混合肥优化配料计量系统的建立和应用

研究以提高混合肥料生产质量和降低成本为目的，采用了按产品标准含水量配料，线性规划优化计量和必要的混合肥料生产技术建立微机配料系统，解决了混合肥料生产中的两个关键问题，一是保证配料能准确达到配方要求，提高计算速度，减少计算误差；二是能根据原料肥市场价格的波动，调整不同原料肥的用量，保证原料成本最低，研究结果对中，小型混合肥料生产厂家降低生产成本，提高生产效益具有实用性。     

网络化复混肥优化配料专家系统的开发

通过对复混肥生产配料过程中所涉及的植物营养，配方施肥和复混肥生产加工等领域知识的分析，研究，利用计算机技术，开发了基于网络的网络化专家系统，本文主要介绍了利用信息技术将复混肥优化配料与Internet相结合的网络化复混肥优化配料专家系统的具体开发工作。     

煤基复混肥对复垦土壤养分、玉米产量及水肥利用的影响

以工矿区固体废弃物为基本原料,与化肥复混研制而成煤基复混肥,通过单施煤基复混肥及其与菌肥配施在复垦区进行了大田试验,旨在研究不同施肥处理对复垦土壤养分、玉米产量、水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明:不同施肥处理均可有效促进土壤养分含量;菌肥+煤基复混肥处理使土壤有效磷含量显著高于单施复混肥或基质+煤基复混肥处理。玉米产量随施肥量的增加而增大,且在N300施肥水平达到最高,表现为菌肥+煤基复混肥(N300,5 957.52kg/hm~2)基质+煤基复混肥(N300,5 695.73kg/hm~2)单施煤基复混肥(N300,5 391.15kg/hm~2)。过量施肥(N390)导致玉米产量不同程度降低。菌肥+煤基复混肥不同处理在N210、N300和N390施肥水平玉米产量显著高于单施复混肥(P0.05)。煤基复混肥及其与菌肥配施在N300施肥水平水分利用效率最高,表现为菌肥+煤基复混肥[N300,18.32kg/(mm·hm~2)]基质+煤基复混肥[N300,17.57kg/(mm·hm~2)]单施煤基复混肥[N300,16.73kg/(mm·hm~2)]。随施肥量的增加,肥料利用率呈明显下降趋势,菌肥+煤基复混肥处理在N120、N210和N300各施肥水平的氮、磷、钾肥利用率均显著高于单施复混肥。综上所述,本研究对促进工矿区固体废弃物农业资源化利用有一定意义。     

含氮、磷包膜缓释肥的制备及其缓释性能研究

采用红外光谱(FTIR)对以尿素、甲醛和磷酸一铵为原料,制备了以磷酸一铵为核心,脲醛肥为膜材料,同时含有氮、磷两种营养元素的包膜缓释肥的结构进行了研究。通过其在土壤中的养分释放特性表明,在土壤中,氮元素的缓释期为100 d,磷元素的缓释期为30 d;而在水中,氮元素在100 d时只释放了70%,磷元素在10 d时则达到100%。说明作为膜材料的缓释肥通过聚合物降解的化学过程,使氮元素获得了明显的缓释效果;作为核心的磷酸一铵,受包膜的物理保护,其分子中的磷元素也获得了一定的缓释效果。     

关中平原台塬区土壤养分空间格局研究——以西安市长安区为例

为研究关中平原台塬区土壤养分的空间分布情况,加强精准农业施肥管理,针对陕西省西安市长安区836.69 km²范围内的土壤养分元素进行空间格局研究。通过GPS定位选取研究区内3 231个土壤采样点,测定了土壤样品的有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾以及pH值,并利用地统计法对其空间变异结构及格局现状进行研究。结果表明:土壤养分元素的变异系数范围为0.09～0.84,其变异程度依次为有效磷>速效钾>碱解氮>有机质>pH值;土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾及pH值的变异函数曲线均符合指数模型;在空间结构上,土壤有效磷和有机质属于弱相关性,速效钾和碱解氮为中等强度相关性,pH值具有强烈的空间相关性;采用Kriging插值方法,可直观得到研究区域的土壤养分空间格局情况。     

沼液配方肥肥效特点及其对油菜硝酸盐含量的影响

为揭示沼液配方肥的肥效特点,采用等养分原则和盆栽试验方法,以空白CK为对照,对比研究了追施沼液配方肥和无机复混肥的肥效特点及其对油菜硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明:沼液配方肥的肥效明显优于无机复混肥,可使油菜鲜重最高增加28.44%,使硝酸盐含量降低5.61%～17.42%,可显著降低碱性土壤pH值,使之趋于中性。同时沼液配方肥使EC值分别降低了5.82%,6.77%,8.58%和10.20%,土壤养分含量碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷最高分别增加到79.45,161.93,72.70mg/kg。     

炭基复混肥对烤烟产质量的影响

开展炭基复混肥与常规复混肥对烤烟产量及品质的影响研究,为本地烤烟生产确定适宜的肥料配方.使用毕节本地烤烟生产的配方肥料,在相同施肥水平下设置常规复混肥、炭基复混肥和炭基复混肥不追肥3个处理,研究其对烤烟生长发育、病害发生、烟叶产质量、烟叶化学成分及感官质量的影响.施用炭基复混肥能够明显提升烤烟各项农艺性状指标,提高烟株...     

无机添加剂对复混肥中有效养分的影响

复混肥制作过程中无机添加剂的使用可以导致肥料中有效养分的减少，为了阐明和有效地解决这个问题，选用含有氮、磷、钾3种营养元素的肥料和常用的无机添加剂作为原料，模拟工厂化制作和贮存过程，以分析和探讨无机添加剂对肥料养分有效性的影响。研究结果表明，灰白色膨润土、浅红色膨润土和钙粉对复混肥的有效养分含量均有影响，需根据实际生产需求选取适宜的添加剂。     

用蚕沙研制有机无机复混肥的试验研究

通过培养试验和盆栽试验,对由蚕沙作为主要有机物料研制而成的有机无机复混肥配方进行筛选,研究了由几种配方生产的蚕沙有机无机复混肥在叶菜类作物上的增产作用,及其对植株吸收养分和土壤养分供应的影响,确定了最适合的蚕沙有机无机复混肥配方。     

不同堆肥及其制成低浓度复混肥的环境和蔬菜效应的研究

利用农业千秆和离禽粪便、城市生活垃圾和人粪书法仪表马,同时将所堆制出的垃圾肥与无机Ｎ、Ｐ,Ｋ化肥铵一比例制成适应特定作物的低浓度有机无机复混肥。通过复混肥磷的释放、对地下水硝酸盐影响的模拟试验及蔬菜的生物效应和土壤培肥疚等研究,比较了几种堆肥和制成复混肥的差异。研究结果表明：低浓度复混肥从１ｍ地高的土淋失的硝酸盐数量较相同养分她用量的化肥小得多,低浓度复混肥磷释放的速率较等含量磷的普钙要小,复混肥     

Utilization of some organic wastes as growing media for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants

Abstract

The environmental impact of crop wastes and the high cost of peat moss (PM) force scientists to find alternative growing media. In a pot experiment, peanut shell (PS) and corn wastes (CWs) were evaluated as growing media in comparison with PM in three different mixing ratios with washed sand. The mixing ratio were M₁?=?1:1 raw material to sand, M₂?=?1:2 raw material to sand, and M₃?=?1:3 raw material to sand. The tested plant was lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The obtained results showed that PS medium contained available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) higher by 121% and 38% above the PM medium. Availability of potassium (K) in CW medium was higher by 167% than PM. The EC, pH, OC, and C/N ratio of PM were higher by 227%, 4%, 128%, and 99% above the CW and by 1,473%, 9%, 74%, and193% above the PS, respectively. The highest significant values of growth parameters were recorded in PM medium. The highest total cost and lowest net profit were recorded with the use of PMM₁, whereas the lowest cost and the highest net profit were obtained with PSM₂. Physiochemical characteristics of peanut shell suggested that it can be economical alternative growing media for PM.     

Determination of diclofenac sodium and related compounds in raw materials and formulations

A liquid chromatographic method has been developed for determination of drug and related compounds in diclofenac sodium raw material, slow-release, and enteric coated tablets. The method specifies a 5 microns octadecylsilane bonded phase column, a mobile phase of tetrahydrofuran-acetonitrile-buffer, pH 5 (1 + 4 + 8.3), and detection at 229 nm. The method resolves 10 known related compounds with limits of quantitation of 0.2% or less. Seventeen drug raw material samples were evaluated. Total impurity levels ranged from 0.1 to 0.9%. The method has also been used for determination of drug content in raw materials and formulations. Mean assay levels in drug raw materials ranged between 98.3% and 101.8%.     

几种主要CO2施肥肥源性能的比较与评价

在空闲拱棚和黄瓜日光温室内，分别研究了化学反应法(H₂SO₄+NH₄HCO₃）、煤球燃烧法和颗粒CO₂气肥3种肥源的性能，并与液体CO₂进行成本比较，结果表明：化学反应法产气迅速，设备折旧成本较低；煤球燃烧法产气速度中等，原料成本最低；颗粒CO₂气肥产气速度较慢且不易调控，原料成本最高。考虑化学反应产物的再利用因素，化学反应法、煤球燃烧法和液体CO₂ 3种肥源总成本接近，但从生态、节能、成本和效果等方面综合评价，煤球燃烧法原料丰富、成本低廉，较符合我国目前的设施、经济、资源和技术条件。     

Rapid bacteriological screening of cosmetic raw materials by using bioluminescence

Incoming cosmetic raw materials are routinely tested for microbial content. Standard plate count methods require up to 72 h. A rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive raw material screening method was developed that detects the presence of bacteria by means of ATP (bioluminescence). With a 24-h broth enrichment, the minimum bacterial ATP detection threshold of 1 cfu/g sample can be achieved using purified firefly luciferin-luciferase and an ATP releasing reagent. By using this rapid screen, microbiologically free material may be released for production within 24 h, while contaminated material undergoes further quantitative and identification testing. In order for a raw material to be validated for this method it must be evaluated for (1) a potential nonmicrobial light-contributing reaction resulting in a false positive or, (2) degradation of the ATP giving a false negative, and (3) confirmation that the raw material has not overwhelmed the buffering capacity of the enrichment broth. The key criteria for a rapid screen was the sensitivity to detect less than one colony forming unit per g product, the speed to do this within 24 h, and cost efficiency. Bioluminescence meets these criteria. With an enrichment step, it can detect less than one cfu/g sample. After the enrichment step, analysis time per sample is approximately 2 min and the cost for material and reagents is less than one dollar per sample.     

Corn Wastes and Peanut Shell as Growing Media for Production of Red Radish Plants in Soilless System

ABSTRACT

Peat is considered the conventional growing medium in most soilless culture systems. The high cost of peat and the urgent need of agricultural wastes recycling encouraged the scientists and soilless culture users to search for an alternative growth medium where optimal growth conditions are achieved and help in the safe disposal of wastes. In the current study, peanut shell (PS) and corn wastes (CW) were used as growing media in comparison to peat moss (PM). The tested organic wastes and peat moss were examined with sand at three mixing ratios (1:1 “M₁”, 1:2 “M₂” and 1:3 “M₃” raw material: washed sand, respectively). Red radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus) plant were cultivated in 5 kg pots filled with the instigated growing media. Most of the recoded growth parameters were found in PS and PM growing media, while the lowest ones were found in CW. PS medium contained available N and P higher by 141 and 29% above the PM media. Although the peat moss gave the highest values in the measured growth characteristics, its high price decreased the net profit. The highest net profit value was obtained from PSM₂ followed by PSM₁ and PSM₃. According to the obtained results, the characteristics of the growth media derived from peanut shell qualify them for use in the production of red radish in soilless culture systems.     

Bioactivity of antioxidants in extruded products prepared from purple potato and dry pea flours

Measuring antioxidant activity using a biologically relevant assay adds important evidence to aid in understanding the role of phytochemicals based on data from in vivo and chemical assays of extrusion processed purple potato and pea flours. A cellular antioxidant activity assay could provide biologically relevant information on bioactive compounds in raw as well as processed food products. The objective of this study was to investigate the complete phytochemical profiles, antioxidant activity, cellular antioxidant activity, and their contribution to bioactivity in purple potato flour, dry pea flour, raw formulations, and extrusion cooked products prepared with the above ingredients. The free fraction of extracts contributed 68, 64, and 88% to total phenolics, total antioxidant activity (ORAC value), and total flavonoids, respectively, in purple potato flour (PPF). Similarly, extracts in the free fraction contributed 87, 86, and 64% to total phenolics, total antioxidant activity (ORAC value), and total flavonoids, respectively, in dry pea flour (DPF). The amount of total phenolics and total flavonoids in purple potato flour and the antioxidant activity of PPF and DPF were comparable to published data. However, a higher amount in the total flavonoids and lower in the total phenolics of DPF were observed. Caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids were mostly observed in the bound extracts of raw formulations as in the extrudates, whereas chlorogenic acid was predominant in the free extracts. The extruded products had significantly higher (p < 0.05) content of total phenolics, ORAC antioxidant activity, and flavonoids, compared to the raw formulations. Extrusion processing increased the cellular antioxidant activity of the extrudates prepared from 35:65 and 50:50 PPF/DPF (w/w) of ingredients compared with control raw formulations in a dose-dependent manner. Increase of PPF significantly increased (p < 0.05) the cellular antioxidant activity of 35-50% PPF formulations.     

Typification of cider brandy on the basis of cider used in its manufacture

A study of typification of cider brandies on the basis of the origin of the raw material used in their manufacture was conducted using chemometric techniques (principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and Bayesian analysis) together with their composition in volatile compounds, as analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization to detect the major volatiles and by mass spectrometric to detect the minor ones. Significant principal components computed by a double cross-validation procedure allowed the structure of the database to be visualized as a function of the raw material, that is, cider made from fresh apple juice versus cider made from apple juice concentrate. Feasible and robust discriminant rules were computed and validated by a cross-validation procedure that allowed the authors to classify fresh and concentrate cider brandies, obtaining classification hits of >92%. The most discriminating variables for typifying cider brandies according to their raw material were 1-butanol and ethyl hexanoate.     

规模化养猪场粪污循环利用技术集成与模式构建研究

简述全国及福建的生猪养殖发展现状与粪污产生量,并根据循环经济的“3R”理论,构建了以规模化生猪养殖为源头,通过技术集成,拓宽粪污循环利用产业链,发展粪污治理、沼气能源、食用菌、种植业、有机肥料、养鱼等产业,解决了规模化养猪场区域内部各产业产生的“废弃物”再利用问题。福建省福清星源农牧开发有限公司应用该模式建成的粪污循环利用产业链运行结果表明,各产业充分利用上游产业排放的“废弃物”,年节省各种原料投入达105万元,并解决了规模化养猪场粪污治理,污水经过各层次利用后作为冲栏回用,最终在系统内部实现了粪污全价再利用,达到污染物“零”排放的目标。     

基于云计算平台的智能预测模型研究

本文针对不同用户对鲜切花价格预测数据的需求,提出了一个基于云计算平台的智能预测模型。通过对BP神经网络算法进行改进,建立鲜切花智能预测模型,利用云服务创建服务接口,在云服务中实现数据信息共享。分析结果显示：该平台具有实用性,在云计算平台上获取了低成本、高质量的数据。     

三种原料对栽培基质含水量影响的统计分析

用砂、锯末和蛭石作为原料配制栽培基质,用压力膜装置测定了18个处理的水分含量,对各原料含量与基质水分含量进行逐步回归分析,建立回归方程。分析了原料含量对基质水分含量的影响,结果表明砂含量与基质水分含量之间呈显著的负相关;锯末及蛭石含量与基质水分含量呈正相关。3种原料对基质水分含量有较高的正直接作用,原料中的任何一种通过另外两种对基质水分量都是负间接作用。各回归分析的决定系数值都>0.80000,回归方程的相关系数R>0.890000,说明建立的回归模型有效,可靠,精度较高。