、胚根生长始终表现为腺独行菜优于宽叶独行菜。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …