黑龙江省大豆育成推广品种化学品质成因浅析

搜集黑龙江省野生大豆、农家品种以及各育种单位不同时期育成并经省品种审定委员会审定推广的大豆新品种脂肪、蛋白质含量,从生态环境、杂交亲本、育种目标及选择方向、政策导向等方面分析黑龙江省大豆育成推广品种化学品质形成的原因.     

黑龙江省最新大豆品种简介

黑龙江省最新大豆品种简介黑龙江省品种审定委员会，于１９９４年２月审定了全省各育种单位最新育成的大豆品种１１个，现简介如下：１、合丰３４号：原代号合交８７—１０８７。育成单位：黑龙江省农业科学院合江农科所。产量表现：１９９１～１９９２年区域试验，平均公...     

黑龙江省大豆育成推广品种的化学品质现状

搜集黑龙江省各育种单位育成并经省品种审定委员会审定推广的大豆新品种，分析比较其脂肪、蛋白质含量现状及育成推广品种化学品质发展变化的概况及趋势，提出了黑龙江省大豆化学品质发展方向以及该省发展优质大豆的措施建议。认为黑龙江省作为全国的大豆加工原料供应基地，应当同时注重脂肪含量和蛋白质含量两个方面，但是应当对于高脂肪含量予以更多的关注。由于黑龙江省的生态条件利于大豆脂肪的形成与积累，是我国大豆的高脂肪区，而且国家已经决定将黑龙江省作为高油优质大豆生产基地，固此对于高脂肪优质品种这一育种方向，应当予以更大的注意。     

提高黑龙江省大豆育成推广品种化学品质的对策

为加快黑龙江省以高油大豆为重点的优质大豆基地建设、推进大豆产业化的进程,以大豆产业的振兴带动农村经济和整个黑龙江省经济的振兴,从9个方面提出提高黑龙江省大豆育成推广品种化学品质的对策:确定明确的育种目标、把含油量作为大豆新品种审定的硬性指标、清理已审定推广的大豆品种、按品质类型区域化种植、有偿使用优质品种、重奖优质品种、成立“优质大豆育种攻关协作组”、成立大豆技术指导站、开办“农业订单”保险。     

山西省近年审定大豆品种品质与产量变化分析

对山西省1993—2009年审定的31个大豆品种分布局域、产量、品质和亲本来源进行了简要分析。结果表明,山西大豆资源丰富,大豆育种在2000年以后有了很大的发展,三个生态区都有品种育成,育成品种数量增多,高油品种数量呈上升趋势。     

高脂肪大豆新品种垦丰9号的选育与栽培技术

“垦丰9号”由黑龙江省农垦科学院作物所大豆育种室育成，2002年经黑龙江省作物品种审定委员会审定推广。多年的试验表明，该品种具有植株繁茂，秆韧性强，荚密粒多，脂肪含量高，高产稳产的特点。是适应范围广，推广种植前景好的大豆新品种。     

黑龙江省1985—1998年大豆品种育成概况

1　育成概况1985 -1998年黑龙江省共育成大豆品种 10 9个 ,其中 :黑龙江省农业科学院系统所属的研究所共计育成品种 65个 ,占 5 9 6% ,大豆所育成品种 16个 ,黑河所育成品种 15个 ,合江所育成品种 12个 ;东北农业大学育成品种 6个 ,占 5 5 % ;农垦系统各单位共计育成品种3 0个 ,占 2 7 5 % ;余者为其他单位所育成。详见附图。2　品质结果分析对 1986-1997年我省审定推广的 88个大豆品种主要品质性状进行初步分析。( 1) 88个大豆品种蛋白质和脂肪含量的分布表 1 88个大豆品种蛋白质和脂肪含量的分布蛋白质分布脂肪分布含量 (‰ )占‰含量 (…     

2002—2021年内蒙古自治区审定大豆品种主要性状演变分析

为了解内蒙古自治区种质资源的利用和农艺性状演变情况,本研究对2002—2021年内蒙古自治区审定通过的109份大豆品种的骨干亲本品种来源、农艺性状及品质性状进行分析.结果表明:内蒙古自治区主要通过杂交育种、复交育种与系统育种进行大豆品种选育.选育机构主要来源于3个方向,分别是科研院所、企业公司以及两者合作育成(院企合作...     

1973-2017年山西省审定大豆品种的系谱分析

为给大豆亲本选配和育种提供有益借鉴,本文对1973-2017年山西省审定的84份大豆品种进行了系谱分析,归纳出山西省大豆品种的祖先亲本和骨干亲本。山西省审定的84份大豆品种,主要来源于晋豆1号、晋豆19和徐豆1号三大家族。84份大豆品种基因库源于110个祖先亲本,细胞核祖先亲本有110个,细胞质祖先亲本有39个。核遗传贡献率最大的祖先亲本有大白麻,其次是滨海大白花、铜山天鹅蛋、Mamatan等16个种质。细胞质遗传贡献率最大的是大白麻,其次是丹66-12、京谷玉。山西省育成的84个大豆品种中,形成系谱的品种占育成品种总数的80.95%。晋豆1号作为亲本育成36个大豆品种,占育成品种总数的42.9%,为山西省大豆育种做出了重大贡献。     

黑龙江省育成大豆品种性状演变的分析

依据大豆品种志和选育报告(1941~2011年)登记的黑龙江省育成大豆品种的育种方法和各性状数据,应用统计学方法对所育成大豆品种的育种方法、产量、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、结荚习性、种植密度、植株高度、百粒重、叶形、花色等性状演化进行分析。结果表明:黑龙江省大豆的育种方法以系谱法为主,呈多元化发展。系谱法育成品种占所有品种的90.4%,其余为整理单株、辐射育种、花粉管通道等方法育成。大豆品种产量呈持续增加趋势,植株增高是构成产量增加重要因素之一;叶型和结荚习性发生了定向变化,亚有限结荚习性和披针叶形品种明显增多;花色以紫花居多,紫花与白花的品种符合自然分配比例;脂肪增加明显,蛋白基本无变化。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.