氮磷钾对红花草固氮根瘤菌生长及种植后土壤肥力的影响

为了发展有机水稻,以红花草-有机水稻轮作培肥水田土壤肥力,研究氮、磷、钾对红花草固氮根瘤菌生长及种植后土壤肥力的影响,为红花草的合理种植、培肥地力提供依据。2012—2013 2年稻后茬种植红花草,过冬前分别单独施用不同用量的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥,以不施肥为对照,探讨不同肥料不同用量对红花草产草量、固氮根瘤菌数量、固氮根瘤菌重量的影响及种植后的土壤肥力变化状况。研究结果表明：红花草前期补施氮、磷、钾,氮素对红花草的影响较大,在施氮75 kg/hm²(N 46%)时,产草量最高,固氮根瘤菌数量最多,固氮根瘤菌重量大;种植后土壤全氮变化表现为不同施氮量增幅随肥料用量增加而增加,施磷、施钾各处理增幅随肥料用量增加而先降后升;土壤速效磷变化为施氮、施磷各处理增幅随肥料用量增加而增加,施钾各处理增幅趋势表现不明显;土壤速效钾变化表现为施氮、施磷各处理增幅变化趋势是随肥料用量增加先升后降,在施氮150 kg/hm²(N 46%)、施磷300 kg/hm²(P₂O₅ 12%)时,土壤速效钾增幅达最大;土壤有机质变化表现为增幅随肥料用量增加而增加。所以,种植红花草,前期适当补施氮、磷、钾,可以提高红花草产草量,有效提高土壤肥力。     

Effects of water deficit and plant interaction on morphological growth parameters and yield of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) mixtures

The effects of soil water deficit and interspecific plant interaction were studied on the dry matter (DM) yield of white clover and ryegrass and on the morphogenesis of white clover. Plants were grown either: (1) individually (no interaction); or in a mixture of equal plant numbers with either (2) just shoot interaction, or (3) both shoot+root interaction. Plants were subjected to soil water deficits corresponding to no (0 MPa), moderate (−0.5 MPa) or severe (−1.0 MPa) water deficit. Ryegrass had higher above- and below-ground DM yields than white clover. The above- and below-ground DM yield for ryegrass, and the above-ground DM yield, stolon growth and relative growth rate (RGR), and leaf appearance rate (LAR) for white clover decreased as soil water deficit increased. In shoot+root interaction at no and moderate soil water deficit levels, white clover had the highest proportion of above-ground growth in the leaf form (69%) and had, respectively, 11% and 32% more above-ground DM yield than when grown in just shoot interaction; ryegrass had, respectively, 20% and 25% more above-ground DM yield than ryegrass grown in just shoot interaction. In shoot+root interaction at severe soil water deficit, ryegrass had twice as much above-ground DM yield as white clover (3.50 g per plant versus 1.59 g per plant, respectively) and white clover had 60% less above-ground DM yield than when grown in just shoot interaction. In a soil column of restricted depth (30 cm) at no and moderate soil water deficit levels, remarkable increases in shoot biomass yield were observed for both white clover and ryegrass grown in shoot+root interaction. The increased shoot biomass yield of ryegrass can be attributed to benefits from white clover's N fixing ability, whereas the causes for increased white clover biomass yield need to be studied further. However, at severe soil water deficit, ryegrass had a competitive advantage over white clover when grown in shoot+root interaction. This was due to the larger root system of ryegrass and its ability to control transpirational losses more efficiently, thus prolonging its growth period compared with white clover.     

Effects of species diversity on seasonal variation in herbage yield and nutritive value of seven binary grass-legume mixtures and pure grass under cutting

Intensively managed sown temperate grasslands are generally of low species diversity, although swards based on grass-legume mixtures may have superior productivity and herbage quality than grass-only swards. We conducted a cutting experiment over two years to test the effect of species composition and diversity on herbage yield, contents of N, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). Perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne) was sown alone and with each of four forage legumes: red clover (RC, Trifolium pratense), lucerne (LU, Medicago sativa), birdsfoot trefoil (BT, Lotus corniculatus) and white clover (WC, Trifolium repens); WC was also sown with hybrid ryegrass (HR, Lolium × boucheanum), meadow fescue (MF, Festuca pratensis) and timothy (TI, Phleum pratense). Herbage productivity was lowest in pure PR followed by PR/BT, and highest in PR/RC; this mixture had the highest legume proportion, N content and N yield. There was less WC in swards with HR and MF than with PR and TI. These differences were reflected in N contents of herbage of the mixtures. Legumes had higher N and lignin and lower NDF contents and IVOMD than grasses. Among legumes, NDF content was highest and IVOMD lowest in LU, followed by BT and the clovers. The highest N content was in WC. Among grasses, PR and HR had lower NDF contents and a higher IVOMD than MF; the highest N content was in PR. The grass component of mixtures had less effect than the legume component on herbage yield and quality. Results are discussed in terms of their potential to contribute to forage resources in farming practice and enhance resource use efficiency and ecosystem services.     

Nitrogen deficiency effects on plant growth, leaf photosynthesis, and hyperspectral reflectance properties of sorghum

An experiment was conducted under outdoor pot-culture conditions to determine effects of nitrogen (N) deficiency on sorghum growth, physiology, and leaf hyperspectral reflectance properties. Sorghum (cv. DK 44C) was seeded in 360 twelve-litre pots filled with fine sand. All pots were irrigated with half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution from emergence to 25 days after sowing (DAS). Thereafter, pots were separated into three identical groups and the following treatments were initiated: (1) the control (100% N) continued receiving the half-strength nutrient solution; (2) reduced N to 20% of the control (20% N); and (3) withheld N from the solution (0% N). Photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll (Chl) and N concentrations, and hyperspectral reflectance of the uppermost, fully expanded leaves were determined at 3- to 4-day-interval from 21 to 58 DAS during the N treatments. Plants were harvested 58 DAS to determine effects of N deficiency on leaf area (LA), biomass accumulation, and partitioning. Nitrogen deficiency significantly reduced LA, leaf Chl content and Pn, resulting in lower biomass production. Decreased leaf Pn due to N deficiency was mainly associated with lower stomatal conductance rather than carboxylation capacity of leaf chemistry. Among plant components of dry weights, leaf dry weight had the greatest and root dry weight had the smallest decrease under N deficiency. Nitrogen-deficit stress mainly increased leaf reflectance at 555 (R₅₅₅) and 715 nm (R₇₁₅) and caused a red-edge shift to shorter wavelength. Leaf N and Chl concentrations were linearly correlated with not only the reflectance ratios of R₄₀₅/R₇₁₅ (r² = 0.68^***) and R₁₀₇₅/R₇₃₅ (r² = 0.64^***), respectively, but also the first derivatives of the reflectance (dR/dλ) in red edge centered 730 or 740 nm (r² = 0.73–0.82^***). These specific reflectance ratios or dR/dλ may be used for rapid and non-destructive estimation of sorghum leaf Chl and plant N status.     

氮、磷、钾肥对南方双季稻区水稻产量及产量构成因子的影响

为明确氮、磷、钾肥对南方双季稻区水稻产量及产量构成因子的影响,于2019年在广西象州县、岑溪市、龙州县（早季）及港北区、福绵区（晚季）进行田间试验。设置对照（不施肥）、全肥（180kg N+45kg P₂O₅+135kg K₂O/hm²）、缺氮（45kg P₂O₅+135kg K₂O/hm²）、缺磷（180kg N+135kg K₂O/hm²）和缺钾（180kg N+45kg P₂O₅/hm²）5个处理,于成熟期测定产量和产量构成因子。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量及其构成因子均有显著影响。与全肥处理比较,缺氮、缺磷、缺钾和对照处理分别减产17.43%、6.64%、4.83%和25.58%。氮肥主要影响有效穗数和结实率,磷肥主要影响穗粒数,钾肥主要影响千粒重。水稻产量与有效穗数（r=0.544）和穗粒数（r=0.852）呈极显著正相关,与结实率的相关性不显著。     

不同盐分条件下油菜氮、磷、钾素积累与分配差异

为研究不同盐分浓度对油菜氮、磷、钾积累与分配的影响,以三个甘蓝型油菜品种为试验材料,在低、高两种盐分条件下种植,于成熟期取样测定干物质积累量及氮磷钾元素含量。结果表明：高盐与低盐处理相比,全株及不同器官干重均显著下降。不同处理氮和磷积累量的变化范围分别为141.39~193.14 kg/hm²和21.95~36.24 kg/hm²。3个品种根系中氮、磷积累量平均下降幅度最大,籽粒中钾素积累量平均下降幅度最大。成熟期氮和磷主要分配在籽粒中,不同处理的分配比例变化范围分别为63.15%~67.73%和75.23%~81.56%,钾素主要分配在茎中,其变化范围为45.59%~49.67%。研究不同盐分土壤上油菜成熟期的农艺性状和生理指标,有助于初步明确盐分对油菜产量及元素吸收规律的影响机制。     

Biological nitrogen fixation in three long-term organic and conventional arable crop rotation experiments in Denmark

Biological nitrogen (N) fixation (BNF) by legumes in organic cropping systems has been perceived as a strategy to substitute N import from conventional sources. However, the N contribution by legumes varies considerably depending on legumes species, as well as local soil and climatic conditions. There is a lack of knowledge on whether the N contribution of legumes estimated using short-term experiments reflects the long-term effects in organic systems varying in fertility building measures. There is also limited information on how fertilizer management practices in organic crop rotations affect BNF of legumes. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate BNF in long-term experiments with a range of organic and conventional arable crop rotations at three sites in Denmark varying in climate and soils (coarse sand, loamy sand and sandy loam) and to identify possible causes of differences in the amount of BNF. The experiment included 4-year crop rotations with three treatment factors in a factorial design: (i) rotations, i.e. organic with a year of grass-clover (OGC), organic with a year of grain legumes (OGL), and conventional with a year of grain legumes (CGL), (ii) with (+CC) and without (−CC) cover crops, and (iii) with (+M) and without (−M) animal manure in OGC and OGL, and with (+F) mineral fertilizer in CGL. Cover crops consisted of a mixture of perennial ryegrass and clover (at the sites with coarse sand and sandy loam soils) or winter rye, fodder radish and vetch (at the site with loamy sand soil) in OGC and OGL, and only perennial ryegrass in CGL at all sites. The BNF was measured using the N difference method. The proportion of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) in aboveground biomass of clover grown for an entire year in a mixture with perennial ryegrass and harvested three times during the growing season in OGC was close to 100% at all three sites. The Ndfa of grain legumes in both OGL and CGL rotations ranged between 61% and 95% depending on location with mostly no significant difference in Ndfa between treatments. Cover crops had more than 92% Ndfa at all sites. The total BNF per rotation cycle was higher in OGC than in OGL and CGL, mostly irrespective of manure/fertilizer or cover crop treatments. There was no significant difference in total BNF between OGL and CGL rotations, but large differences were observed between sites. The lowest cumulated BNF by all the legume species over the 4-year rotation cycle was obtained at the location with sandy loam soil, i.e. 224–244, 96–128, and 144–156 kg N ha⁻¹ in OGC, OGL and CGL, respectively, whereas it was higher at the locations with coarse sand and loamy sand soil, i.e. 320–376, 168–264, and 200–220 kg N ha⁻¹ in OGC, OGL and CGL, respectively. The study shows that legumes in organic crop rotations can maintain N₂ fixation without being significantly affected by long-term fertilizer regimes or fertility building measures.     

Water use and water use efficiency of cool season grain legumes in low rainfall Mediterranean-type environments

The water use (E_t) and water use efficiency (WUE) of a range of cool season grain legume species (field pea [Pisum sativum L.], faba bean [Vicia faba L.], chickpea [Cicer arietinum L.], lentil [Lens culinaris Med.], albus lupin [Lupinus albus L.], dwarf chickling [Lathyrus cicera L.], ochrus chickling [Lathyrus ochrus L.], grass pea [Lathyrus sativus L.], narbon bean [Vicia narbonensis L.], common vetch [Vicia sativa L.], and purple vetch [Vicia benghalensis L.]) were examined on fine textured neutral to alkaline soils in the low to medium rainfall Mediterranean-type environments in south-western Australia at Merredin and Mullewa in two seasons. There was no difference in the total E_t between grain legumes at either site in either year. There was also no variation in soil water extraction between species on the shallow sandy loam soil at Merredin. However, C. arietinum, L. sativus and L. cicera had greater water extraction and P. sativum the least water extraction at Mullewa where soil conditions were less hostile and root penetration was not restricted. The pattern of water use varied markedly between the grain legume species examined. Grain yield was positively correlated with post-flowering water use (E_tpa) in both erect (r=0.59) and prostrate (r=0.54) grain legume species. Water use efficiencies for dry matter production (WUE_dm) of up to 30 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ for V. faba and V. narbonensis at Merredin, and water use efficiencies for grain yield (WUE_gr) of up to 16 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ for P. sativum and 13 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ for V. faba at Mullewa, were comparable to those reported for cereals and other grain legumes in previous studies in this and other environments. Potential transpiration efficiencies (TE) of 15 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ together with soil evaporation (E_s) values of 100–125 mm were estimated in this and associated studies, and can be used as benchmark values to assess the yield potential of cool season grain legume crops in low rainfall Mediterranean-type environments. The major traits of adaptation for grain legume species producing large yields in this short season environment are early flowering, and pod and seed set before the onset of terminal drought. Early phenology together with rapid ground cover and dry matter production allows greater water use in the post flowering period. This leads to greater partitioning of dry matter into seed, which is reflected in greater harvest index (HI) and WUE_gr, as was observed for V. faba and P. sativum. Improvement in the adaptation of other grain legume species to short season Mediterranean-type environments requires increased early growth for rapid ground cover and improved tolerance to low temperatures (especially for C. arietinum) during flowering and podding.     

Pathways to improving the N efficiency of grazing bovines

Livestock production has been identified as a major source of nitrogen (N) losses. Therefore, it is important to reduce N output through animal excretions by improving N utilisation by the animal. The objective of this paper is to identify pathways for producing grass-based diets that maximise bovine N utilisation during grazing, based on literature on the interface of plant and animal sciences. The focus is on Western-European perennial ryegrass-based systems under rotational grazing and both beef and dairy production systems are considered.

Three pathways have been identified through which more efficient N utilisation by grazing bovines can be achieved by manipulation of the chemical composition of the grass forage: (1) matching protein supply to animal requirements, (2) balancing and synchronising carbohydrate and N supply in the rumen, and (3) increasing the proportion of rumen undegradable protein (RUP).

Matching the diet requirements of grazing bovines through herbage manipulation encompasses the manipulation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents of growing herbage. These C and N contents vary both spatially within the grass sward and over time. Under grazing conditions, grassland management tools, such as the length of the regrowth period, grazing intensity, fertiliser N application rate and herbage variety are the main pathways to manipulate C and N dynamics. Regrowth length, N application rate and high sugar varieties were shown to be the most promising grassland management tools with respect to manipulating herbage quality and subsequent bovine N efficiency. However, these management tools are interrelated and may show adverse effects on production.

Due to the complex nature of interactions, modelling is essential in order to quantify and predict the effect of any combination of herbage management tools under specific circumstances.

Areas in which additional research is required are the fractionation of N compounds in herbage as affected by herbage management, and the effect of high sugar varieties on bovine N efficiency under a range of herbage management combinations.     

Relationships between soil fertility,herbage quality and manure composition on grassland-based dairy farms

It is reasonable to expect that compliance with grassland fertilization recommendations in the long run results in optimal soil fertility, and subsequent herbage quality. Here, we evaluate the development of soil, herbage and manure characteristics and their relation over the last decades. We hypothesized that herbage and manure quality are related with soil fertility. We used a large database with results of soil tests, spring forage quality characteristics, and manure analyses, which were made on demand of dairy farmers. We considered the Netherlands as a whole and three selected regions with contrasting soil types (sandy soil, riverine clay, and peaty marine clay). Effects of soil fertility on herbage quality were evident when comparing farms. Farms higher in soil P and K generally have correspondingly higher contents in forage. On average, soil fertility and herbage characteristics were within or just above the agronomical optimal range during the last decades. Herbage crude protein content decreased in all regions during last two decades, which is likely an effect of legislative measures on decreasing the application of N. Selenium (Se) and sulphur (S) contents increased sharply on sandy soils, likely because of increased use of Se and S containing fertilizers. Manure composition did not differ between soil types. In conclusion, at farm level, the element composition of herbage reflected the soil fertility status. The contents of S, P, K, Na, Mg, and Ca in the herbage were all significantly influenced by soil fertility characteristics. Our results emphasize the importance of maintaining soil fertility for high quality roughage production.     

陕北黄土高原植被恢复对土壤理化性状的影响

为了解陕北黄土高原不同植被恢复类型对土壤理化性状的影响及其季节变化,采用完全随机设计,以陕北黄土高原恢复19年的杏树林、沙棘林、油松林和刺槐林为研究对象,以耕作相同年限农田为对照,分析不同植被恢复类型、土层和季节对土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH以及电导率的影响。结果表明,土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾在不同人工林地间达到显著差异水平,人工林地土壤养分含量均高于玉米农地,杏树林和沙棘林相对较高,刺槐林相对较低。碱解氮、pH和电导率在不同人工林地间没有达到显著差异水平。随着土层加深,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾显著降低,pH和电导率土层间变化规律不一致。土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾和电导率在夏季和春季较高,土壤速效磷和pH在冬季和秋季较高。0~20 cm土层,有机质与碱解氮和速效钾均达到显著正相关水平;20~40 cm土层,土壤有机质与电导率呈显著正相关关系,速效磷与速效钾呈显著负相关;速效钾和电导率在各土层间均达到显著正相关水平,pH与电导率在各土层间均呈显著负相关关系。植被恢复显著提高了土壤养分,杏树林和沙棘林富集土壤养分能力优于油松林和刺槐林。     

黄河三角洲梨园自然生草对土壤pH的影响

为了给改良盐碱地果园土壤和推广果园生草制提供理论基础,以山东东营市孤岛镇12年生黄金梨[Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.).cv.‘Nakai’]种植园清耕梨园土壤为对照,设生草2年、生草3年和生草4年3个处理,分别测定株间和行间各层土壤pH值、有机质和氮磷钾含量,分析其随生草年限的变化,并分析pH值与有机质和其他矿质营养的相关性。结果表明：与清耕梨园相比,生草能显著降低株间和行间各层土壤pH值,株间降低1.2%~3.4%,行间降低0.6%~4.08%,且随生草年限的增加逐年降低;生草能提高株间各层土壤有机质含量,能显著提高行间各层土壤有机质含量,尤其在生草4年后,行间有机质含量比清耕梨园土壤提高64.6%,有机质含量随生草年限的增加逐年升高;生草后株间和行间各层土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均升高,除行间20~40 cm土壤速效钾增加不显著外,其他均呈显著增加,且随生草年限的增加逐年升高;相关性分析表明,不同生草年限梨园土壤pH值与有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均呈负相关关系。     

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Concentrations in Developing Maize Grains

A 2-year (1989, 1990) experiment was conducted in the Carpathian Basin near Keszthely, Hungary to evaluate the course of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations in the developing grain. Two maize hybrids were grown at four rates of N application (0, 50, 150 and 250 kg N ha^-1). Plots had been fertilized at these levels since 1983. As a result of the long-term N treatments, stocks of P and K in the soil decreased as the rate of N application increased. As expected, concentrations of N in the mature grains were higher at high doses of N, whereas the rate of N application had little impact on the P and K concentrations in the ripe grains. Only in 1989, when grain yield showed a relatively stronger response to applications of N than in 1990, were the concentrations of P and, to a lesser extent, K reduced by additions of N. These results illustrate that P and K concentrations in the grain are well-buffered against increments in grain yield resulting from the application of N and are also relatively insensitive to low supplies of P and K in the soil. In both hybrids, concentrations of N, P and especially K declined considerably with ongoing grain filling, irrespective of N treatment. Differences in concentrations of P and K for hybrids existed but were not consistent across years.     

Nitrogen leaching from winter cereals grown as part of a 5-year ley–arable rotation

Ceramic suction cups were used to measure nitrogen (N) leaching over three consecutive winter periods from a long established ley–arable rotation experiment. We examined four treatments: 3-year all-arable, grass–clover ley and grass ley each followed by two seasons of arable test crops and an 8-year grass ley that remained as grass throughout our study. Four rates of fertilizer N were applied to sub-plots of the test crops. Our primary objective was to compare the effect that the rotations had on N leaching from the arable test crops. Cultivation of the 3-year grass and grass/clover leys and the sowing of winter wheat did not create a major flush of net N mineralization because of the unusually dry autumn weather. In the first winter following sward destruction, although the concentration of N in drainage following the grass/clover was low, it was significantly greater than that following the grass, which was greater than that from the continuous grass treatment. In contrast, the concentration and quantity of N in drainage from the all-arable treatment was at least five times greater than any other treatment. This was due to earlier and more rapid N release from the residue of the preceding arable crop. In the winters after harvest of the cereal test crops (i.e. the second and third season of measurements), the peak drainage N concentrations were similar in all treatments (20 μg NO₃-N ml⁻¹). The amount of N leached was not related to fertilizer addition. Over the full 5-year rotation, we found that the rotations that included a ley were better at conserving N; the estimated annual N leaching losses from the all-arable, grass, grass/clover and continuous grass were 29, 17, 17 and 2 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. On all treatments, but especially the grass–clover ley, the greatest rate of fertilizer addition caused a yield reduction. The N-balance indicates a considerable net immobilization during this study under the sub-plots of the arable test-crops that received N fertilizer. This corresponds to similar results of N-balance studies on other long-term experiments.     

Importance of P uptake efficiency versus P utilization for wheat yield in acid and calcareous soils in Mexico

There are large agricultural areas in the world where wheat yields are limited by low phosphorus (P) availability. Breeding for P uptake and P utilization efficiency may reduce this problem. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of P uptake and utilization efficiency to grain yield of selected spring wheat genotypes in different environments. Thirty-eight semidwarf spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes were grown in two experiments in Mexico, each on an acid Andisol under rainfed conditions and on a calcareous Aridisol with irrigation, without (−P) and with 35 kg P per ha fertilized (+P). Without P fertilization, grain yield ranged from 0.8 to 4.6 t ha⁻¹ in the acid soil and from 2.4 to 5.2 t ha⁻¹ in the calcareous soil. With P fertilization, this range was even larger. Under conditions of P deficiency, i.e. in the acid soil at −P and +P (high P adsorption) and calcareous soil at −P (P-depleted soil), P uptake explained 71–100% of the variation in grain yield, and was highly correlated with grain yield (r=0.79–0.95). In contrast, at +P in the calcareous soil, P utilization efficiency explained 60–63% of the variation in grain yield. Here, low grain P concentration was related to high grain yield (r=−0.40 to −0.59). In the calcareous soil, the harvest index was correlated with grain yield, irrespective of the P level. In the acid soil, post-anthesis P accumulation was important. It was positively correlated with grain yield, whereas in the calcareous soil, no post-anthesis-P accumulation occurred. Here, grain P accumulation at maturity was completely determined by translocation of pre-anthesis shoot P. We conclude that the combination of improved P uptake and P utilization efficiency in the same genotypes requires selection under both high and low-P conditions.     

Effect of soil-N and urine-N on nitrate leaching under pure grass,pure clover and mixed grass/clover swards

During six annual drainage periods (DP_O to DP₅), the drainage water, the NO₃ concentration of the drainage water and the total leached N were compared under bare soils and under ryegrass/white clover, pure ryegrass and pure white clover stands in 80 deep lysimeters with 3m² area. For each soil cover, the sensitivity of the variables to the soil N supplying capacity at sowing was measured, using a set up of 32 lysimeters. This initial capacity to supply mineral N (SoilN) varied from 90 to 230 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The stands were managed in a simulated rotational grazing system, without addition of fertilizer N. During the first drainage period after sowing (DP₀), N leaching increased significantly with the initial SoilN under the bare soils, the pure grass and the mixture, but was not influenced under the pure clover. In the following drainage periods, N leaching increased according to the sequence pure grass (1–5 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), mixed swards (1–19 kg N), pure white clover (28–140 kg N) and bare soils (84–149 kgN ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). It was only slightly greater under the mixture than under the pure grass, despite the N harvest and the N animal returns were much higher. Under the mixed stands, N leaching became independent of the initial SoilN in DP₁ and DP₂ and decreased with increasing initial SoilN in DP₃, DP₄ and DP₅. This inversion of the SoilN effect in time and the limited amounts of leached N demonstrated that adaptations in the ecosystem tend to counteract the SoilN effect on the N losses. In the mixed stands, the accumulated N leaching represented 12 and 21% of the accumulated N at harvest for the initially rich and poor soils, respectively and 32% of the accumulated N harvest in the mixed clover, whatever the initial SoilN. N leaching also represented 13% of the urine-N above 80 kgN ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The low values of N leaching under the mixed swards make them sustainable for environment quality. Mechanisms which regulate the N fluxes are discussed, using published data on the soil and some results concerning the harvests in the same experiment.     

山东省赤松林叶片化学计量特征及其与林分特征和土壤养分的关系

赤松(Pinus densiflora)是山东省重要的乡土树种之一,研究其叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征及其与林分特征和土壤养分的关系,对于了解赤松林分健康状况及开展施肥管理具有重要意义。2018年8—9月以山东省20块代表性赤松林林地为研究对象,对其进行生长调查并采集叶片和0~20 cm土壤样品,分析赤松林林分特征,叶片C、N、P化学计量特征和土壤养分含量,探讨叶片化学计量特征与林分特征和土壤养分的关系。结果表明,赤松叶片C、N、P平均含量分别为636.35、12.80、0.82 g/kg,C:N、C:P和N:P平均值分别为50.74、800.48和15.93。相关性分析显示,叶片N含量与胸径和林龄呈显著正相关,与林分密度呈显著负相关,叶片C:N与林龄呈显著负相关,叶片C含量和C:P均与土壤有机质和碱解氮含量呈显著负相关,叶片N含量与土壤养分含量呈显著正相关,而叶片C:N与土壤养分含量呈显著负相关。赤松林叶片N含量与林分特征、土壤养分呈显著线性相关,P元素是山东省赤松生长的主要限制性因子。     

Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation of White Clover in a Mixed Sward is not Limited by Height of Repeated Cutting

The aim of this study was to investigate whether symbiotic nitrogen fixation in white clover nodules limits nitrogen supply and hence clover growth by repeated defoliation at two cutting heights. Other possible factors governing symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the field were also elucidated. Using ¹⁵N, a 2-year field experiment including white clover ( Trifolium repens L. cv. Ladino) and perennial ryegrass ( Loliumperenne L. cv. Bastion) in monocultures and in mixtures was conducted in Eschikon, Switzerland. The effect of two cutting heights (4 cm and 10 cm above ground level) on the performance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation of white clover in the different sward-types was investigated. After each harvest, the plots were fertilized with 3 g N m^-2(equivalent to 30 kg N ha^-1 cut^-1 or 210 kg N ha^-1 year^-1). In both years, white clover grown in a mixture with grass received a significantly higher percentage of nitrogen from symbiotic fixation compared with clover grown in monoculture. This phenomenon is attributed to the strong competitiveness of ryegrass in soil nitrogen uptake. Consequently, white clover in the clover-ryegrass mixture was more dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation than that grown in monoculture. The cutting height did not preferentially influence symbiotic nitrogen fixation, as opposed to the uptake of mineral nitrogen from the soil. From this finding it is suggested that symbiotic nitrogen fixation did not limit the supply of nitrogen to clover and hence its growth. It is proposed that symbiotic nitrogen fixation in white clover is regulated by the demand for nitrogen rather than by the availability of carbohydrate reserves in the stolons. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation should thus be looked upon as an integrated plant growth factor and not as an isolated phenomenon.     

行间生草对秦岭北麓猕猴桃园土壤养分及pH的影响

[目的]通过对秦岭地区猕猴桃园进行行间生草,来探讨多年生草对土壤pH、有机质及养分的影响。[方法]在西安猕猴桃试验站4年生的海沃德种植园,设置间作黑麦草、三叶草和林间组合,以自然生草为对照,于种植后第1、第2和第3年萌芽期分别测定果园不同土层的土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾含量的变化,并采用方差分析对数据进行分析。[结果]随着生草年限的递增,通过生不同的草种,土壤中全氮、有机质含量整体呈递增趋势;当生草年限达到3年时,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤中速效磷、速效钾含量逐渐降低;随着生草年限的递增,不同土层中自然生草的pH先增加后降低,三叶草的pH先降低后增加,黑麦草和林间组合的pH逐渐降低。[结论]在猕猴桃园生草能改良土壤养分状况,提高土壤有机质含量调节土壤pH。不同草种对土壤pH的影响不同,行间生林间组合和黑麦草能够改良北方的盐碱地。     

水稻施用控释肥料生长效应研究

通过盆栽试验研究了5种控释肥的氮素释放规律、水稻生长效应及养分利用率。结果表明,控释肥BCUF、BNF、BLF处理在水稻移栽后的前30 d内氮素养分释放量高,中后期氮素供应充足,成穗率高、实粒数多,较对照SRSF处理产量分别增长21.56%、6.36%和5.51%,氮素利用率分别增加69.76%、23.62%和15.23%,磷素利用率分别增加28.24%、7.49%和10.95%,钾素利用率分别增加21.53%、10.03%和19.02%。而控释肥BTF和BAF处理因养分的释放过于缓慢,限制了分蘖增长和穗发育,以致穗数、实粒数显著减少,较SRSF处理产量分别降低9.15%和28.66%,养分利用率也显著降低。