不同缓(控)释肥料及运筹对双季稻生产特性及经济效益的影响

为减少化肥用量,提高种粮经济效益,以双季稻为材料,评价了不同类型缓(控)释肥对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及经济效益的影响.结果表明,在早稻上,施控释肥的处理产量较常规施肥处理增加4.49％,施木质素肥及缓释配方肥的处理较常规施肥处理减产0.60％～6.05％;在连作晚稻上,各缓(控)释肥处理比常规施肥处理增产1.01％～3....     

控失肥比例对棉花农艺性状及产量的影响

[目的]为控失肥在棉花上科学应用和推广提供理论依据。[方法]设计控失肥、普通复合肥处理,研究控失肥比例对棉花生长发育及产量品质的影响。[结果]以基施控失肥A加追施初花肥和盖顶肥的处理增产效果最好,可使皮棉增产19.01%,而控失肥A一次全部基施比对照增产1.39%,基施控失肥追施初花肥和盖顶肥或基施控失肥追施盛花肥均能达到常规肥效。[结论]使用控失技术,肥料养分释放速度趋缓,既提高肥料利用率又简化棉花的施肥,节本省工,为棉花的轻简化栽培提供支持。     

磷肥用量对超级早稻生长、产量及磷吸收利用的影响

以超级早稻中早39和普通早稻金早09为材料,研究比较了不同施磷量对超级早稻生长、产量及磷吸收利用的影响。结果表明,分蘖中期,在P0和P1处理条件下,中早39的生物量显著低于金早09,但是齐穗期以后,所有磷肥用量处理下,中早39的生物量及产量均高于金早09。施用磷肥能显著提高2个品种的有效穗数,但P1和P2处理间中早39的有效穗数无显著差异。 P1和P2处理下中早39的氮、磷吸收量显著高于金早09,磷肥吸收利用率和磷肥偏生产力也高于金早09,但是磷肥农学利用率低于金早09。随着施磷量的增加,中早39的有效穗数和产量增加量均小于金早09,同时中早39的磷肥吸收利用率、农学利用率和磷肥偏生产力下降程度均高于金早09。综上所述,超级稻中早39对磷肥的敏感性低于普通早稻金早09,最适磷肥（纯P）用量为30 kg/hm2。     

氮磷钾运筹对大麦产量及经济性状的影响

针对临沧市大麦生产实际,研究氮、磷、钾肥不同比例的运筹方式对大麦产量及经济性状的影响,为大麦生产提供合理的用肥依据。试验结果:氮肥不同运筹方式产量差异显著,不施用磷肥与其它磷肥运筹方式产量差异达极显著,钾肥四种运筹方式产量差异不显著。     

磷肥与有机肥配施对土壤-花生系统磷素及花生产量的影响

为探求适合河南省花生产区磷与有机肥合理的配施比例,采用田间试验研究不同磷用量（45、90和135 kg/hm2）与有机肥用量（0.75、1.50和2.25 t/hm2）配施对花生产量及磷素吸收、土壤Hedley各磷素形态含量与分配及磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,相同磷用量下,与2.25 t/hm2有机肥用量相比,0.75和1.50 t/hm2有机肥用量下,花生产量显著提高8.2%~11.8%,地上部干物质重显著降低17.1%~64.3%;相同有机肥用量下,增施磷肥显著增加花生地上部生物量,但对产量无显著影响。花生不同部位磷含量对磷与有机肥配施的响应表现为,中高量有机肥和磷肥处理分别显著高于低量有机肥和磷肥处理,而中量和高量有机肥、磷肥处理间差异因植株部位不同而异。土壤不同磷组分对磷与有机肥的响应存在差异,其中活性磷组分（H2O-P和NaHCO3-Pi）和中等稳定性磷组分（NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po）含量随磷肥与有机肥用量增加而增加,土壤稳定性磷组分（HCl-P和Residual-P）随磷肥与有机肥用量变化差异不显著。有机肥和磷肥对土壤磷酸酶的影响不同,增加有机肥能显著提高土壤磷酸酶活性,但增施磷肥抑制土壤磷酸酶活性。综合而言,磷肥与有机肥合理配施能显著提高花生产量、花生各部位磷素含量、土壤活性磷含量及土壤磷酸酶活性,过量施用有机肥和磷肥均可造成花生营养生长过旺,产量下降,还不利于提高花生体内磷含量。本试验条件下在施用45 kg/hm2磷肥基础上配施0.75~1.5 t/hm2的有机饼肥有利于改善土壤-花生系统磷素营养,促进花生产量提高,可在豫南砂姜黑土花生种植区示范应用。     

施用新型农药控失剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果和产量的影响

农药的高流失率、低利用率一直以来都是当前农业生产中面临的主要问题。新型农药控失剂的使用,能够减少农药流失,提高利用率,缓解农药过量应用带来的问题。采用田间小区试验,研究了在种植过程中施用新型农药控失剂后对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果和产量的影响,旨在为马铃薯种植中农药减施增效提供理论依据。结果表明,在农药施用不减量的条件下,添加农药控失剂可以显著提高对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果,提高幅度最高达47.53%,并提高马铃薯产量,增产幅度最高可达38.93%;而在减少农药施用次数1次,每次减量10%的条件下,添加农药控失剂仍可以提高晚疫病防效45.69%并小幅增产,增产幅度3.95%。表明研发的新型农药控失剂可以显著提高农药对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果,对马铃薯种植中农药施用具有显著的减施增效作用。     

硝基双效肥对水稻产量、生产效益及节肥效果的影响

通过田间试验,研究了新型硝基双效肥对水稻产量、效益和节肥情况的影响。结果表明,在等养分条件下,硝基双效肥相比常规施肥处理增产0.38%,但与农民习惯施肥处理相比减产2.06%。方差分析结果表明,各处理产量差异均未达到显著水平。施用硝基双效肥处理与农民习惯施肥处理和常规肥料处理效益基本相当,但减肥效果比较明显,小区试验减少率为17.2%,示范对比减少率为24.3%。     

溶磷生物肥料在玉米上的施用效果及其对土壤、植株磷素效率的影响

通过田间试验、示范研究溶磷生物肥料在玉米上的施用效果及其对土壤、植株磷素效率的影响。结果表明,施入溶磷菌液玉米整个生育期磷肥利用率达21.75%～37.98%,植株从土壤吸收磷素养分的效率达10.94%。从植株磷素吸收效率分析,磷肥减量1/3处理与全量磷肥处理吸磷量无明显差异,随着磷肥施用量的增加植株吸收效率明显降低。溶磷生物肥在吉林省不同生态区域示范应用,可使化学磷肥用量减少1/3而产量均有所增加,在吉林省中部半湿润半干旱地区增产幅度为8.2%～11.7%,在西部干旱地区幅度为4.1%～8.3%,在东部湿润冷凉区增产幅度为5.6%～13.0%。溶磷生物肥料对不同生态区域的不同土壤类型有一定的环境适应性。     

稻草还田腐熟与化肥配施对晚稻产量及土壤理化性状的影响

稻草还田腐熟可以改善土壤理化性状,对水稻生长的经济性状指标有一定的影响,稻草还田腐熟后提供的氮、磷、钾营养元素可以减施化肥用量。试验中与无稻草还田常规施肥相比,稻草还田腐熟,以氮磷肥用量减少10%,钾肥用量减少10%~20%为宜,可使当季土壤有机质含量增加0.1~0.2 g/kg,提高0.3%~0.6%,而产量、产值和纯收益无明显差异。     

化肥减施下木薯产量及养分吸收利用特征

木薯种植中的不合理施肥容易引起徒长、产量下降。本研究通过田间试验,设置不施肥、常规施肥、减量施肥、减量同步施肥4个处理,以探明不同施肥量及施肥时期对木薯产量及养分吸收利用的影响,为提高肥料利用效率、增加木薯产量提供依据。结果表明：施肥能够显著增加木薯的株高、茎粗及生物量;减量施肥、减量同步施肥处理木薯块根的产量极显著高于常规施肥与不施肥处理,与不施肥和常规施肥处理相比,减量施肥木薯鲜重依次增加28.15%、32.73%,减量同步施肥依次增加15.46%、19.57%;与常规施肥相比,化肥减量施用能提高木薯块根的收获指数;施肥能够提高木薯的淀粉含量,与常规施肥相比,适当减少化肥用量不会导致木薯块根淀粉含量的下降;化肥减施能够提高肥料的利用率,与常规施肥处理相比较,减量施肥处理氮、磷肥利用率分别提高8.52、5.01个百分点,钾肥利用率两者相近,减量同步施肥处理氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别提高12.65、8.09、6.26个百分点,对肥料利用率的作用更为明显。在本试验条件下,2个化肥减施的处理块根产量分别为44.93 t/hm²及40.08 t/hm²,显著高于常规施肥处理的32.58 t/hm²,肥料利用效率显著提高,达到了“减肥增效”的目的。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。