Kinetics of the reaction between the hydroxyl radical and organic matter standards from the International Humic Substance Society

Purpose

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the physicochemical properties of five dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolates on their reactivity with the hydroxyl radical (HO·) in water.

Materials and methods

Five DOM isolates were purchased from the International Humic Substance Society (IHSS). Weight average molecular weight (M _W) of these samples was quantified using size exclusion chromatography based on polyethylene glycols as reference standards. Functional group and elemental composition of the DOM samples were available from the IHSS website. Room temperature rate constants were measured using electron pulse radiolysis.

Results and discussion

Five IHSS standards were examined in this study: two soil organic and three aquatic organic matters. The composition varied from samples that had primarily aliphatic carbon (Pony Lake fulvic acid) to mostly aromatic carbon moieties (Elliot Soil humic acid). The M _W values of the five samples ranged from 2,400 to 4,100 Da, with an average value of 3,060 Da. Second-order reaction rate constants between DOM and HO· (k _DOM-HO·) were measured using thiocyanate competition kinetics, giving values ranging from 1.21 to 10.36?×?10⁸ M_C ^?1?s^?1. The k _DOM-HO· values were not found to correlate with either M _W or the aliphatic-aromatic carbon ratio, which is consistent with previous reports looking at natural organic matter (NOM), but is different to reports on size-fractionated (ultrafiltration through 15–1 kDa membranes) effluent organic matter (EfOM). We attribute this difference to the larger molecular weight distributions in size-fractionated EfOM compared to NOM.

Conclusions

The k _DOM-HO· values in this study ranged over a factor of 10, suggesting that hydroxyl radical reactivity does depend on the sample composition; however, no major correlation was found between the measured reactivity and bulk physicochemical properties of DOM.     

Antioxidative properties of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) infusion against superoxide radical,hydroxyl radical,and hypochlorous acid

Polyphenols are able to act as antioxidants by virtue of their hydrogen-donating and metal-chelating capacities. Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a species containing considerable amounts of polyphenolic compounds, namely flavonoids and phenolic acids. This study examined the antioxidant activity of cardoon lyophilized infusion against superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and hypochlorous acid. Superoxide radical was generated either in an enzymatic system or nonenzymatically, and the scavenging ability was assessed by the inhibition of superoxide radical-induced reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium. Hydroxyl radical was generated by the Fe3+-EDTA/ascorbate Fenton system, and scavenging capacity was estimated by evaluating the inhibition of hydroxyl radical-induced deoxyribose degradation into thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. Inhibition of hypochlorous acid-induced 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid oxidation to 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) was used in order to test the hypochlorous acid scavenging activity.     

Rapid and specific detection of hydroxyl radical using an ultraweak chemiluminescence analyzer and a low-level chemiluminescence emitter: application to hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability of aqueous extracts of Food constituents

With the availability of an ultraweak chemiluminescence analyzer, it is possible to monitor the production of a specific oxygen-derived reactive species, such as hydroxyl radical ((*)OH), whenever a suitable chemiluminescent probe is obtainable. Reported herein is the development of a rapid and specific method for detecting (*)OH production using a specific probe, indoxyl-beta-glucuronide (IBG), a low-level chemiluminescence emitter. Using the Fenton reagent as a source of (*)OH, it was shown that IBG could elicit a very strong intensity of chemiluminescence (CL) (16200 +/- 200 photon counts/s). Conversely, IBG was shown to be insensitive to either superoxide radical or hydrogen peroxide with their CL intensities nearly close to the background values (25 +/- 5 and 180 +/- 20 photon counts/s, respectively). Furthermore, it was also shown that this IBG-based CL production could be effectively quenched by the addition of (*)OH scavengers such as sodium salicylate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and penicillamine to the assay system. Taken together, these data indicate that IBG is a specific CL probe suitable for monitoring the production of (*)OH. This system demonstrated inhibitory activities of various aqueous extracts of food constituents on the CL of hydroxyl radicals generated by Fenton's reagents with the order of scavenging efficiencies being Prunus mume > Cordyceps sinensin > Lilium lancifolium > Astragalus membranceus.     

Simultaneous derivatization and trapping of volatile products from aqueous photolysis of thiamethoxam insecticide

An aqueous photolysis study was conducted with radiolabeled thiamethoxam, 4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-2-imine, 3-[(2-chloro-5-thiazolyl)methyl]tetrahydro-5-methyl-N-nitro, to establish the relevance of aqueous photolysis as a transformation process for (14)C-[thiazolyl]-thiamethoxam. (14)C-[thiazolyl]-thiamethoxam was applied to sterile sodium acetate pH 5 buffer solution at a dose rate of approximately 10 ppm. The resulting samples were incubated for up to 30 days at 25 degrees C under irradiated and nonirradiated conditions. The irradiated samples were exposed to a 12-hour-on and 12-hour-off light cycle. Volatile fractions accounted for up to an average of 56.76% of the total dose for the irradiated incubations and <0.08% for the nonirradiated incubations. These fractions were proposed to be a mixture of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and isocyanic acid (CONH). Verification of these components was accomplished by trapping with cyclohexylamine and formation of the thiocarbamate and the isocyanic acid derivatives. A similar method of trapping thiocarbamate metabolites was reported (Chen and Casida, 1978) where filter paper saturated with isobutylamine in methanol was arranged to trap (14)COS and (14)CO(2) under a positive flow of O(2) at 25 degrees C. Mass spectroscopy of the derivatized components confirmed the presence of carbonyl sulfide as the cyclohexylamine thiocarbamate and of isocyanic acid as its cyclohexylamine derivative. Evidence from this study indicates that thiamethoxam degrades significantly under photolytic conditions.     

Effects of fertilizer type and rate,and liming on banana squash yield

There is a question whether it is best to use synthetic or alternative materials to fertilize horticultural crops. Levels of applied fertilizer can affect development of crops such as banana squash (Curcubita maxima Duch.). Seed were planted in 1990, 1991, and 1992 into beds treated with sufficient fertilizer to raise the residual nutrient levels to the recommended (base) and twice recommended (2X) rate with a synthetic or an alternative fertilizer. Lime was applied prior to seeding in 1990 and as a treatment was, or was not, applied prior to seeding in 1991 and 1992. Plants grown in beds treated with the synthetic fertilizer consistently produced higher yields than plants grown in beds treated with the alternative fertilizer. In 1990, the base fertilizer rate improved yield. There was no difference in 1991 due to fertilizer level, and in 1992, the 2X fertilizer rate improved yield. Application of fertilizer above the base level is not encouraged. Liming did not affect yield. By the spring of 1992, the soil pH for lime augmented fertilizer treatments was increased above the spring 1991 levels which was maintained through fall 1992. For the no‐lime treatments, soil pH by fall 1992 was below spring 1991 levels. Soil pH was not correlated with yield. These data suggest that factors which would include solubility, mineralization, and leaching of materials may be responsible for yield differences between plants fertilized with synthetic or an alternative fertilizer.     

羟自由基导致肉类肌原纤维蛋白氧化和凝胶性降低

为研究羟自由基（·OH）氧化体系中肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）氧化及其凝胶特性的变化,试验分析了羟自由基氧化体系中不同H2O2浓度对蛋白氧化程度及MP凝胶白度、持水力、质构特性（texture profiles analysis,TPA）与弹性模量等特征指标的影响。结果表明：随H2O2浓度的增加,MP中羰基值上升,蛋白氧化程度加剧,凝胶白度、保水性、硬度、咀嚼性及弹性模量则与H2O2浓度呈显著负相关。与对照组相比,当H2O2浓度增加至20 mmol/L时,羰基含量增加至2.82 nmol/mg蛋白（p＜0.05）,凝胶白度、持水性及硬度则分别下降了2.83%、14.65%及52.77%（p＜0.05）。扫描电镜（scanning electron micrograph,SEM）观察表明,MP氧化导致凝胶微观结构破坏,形成空隙较大且分布不均的网络;低场核磁共振分析（nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR）结果显示,随 H2O2浓度的增加,MP 凝胶中的一部分不易流动水“态变”为自由水,凝胶持水力降低。综上所述,·OH氧化体系中肌原纤维蛋白氧化会影响其凝胶形成,破坏蛋白凝胶结构,降低凝胶功能,这为肉类生产加工过程中蛋白氧化控制提供理论参考。     

Effects of treatment and flow on the deoxygenation rate constant

The laboratory bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of varying degrees of waste treatment and the flow conditions in the receiving waters on the deoxygenation rate constant (k), and ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (L), and the total O₂ utilisation of the receiving waters. Industrial wastewaters were collected from 10 major industrial plants located along the Houston Ship Channel in Texas. Two different degrees of treatment for industrial wastewaters were studied. Three different flow conditions studied were the high, the average and the low flow in the Houston Ship Channel. The k values increased for both further treatment and decreased flow in the reactor runs. The L values were higher for the average flow conditions than for the low flow conditions. The total O₂ utilization was found to increase with a decrease in the flow of the receiving waters.     

Harvest timing and N application rate effects on switchgrass yield,nutrient cycling,and partitioning

Harvest time (HT) and nutrient management may have an effect on switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) yield and nutrient cycling. Experimental objectives were to quantify HT and nitrogen (N) rate effects on dry matter yield (DMY), nutrient concentration, and N use. “Alamo” switchgrass was grown under four N rates (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha^?1) with six monthly HT (May to October) in a randomized complete block design experiment with a split-plot arrangement. Yield increased cubically and quadratically with HT in Years 1 and 2. Aftermath yield decreased linearly with HT in both years. N rate increased yield in Year 2 only with no yield benefit at rates >40 kg N ha^?1. Nutrient concentration decreased from May to October, while its removal was determined by DMY. N use and recovery were greatest at 40 kg N ha^?1 and declined with additional N inputs. Results indicate that harvesting post-frost-kill produced greater DMY with less nutrient concentration and removal.     

减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡

【目的】我国化肥过量施用现象普遍,不利于生态环境保护和农业可持续生产。研究化肥减量施用对小麦产量、籽粒灌浆和肥料利用率的影响,可以为我国化肥高效施用和零增长目标提供理论依据。【方法】在四川盆地进行了两个大田试验,以习惯施肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O 分别为 180、120、45 kg/hm2) 为对照,设置减量施肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O 分别为 96、60、45 kg/hm2) 处理,测定了小麦产量及构成、籽粒灌浆、花后干物质转运、旗叶叶绿素含量、养分平衡和肥料利用率。【结果】与习惯施肥相比,减量施肥下小麦产量、穗数、穗粒数没有显著变化,小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦千粒重显著提高 5.8%。根据 Logistics 方程拟合结果,减量施肥显著提高了小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦理论最大千粒重,渐增期、缓增期籽粒净增重,对其他灌浆参数影响不显著。减量施肥下小麦干物质转运量、转运率及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献率增加 28.5%、17.5% 和 20.7%,但花后旗叶叶绿素含量下降速度加快。习惯施肥和减量施肥土壤氮素盈余分别为 22.6 和 –30.2 kg/hm2,土壤磷盈余分别为 80.4 和 22.8 kg/hm2。减量施肥后氮肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率比习惯施肥提高 79.2%、69.1% 和 27.9%,磷肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率提高 91.1%、72.7% 和 68.5%。【结论】本试验的两年时间内,减量施肥可以维持小麦产量,促进小麦干物质转运及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献,但花后功能叶衰退加速。减量施肥下肥料利用率提高,土壤磷素盈余降低,土壤氮素亏缺,需要在确保维持小麦产量、土壤肥力和养分平衡的基础上,继续优化减氮量。     

Effect of sulfur rate,application method,and source on yield and mineral content of corn

Abstract

Corn (Zea mays L.) grown on sandy Coastal Plain soils may be subject to sulfur (S) deficiency due to the low levels of available S in the soil. The diagnosis of S deficiency in the field is sometimes ambiguous since mineralization of soil organic matter or root growth into the subsoil may supply adequate S to the crop. Yield response to S fertilizers has been more frequent since incidental additions of S to the soil by air pollution and fertilizer applications have been reduced. This study was conducted to identify S deficiency in corn grown on sandy Coastal Plain soils and to determine the effects of S source, rate and method of application on grain yield. Irrigated corn was grown on Norfolk loamy sand and Tifton loamy sand near Leesburg and Moultrie, Georgia, respectively in 1987. Grain yields were increased with addition of 11 kg S ha^‐1 compared to the check treatment. Increased rates of S up to 88 kg ha^‐1 did not increase grain yields above the 11 kg ha^‐1 rate. There was no difference between banded or broadcast application of (NH₄)₂SO₄ or between elemental S and (NH₄)₂SO₄ as S sources. Earleaf S concentrations of 1.6 g kg^‐1 and extractable soil S concentrations of 4.0 to 8.7 mg kg^‐1 were associated with S deficiency. Visual symtoms of S deficiency were observed in the check treatments throughout the growing season at both experimental sites. The results indicate that visual symptoms and tissue analysis can be used to identify S deficiency. Extractable soil S may be useful in determining the possible response to S fertilizer especially if the subsoil is sampled.     

施磷水平与冬小麦产量和土壤有效磷含量的关系

[目的]研究施磷水平对冬小麦分蘖成穗、产量、磷素吸收利用的影响及其与土壤有效磷含量的关系,明确维持冬小麦持续高产的最佳土壤有效磷含量及施磷量,为冬小麦高效磷肥管理提供理论依据。[方法]于2018—2021年在河南科技大学农场进行了连续3年小麦田间试验,试验设P₂O₅ 0、90、180和270 kg/hm² 4个磷水平,分别记为P₀、P₉₀、P₁₈₀、P₂₇₀处理,研究了施磷水平对冬小麦分蘖成穗率、干物质积累与分配、产量、磷素吸收与分配及利用效率的影响,并分析了施磷水平、土壤有效磷含量与产量之间的关系。[结果](1)随着施磷水平的提高,冬小麦单位面积最大分蘖数、有效分蘖数和干物质积累量处理间均呈P₂₇₀>P₁₈₀>P₉₀>P₀,而穗粒数、干物质向籽粒中分配率和产量呈先增加后降低的趋势;P₁₈₀处理的冬小麦产量高...     

Residue,tillage and N-fertilizer rate affected yield and N efficiency in irrigated spring wheat

Yield and nitrogen (N)-content in wheat was studied under applied treatments of crop residues (legume vs. cereal), tillage depths (deep vs. shallow) and N-fertilizer rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha^?1) at wheat-maize cropping systems. Experiments were conducted at Agronomy Research farm, the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan, during winter season 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 crop growth seasons. Well-chopped crop residues (5 t ha^?1) on dry matter basis of legume (Vigna unguicuata) and cereal (Zea mays) were applied to soil and subsequently plowed with mold-board plow as deep tillage (DT) and cultivator as shallow tillage (ST) treatment (main plot treatments). A month after residue and tillage application, seedbed was prepared and wheat was planted with drill in rows 25 cm apart in middle of November each year. Phosphorus and potassium were applied uniformly 80 and 40 kg ha^?1, respectively during seedbed preparation. N-fertilizer rates were applied in two splits: half 15 days after sowing (DAS) and other half 45 DAS (sub-plot treatment). Uniform cultural practices were applied during crop growth and development. Legumes residues amendments showed better responses than cereal but lower than no-residue treatment for N-content in leaf blade before anthesis (LBA), after anthesis (LAA), straw N-content (SNC), grain N-content (GNC), grain N-uptake (GNU), crop N-removal (CNR), recovery efficiency of added nitrogen (REAN), N-use efficiency (NUE), grain N-uptake (GNU) and grain yield. Likewise, shallow tillage proved better than deep tillage system for LBA, LAA, SNC, GNC, GNU, CNR, REAN, NUE, GNU and grain yield. Increased N-fertilizer from control onwards showed significant (p > 0.05) increments in LBA, LAA, SNC, GNC, GNU, CNR, N-uptake and grain yield. Treatments interaction was also found significant (p > 0.05). Study suggested, regardless of the given treatments, GNU and grain yield were in strong positive linear relationship. Legume residue incorporated shallow out yielded GNU and NUE of spring wheat in wheat-maize cropping system. It is concluded that LR and ST with 120 kg N ha^?1 ensures production of good wheat quantity and quality.     

Antioxidant mechanism of flavonoids. Solvent effect on rate constant for chain-breaking reaction of quercetin and epicatechin in autoxidation of methyl linoleate.

The rate of oxygen depletion, as measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (oximetry using a spin probe), in a homogeneous solution of peroxidating methyl linoleate (initiated by an azo initiator) in the presence or absence of antioxidants was converted to second-order rate constants for the inhibiting reaction of quercetin and epicatechin. In the non-hydrogen-bonding solvent chlorobenzene at 50 degrees C, k(inh) had values of 4.3 x 10(5) M(-)(1) s(-)(1) for quercetin and 4.2 x 10(5) M(-)(1) s(-)(1) for epicatechin, respectively. In the hydrogen-accepting "water-like" solvent tert-butyl alcohol, the values were 2.1 x 10(4) and 1.7 x 10(4) M(-)(1) s(-)(1), respectively. The solvent effect (factor of 20) is more significant than for alpha-tocopherol (factor of 4), and the two flavonoids have efficiencies comparable to that of alpha-tocopherol in scavenging peroxyl radicals in the nonpolar solvent but not in the hydrogen-bonding solvent.     

不同施肥制度对双季稻氮吸收、净光合速率及产量的影响

利用稻田长期施肥制度定位试验,研究了不同施肥处理对水稻氮素吸收、净光合速率及产量的影响。有机物还田能显著促进水稻分蘖、提高有效穗数和叶面积指数。只施用NPK,在分蘖后早稻叶片氮含量急剧下降,与早稻相比,而晚稻的穗肥促进了后期的氮吸收。在CK和施加NPK的基础上秸秆还田明显改善水稻中后期的氮吸收,但对晚稻的效应明显低于对早稻的效应。各处理的叶片以及稻穗氮含量晚稻明显低于早稻。叶片氮含量与叶片净光合速率成显著(早稻r=0.664*)或极显著正相关(晚稻r=0.704**),这说明叶片氮含量缺乏降低了叶片光合能力。有机物还田增产效果显著,在中等施肥水平时,有机物还田可以代替1/3以上的NPK投入。     

糜子氮、磷、钾肥的效应及优化研究

为揭示糜子氮、 磷、 钾肥效应,并提出最优推荐施肥量组合,本试验采用3414不完全正交回归设计,对糜子氮、 磷、 钾肥合理配比施肥效应进行研究,同时对糜子产量进行肥效模型拟合,得出最优经济效益氮、 磷、 钾推荐施肥量。结果表明, 施用氮、 磷、 钾肥, 糜子增产效果显著,最高增产率可达52.31%,缺氮和高氮处理增产率最低,说明适宜的氮肥施用量是影响糜子产量的关键因子。氮、 磷、 钾肥间存在明显的交互作用,配合施用能提高肥效,三因素对糜子产量的影响大小顺序为氮＞磷＞钾,任一因素过量施用均会导致产量显著降低。根据一元二次肥效模型得出糜子氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）、 钾（K2O）的最优推荐施肥量分别为121.61、 78.09、 24.23 kg/hm2,适宜的氮、 磷、 钾施肥比例为1∶0.64∶0.20。     

Stability of black tea polyphenol, theaflavin, and identification of theanaphthoquinone as its major radical reaction product

In the current study, we have focused on isolation and detection of major radical oxidation products from theaflavin in order to better understand antioxidation mechanisms of this compound. Theanaphthoquinone was identified as a major oxidation product of theaflavin from two different oxidant model systems: DPPH and peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide. This result indicated that the benzotropolone moiety in theaflavin may play an important role in its antioxidant properties. The stability of theaflavin was studied in varying pH solutions: simulated gastric juice and buffer solutions of pH 5.5, pH 7.4, and pH 8.5. The results indicated that theaflavin is unstable in alkaline conditions, while it was stable in acidic conditions. Theanaphthoquinone was identified as an autoxidation product of theaflavin during its stability study in alkaline conditions.     

施磷对长绒棉干物质积累、分配比例和产量的影响

通过田间试验,研究不同施磷量对长绒棉干物质积累、分配比例及产量构成因子的影响。结果表明,棉株各生育阶段干物质积累呈现出苗期缓慢,蕾期逐渐加快,开花到结铃盛期积累最快,此后又渐趋于平稳,符合植物增长的"S"型曲线。干物质积累过程可用Logistic曲线方程模拟表达,棉株总干物质和生殖器官干物质积累速率最快的时刻分别在播种后的83~90 d和97~103 d。增施磷肥,干物质积累高峰推迟,快速积累时期延长,地上部器官干物质积累量增加。全生育期,处理间各器官干物质的分配比例基本一致,前期以茎、叶营养器官为主,但增长缓慢,中后期以生殖器官为生长中心,而且增施磷使叶的积累比例下降67.79%~70.20%,棉子的比例增加14.89%~16.59%、壳的比例下降11.74%~13.52%、棉纤维的比例增加4.51%~10.07%。增施磷肥能增加单株铃数,处理间最多相差0.5个/株,是皮棉产量差异的主要原因。     

移栽方式与施氮量对烤烟生长发育和产质量的影响

【目的】 研究陕西渭北烤烟适宜的移栽方式和施氮量的组合,为陕西烟区优质烤烟的生产提供理论依据。 【方法】 以秦烟96为材料进行了大田裂区试验。以三种移栽方式为主区 (常规移栽、小苗膜下移栽、井窖式膜上移栽),五个施氮水平为副区 (N 52.5、60、67.5、75和82.5 kg/hm2),采样分析了烤烟各生育期的硝酸还原酶、淀粉酶活性以及成熟期碳氮代谢物含量和烤烟产、质量。 【结果】 硝酸还原酶和淀粉酶活性在烤烟整个生育期均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。常规移栽方式下,高施氮量的烤烟碳氮代谢物含量、农艺和经济性状表现较好;小苗膜下移栽和井窖式膜上移栽,中施氮量的硝酸还原酶和淀粉酶活性对烤烟生长更有利。施氮量相同时,井窖式移栽方式烤烟生长发育及产质量好于其他两种移栽方式。井窖式膜上移栽下,施氮量为N 67.5 kg/hm2时烤烟的硝酸还原酶、淀粉酶活性表现最佳,碳氮代谢物均在适宜范围内,农艺与经济性状表现稳定,可促进烤烟的生长发育,提高烤烟的产质量。 【结论】 渭北地区烤烟适宜的栽培方式为井窖式膜上移栽,施氮量为N 67.5 kg/hm2时,烤烟碳氮代谢效率高,可促进其生长发育,提高经济效益。      

钾肥用量和施用时期对棉花产量品质和棉田钾素平衡的影响

【目的】研究钾肥用量和施用时期对棉花产量、 纤维品质、 钾肥利用率和棉田钾素平衡的影响,确定钾肥正确的用量和合适的施用时期,可为棉花主产区科学施肥提供依据。【方法】连续2年在山东平原县、 河北威县、 新疆昌吉市进行田间试验。钾肥用量试验山东设K2O 0、 30、 60、 120、 180、 240 kg/hm2,河北设K2O 0、 37.5、 75、 150、 225、 300 kg/hm2,新疆设K2O 0、 18.75、 37.5、 75、 112.5、 150 kg/hm2。钾肥施用时期试验3地点均设不施钾 (CK)、 钾肥100%基施、 钾肥50%基施+50%花期追施、 钾肥50%蕾期+50%铃期追施、 钾肥50%蕾期+50%吐絮期追施、 钾肥50%花期+50%吐絮期追施。【结果】山东、 河北、 新疆试验点上棉花开花期后累积的钾占整个生育期钾素累积量的54%~62%、 70%~73%、 49%~67%。施用钾肥增加皮棉产量和收益,钾肥用量对棉花产量的影响2013年比2012年明显,三个地点钾肥用量对产量的影响新疆山东河北,其最高产量施钾量分别为142、 240、 174 kg/hm2,经济最佳施钾量分别为136、 212、 150 kg/hm2。钾肥不同用量除影响某些纤维指标外,对品质的影响没有显著差异。秸秆不还田时,山东和河北试验点钾肥用量180 kg/hm2 和150 kg/hm2时可以维持棉田钾素平衡,而在新疆所有钾肥用量下棉田钾素都是负平衡。河北和新疆50%钾肥蕾期+50%钾肥铃期追施、 山东50%钾肥基施+50%钾肥开花期追施的皮棉产量、 钾肥的农学效率和施钾经济效益高于其他施用时期。钾肥施用时期影响纤维长度、 断裂比强度或纤维伸长率,但因地点和试验年份而不同。施钾时期对纤维整齐度和马克隆值没有显著影响。【结论】钾肥用量对棉花纤维品质没有显著影响,主要影响棉花产量和经济效益。山东试验点钾肥的适宜用量为K2O 180~240 kg/hm2,最佳施用时期为钾肥50%基施+50%开花期追施; 河北试验点钾肥的适宜用量为K2O 150~180 kg/hm2,最佳施用时期为钾肥50%蕾期+50%铃期追施; 新疆试验点钾肥的适宜用量为K2O 112.5~150 kg/hm2,最佳施用时期为钾肥50%蕾期+50%铃期追施。     

氮磷用量对豫北地区小麦产量的交互效应研究

采用盆栽试验研究了氮磷不同用量与配比对小麦产量的影响,分析了产量与小麦不同生育期各生理指标之间的关系。结果表明:氮磷施用存在最佳配比,当氮磷肥用量分别相当于220kg(N)·hm-2和160kg(P2O5)·hm-2时,小麦产量最高。小麦产量与根系活力、开花期酸性磷酸酶活性和拔节期硝酸还原酶活性密切相关,根系活力、酸性磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶活性与小麦吸收的氮磷总量呈显著正相关关系。根系活力、酸性磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶活性随着磷肥用量增加而提高,随着氮肥用量增加先提高后下降,因此过多的氮肥施用通过降低小麦根系活力、酸性磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶活性等,减少小麦对氮磷吸收,进而降低产量。