Feeding high fibre diets changes luminal environment and morphology in the intestine of sows

Sows were fed three diets varying in type and level of dietary fibre (DF). The low fibre diet (LF; 17% DF) was based on wheat and barley. In the two high DF diets (HF1, high in soluble DF and HF2, high in insoluble DF;  44% DF), the cereal part of the diet was substituted with different co-products (sugar beet pulp, potato pulp, pectin residue, pea hull, brewer's spent grain, and seed residue). The diets were fed for a four-week period to 12 sows (4 for each diet). Sows were stunned 4 h post-feeding, and digesta and tissue samples were collected from various parts of the small and large intestines. The carbohydrate load to the large intestine was 538–539 g/d when feeding the high DF diets and 190 g/d when feeding diet LF. Feeding sows the high DF diet containing large proportion of soluble DF resulted in a lower dry matter content of digesta (23 contra 28%), a higher tissue weight (2.9 contra 2.0 kg), and a higher crypt depth (492 contra 330 μm) and area (23,201 contra 15,751 μm²) in the colon compared with the low DF diet. In conclusion, increasing the amount of DF in the diet for sows resulted in an increased amount of digesta entering the large intestine which influences the functional properties of digesta. Furthermore, a high DF diet with a high proportion of soluble DF increases tissue weight, crypt depth and crypt area in the midcolon compared to a low fibre diet.     

以合理的纤维营养保证母猪和仔猪的生产性能

猪场母猪的窝产仔数增加,导致仔猪初生重较低和死亡率较高。分娩时间过长对母猪和仔猪的生产性能均会产生不利影响。营养可能是解决这些挑战的管理工具之一,并发挥着特殊的作用。在母猪日粮中添加可发酵纤维,可以在缩短分娩时间的前提下,调控其他生理活动。     

高效液相色谱法测定饲料中氯烯雌醚

本实验建立了高效液相色谱法测定饲料中氯烯雌醚方法。采用甲醇:水=82:18作为流动相,C18色谱柱,检测波长为307nm。结果表明:在0.05～50μg/mL浓度范围,线性关系良好,r=0.9996。试样中氯烯雌醚的检出限为0.3 mg/kg。本法操作简便,测定结果准确。     

Feeding sows with high fibre diet around farrowing and early lactation: impact on intestinal activity, energy balance related parameters and litter performance

The effects of fibre in diets for periparturient sows are poorly documented. Three weeks before farrowing, 41 sows (LACT) were fed a diet containing 3.8% crude fibre. Other 40 sows (FIBRE) received a diet containing 7% crude fibre. We estimated the intestinal activity of the sows with a daily qualitative evaluation of their faeces. The FIBRE group had a qualitative faeces score value of 2.1 ± 1.3 and the LACT group had a value of 1.2 ± 1.1 (P < 0.001). Individual daily water consumption was higher in the FIBRE group than in the LACT group (P < 0.001). Piglet weight gain at day 5 was higher in the FIBRE group (P < 0.05). The energy balance related parameters did not differ between the treatments.Concluding, diets containing more fibre can be successfully used around farrowing reducing prolonged constipation of sows with no negative effect on their energy balance related parameters.     

高效液相色谱法检测饲料中7种硝基呋喃类药物

硝基呋喃类药物是一类化学合成的广谱抗菌药物,因具有高效抗菌作用和促生长作用曾广泛应用于畜牧和水产养殖业中,但此类药物及其代谢物具有潜在的致癌和诱导突变作用.其中的呋喃唑酮(FZD)、呋喃西林(NFZ)、呋喃妥因(NFT)和呋喃它酮(FTD)在世界多数国家中被禁止用于食品动物养殖,硝呋索尔(NFS)于2002年被欧盟禁用,呋喃苯烯酸钠(NFSS)于2002年被中国禁用.     

高效液相色谱法检测饲料中的复硝酚钠

实验建立了同时分离检测饲料中对硝基酚钠、邻硝基酚钠、5-硝基邻甲氧基苯酚钠的高效液相色谱法。样品用乙腈提取,碱性条件下浓缩,以甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相,用紫外检测器280 nm处进行测定。结果表明,对硝基酚钠、邻硝基酚钠、5-硝基邻甲氧基苯酚钠的线性范围为0.50～20μg/mL,线性相关系数R2均大于0.999,检测限均为1.0 mg/kg。样品中对硝基酚钠、邻硝基酚钠和5-硝基邻甲氧基苯酚钠的添加回收率分别为89.0%～94.0%,75.6%～87.6%和84.1%～92.5%,相对标准偏差均小于15%。     

高效液相色谱法测定饲料中替米考星含量

本实验建立了测定饲料中替米考星含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测方法。将2g饲料样品,经乙腈、乙腈-磷酸二氢钾缓冲液提取后过C18萃取柱净化、蒸干、流动相溶解后进行HPLC检测分析。流动相检测波长为290nm,流速1.0mL/min。结果表明:在1～500μg/mL的浓度范围内替米考星的峰面积(顺式和反式异构体的峰面积之和)与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=1),平均回收率为81.4%以上,RSD小于6.1%,检测限为1μg/g。     

Traditional and new concepts in protein evaluation of feeds: a review

The purpose of protein evaluation of a diet is to determine its value for meeting amino acid requirements of animals. The early recognition that proteins can be utilized by different efficiency rates has promoted extended research to reveal quality differences and their reasons. A brief historical overview is given in this review about the development of concepts and theories in protein evaluation. Recent developments have focused attention on determination of available quantities of essential amino acids. In vitro chemical assays and dye-binding procedures are relatively fast and provide data without access to animals, however they do not always correlate well with biological estimates. Enzymic digestion methods and microbiological assays for prediction of availability of essential amino acids have the potential for serial determination in quality control, however they are constrained by a lack of information about the availability of peptides liberated and utilized during in vivo digestion of proteins. Animal growth assays and balance experiments can provide valuable estimates of available quantities of essential amino acids. However, the interpretation of data is complicated by the many factors affecting in vivo protein utilization, by the endogenous amino acid excretion and the effects of microflora of the alimentary tract. The search for reliable assays remains a worthwhile objective also in the future.     

Effects of feeds on flavor of red meat: a review

The effects of diet ingredients on red meat flavor are dependent on the type of diet, and, to a large extent, on the species: pork, mutton or lamb and beef. Sensory analysis of meat flavor has been used in most of the studies on the effects of feeds on meat flavor. In general, high-energy grain diets produced a more acceptable or a more intense flavor in red meats than low-energy forage or grass diets. Feeding pigs unsaturated fats increases the unsaturation in pork fat but results in only minor changes in pork flavor. Sheep must be fed protected, unsaturated fats in order to increase the unsaturation in their fat to be similar to pork fat. This increased unsaturation results in a greater flavor change in lamb or beef than in pork. Several dietary ingredients such as fish products, raw soybeans, canola oil and meal, and pasture grasses cause undesirable flavors in red meat. Analyses of lamb and beef produced on different diets have shown that type of feed affects the concentration of many flavor volatile compounds. However, only a few studies have quantified the volatiles of beef and lamb produced on different diets, and no reports of studies were found in which the volatiles of pork produced on different diets had been investigated. Hence, the importance of these changes in volatile concentration to meat flavor has not been determined.     

Novel strategies to control mycotoxins in feeds: a review

Mycotoxin-producing fungi may contaminate agricultural products in the field (preharvest spoilage), during storage (postharvest spoilage), or during processing. Mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds poses serious health hazard to animals and humans. For lowering mycotoxin contamination of feeds and foods, several strategies have been investigated that can be divided into biological, chemical and physical methods. This paper gives an overview of strategies which are promising with regard to lowering the mycotoxin burden of animals and humans.     

高效毛细管电泳法同时检测饲料中七种防腐剂

建立酸性条件下同时分离测定山梨酸(SA)、苯甲酸(BA)、脱氢乙酸(DHA)、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(MP)、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯(EP)、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯(PP)、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯(BP)七种防腐剂的高效毛细管电泳法。本试验用甲醇:水=1:1(体积比)的混合液作为提取剂提取饲料样品中防腐剂;以40 mmol/l磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)和100 mmol/l十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的1:1体积比混合液(pH=4.00)作为缓冲液,采用高效毛细管胶束电动色谱法测定样品中七种防腐剂。该方法在19 min内实现了七种防腐剂的分离;SA、BA的线性范围分别为1～500μg/ml和3～500μg/ml,DHA、MP、PP、BP、PP的线性范围均为5～500μg/ml,线性相关系数≥0.999 5。SA、BA、DHA和四种对羟基苯甲酸酯类防腐剂的检测限分别为0.5、1.5、3.0、2.5μg/ml;样品平均回收率为80.8%～107.0%,相对标准偏差≤5.0%。该方法高效快速分离了多种防腐剂,并且可以应用到各种饲料样品的检测。     

高效液相色谱法快速测定饲料中孔雀石绿和无色孔雀石绿的研究

本实验建立了高效液相色谱法同时快速测定饲料中孔雀石绿和无色孔雀石绿含量的方法。采用孔雀石绿快速检测前处理试剂盒提取试样,固相萃取小柱净化,用氰基柱串联氧化铅柱分离,用外标法进行定量。孔雀石绿和无色孔雀石绿的最低定量限均为10μg/kg。本方法快捷,前处理过程简单,易操作,2h内即可完成一批样品的检测,且本方法适合于大批饲料样品的筛选。     

Evaluation of the energy value of rabbit feeds: a critical review

An analysis is given of the methods actually used for the determination and calculation of the energy value of rabbit feeds and feedstuffs. The apparent digestible energy (DE) system is recommended. Standardization of the applied methodology for in vivo determination is emphasized. Four to six ad libitum fed growing rabbits are necessary to obtain sufficiently accurate results. The reliability of the estimation of the feeds' energy content, based on the table values of the ingredients, is discussed. The importance of using recently and properly determined data is stressed. Multiple regression equations, based on the results of the chemical analysis of feeds, explain 85-90% of the variability of DE content. The first attempts with in vitro techniques are encouraging.     

Effect of dietary fibre on reproductive performance of sows during the first two parities

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary fibre on reproductive performance during the first two parities. Gilts were randomly allocated to receive three fibrous diets from days 1-90 of gestation, including low fibre [low fiber (LF), 10.8% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), n=132], middle fibre [middle fiber (MF), 15.8% NDF, n=132] and high fibre diet (HF, 20.8% NDF, n=135), until completion of the second parity. Response criteria included backfat measurements, litter size and pig weight at parturition and day 22 of lactation, weaning-oestrus-interval, oestrus rate, sow farrowing and culling rate, uniformity of newborns and relative organ weights. The results showed sows fed LF diet in parity 1 gained more backfat (p<0.05) during gestation but lost more (p<0.05) during lactation than sows fed HF diet. Furthermore, sows fed LF diet farrowed more pigs (+0.7-1.1 pigs, p<0.05) and pigs born alive (+1.0 pigs, p<0.05) relative to sows fed HF diet. Likewise, sows fed LF and MF diets had greater litter weights at parturition (both p=0.06) and day 22 after lactation (both p<0.05). In parity 2, yet, it was MF diet to increase both total pigs born and pigs born alive (+0.9-1.1 pigs, p<0.05) and litter weight (p=0.05) relative to other diets. After 22 d of lactation, intriguingly, sows fed HF diet had most pigs alive (p<0.01-0.07) and heavier litter weight (p=0.07 or 0.2). Feeding HF diet also increased internal organs weight of newborns (p<0.05). Collectively, feeding LF and MF diets had beneficial effects on litter weight at parturition and day 22 of lactation in parity 1, and feeding MF diet until parity 2 was able to improve litter size and weight at parturition, but this positive effect disappeared after 22 days of lactation, instead feeding HF diet showed the optimal litter performance.     

不同粗纤维水平饲粮对妊娠母猪与采食有关的行为规癖的影响

通过给妊娠长白母猪饲喂粗纤维含量分别为5．67％、11．58％、16．53％，而其他营养成分基本相同的饲粮．研究其对采食有关的行为规癖的影响。结果表明：高纤维饲粮减少了妊娠母猪与采食有关的行为规癖的发生，且以粗纤维含量为16．53％的饲粮效果最佳。     

Evaluation of pyelonephritis in culled indoor and outdoor high parity sows

The present trial was conducted in Hungary in neighboring large indoor and outdoor pig production units, belonging to the same breeding company. Rejected kidneys from 201 (out of 241; 83.4%) outdoor, and 191 (out of 512, 37.3%) indoor high parity sows, with previous history of recidiving postparturient fever and excessive postparturient vulvovaginal discharge were gross pathologically bacteriologically, and histologically evaluated. All rejected kidneys revealed chronic pyelonephritis. In outdoor sows Escherichia (E.) coli and Actinobaculum (A.) suis were cultured from all kidneys. Besides E. coli and A. suis, Clostridium spp., Arcanobacterium pyogenes, gram-positive streptococci (enterococci, Streptococcus faecalis), staphylococci (Staphylococcus (S.) albus, S. epidermis, S. aureus), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Klebsiella spp. were concurrently found in 131 (64.7%) kidneys; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter, Pasteurella multocida, Proteus spp. were concurrently found beside E. coli and A. suis in 71 (35.3%) kidneys. In indoor sows E. coli and A. suis were cultured from all kidneys as well. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter, Pasteurella multocida, Proteus spp. were found beside E. coli and A. suis in 21 (11%) kidneys. However only 6 sows (3.1%) revealed the concurrent presence of Clostridium spp., Arcanobacterium pyogenes, gram-positive streptococci (enterococci, Streptococcus faecalis), staphylococci (S. albus, S. epidermis, S. aureus), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Klebsiella spp. Implications: in Eastern European climate, more high parity outdoor sows with recidiving postparturient fever and vulvovaginal discharge have pyelonephritis and higher diversity of pathogenic bacteria in the renal pelvis compared with indoor sows.     

母猪单次定时输精技术,一种新趋势

正这是一种新趋势,比传统的人工输精具有更多优势。简单来说,母猪成功的人工输精取决于足够的精子在适当时间的储存,从而排卵时在输卵管具有足够的精子储存。但是,输精的最佳时间是什么时候?为了解决这个问题,目前的做法是对母猪进行多次输精,在发情鉴定时     

Management of lactating sows during heat stress: effects of water drip, snout coolers, floor type and a high energy-density diet

Two experiments using 120 sows were conducted to determine the effects during heat stress of two floor types, snout coolers or a water drip system, and a high energy-density diet. During both studies, air temperature was maintained at or above 29 degrees C. Floor types included partially slotted concrete and plastic-coated, expanded metal. In Exp. 1, in addition to floor-type treatments, snout coolers were on or off and the water drip was on for 3 min each 10 min or off. Snout coolers increased (P less than .05) sow feed intake and decreased (P less than .05) sow lactation weight loss. Water drip increased (P less than .002) sow feed intake and reduced lactation weight loss. The drip X floor-type interaction was significant for most measures of piglet performance. Drip was beneficial for piglet weights when piglets were on plastic, whereas drip was detrimental to piglet performance while they were housed on concrete. In Exp. 2, two floor types, drip or no-drip and a high energy-density diet or control diet were examined during heat stress. The high energy-density diet reduced (P less than .01) sow feed intake but provided no measurable increase in piglet performance during heat stress. We conclude that water drip is an effective cooling technique for heat-stressed sows, especially when floors are plastic. Snout coolers, partial concrete slots and high energy-density diets provided only minor benefits to heat-stressed sows and were not of benefit to piglets nursing heat-stressed sows.     

Stress and fear as possible mediators of reproduction problems in group housed sows: a review

The number of herds with group housed non-lactating sows is increasing rapidly in Europe as a consequence of changed legislation initiated by elevated public concern for animal welfare. However, lower litter size and pregnancy rate in group housed compared to individually housed non-lactating sows has been observed in several on-farm studies. Based upon existing knowledge, it is considered whether stress and fear caused by social interactions are possible mediators of impaired reproduction in group housed sows. A review of 15 experiments with group housed sows showed that although the results are few and inconsistent, there are indications that stress and fear may be contributory reasons for the impaired reproduction seen in group housed sows and that possible initiators of stress and fear might be the mixing of unfamiliar sows and high stocking rate levels. A suggestion for indicators of stress and fear related reproduction problems suitable for use in practice are put forward.