畜禽异嗜癖及其防制

畜禽异嗜癖又称非正常行为，通常指集约化、规模化生产中由于营养代谢紊乱和饲养管理不当而引起的非正常复杂的味觉异常综合征。各种日龄、品种的畜禽均能不同程度的发生，往往是随着生产加强，发病率增加。由于该病原因复杂，不能用某一单纯的因素而诱发畜禽的异嗜，因此至今很少见诱发试验的报道，但发生异嗜癖后，畜禽生长缓慢，外观受损，造成较大的应激，加之继发感染，可使生产者造成一定的经济损失。     

反刍兽急性瘤胃积食性酸中毒

1病因 反刍兽急性瘤胃积食性酸中毒通常发生于下列情况:为了催乳、肫肥或促茸而由粗饲突然变为精饲;突然变更精料的种类;粗饲料缺乏或品质不良;偷食或偏食.如果精料的增加是逐步的,则日粮中的精料比例即使达到85%以上,甚至不限量饲喂全精料日粮的肫肥牛,也未必发生急性瘤胃酸中毒.     

猪异嗜癖的治疗

2002年12月～2003年12月间，我县共发生了89头次的猪咬尾、咬耳现象(均为个体养猪户)，现将发生过程及治疗结果报告如下：     

奶牛异嗜癖症治疗

奶牛异嗜癖是由于代谢机能紊乱 ,味觉异常的一种非常复杂的多种疾病的综合征 ,其临床特征为患畜到处舔食、啃咬一些通常认为无营养价值而不应该采食的东西 (异物 )。这不只是一种疾病 ,而且是许多疾病 (骨软症、慢性消化不良等 )的一种临床症状。主要见于幼畜和怀孕乳牛。1　症状 :初期患畜食欲减退 ,咀嚼无力 ,便秘。以后即出现食欲异常 ,吃土、啃胶皮、吃塑料布 ,食被粪尿污染的物体等 ,皮肤干燥 ,弹力减退、被毛松乱且无光泽 ,患畜逐渐消瘦。2　治疗方法 :首先调整饲料 ,用 3%或 5 %的奶牛复合预混料 (黑龙江省双龙兽药厂生产 )添加成全…     

反刍兽瘤胃臌气及其防治

瘤胃臌气是反刍类家畜临床上常见的一种病,它是牛（羊）吃了大量容易发酵的饲草料,在瘤胃内发酵,迅速产生并积聚大量气体,致使瘤胃内容积急剧增大,胃壁发生急性扩张,病畜呈现反刍和暖气困难的表现。     

奶牛瘤胃中反刍兽月形单胞菌的分离鉴定

采用厌氧分离技术从奶牛瘤胃中分离出1株细菌,通过对其形态、培养特性、生理生化特性、16SrRNA基因序列测定与同源性分析等研究,确定分离菌株为反刍兽月形单胞菌（Selenomonas ruminantium）,为进一步研究其对瘤胃发酵的影响奠定了基础。     

梅花鹿异嗜癖病因分析与防治

梅花鹿异嗜癖发生率在 90 %以上 ,研究证明其形成原因与蛋白质缺乏、维生素不足和矿物质元素不平衡有关 ,饲料中补充豆粕、多种维生素及矿物质添加剂 ,均有明显的治疗作用     

浅谈猪异嗜癖产生的原因及对策

在养猪生产中,猪咬尾、咬耳现象近年来逐渐增加。一头猪被攻击后,诱发其余的猪对它进行撕咬,轻者将尾巴咬烂出血,重者将尾巴半截或全部咬掉,有的还互相咬耳等,这就是所谓的猪异嗜癖。它严重影响猪只的健康和生产性能,如伤口不及时治疗,会引起感染,严重的可波及身体其他部位,降低体表品质。据报道,发生咬尾的猪群,其生长速度和饲料报酬可降低20％以上,这对饲养者来说损失不小。     

反刍动物瘤胃酸中毒发病机理的研究进展

关于瘤胃酸中毒的报道多集中于诊断、防治和调控方面,国内外对其发病机理虽有研究报道,但说法不一,存在争议。文中对其存在的不同观点作了简要综述,以期为进一步明确反刍动物瘤胃酸中毒发病机理提供依据。     

高原反刍家畜Ca、P代谢

西藏农区反刍家畜体格较小,不及内地牛、羊体质量的1/2。对牛、羊各主要物质代谢进行了测定分析后,发现P的沉积量较少,仅为(0.090 1±0.075 0)g/W0.75.d。因海拔高度的升高,引起的血液TCO2和血液CaO2的量降低。采用理论与实际测试相结合,总结出各值与大气压的关系,即,TCO2(mmol/L)=0.01×CO2结合力(CO2CP)(mmol/L)×大气压(kPa);CaO2(mL/dL)=0.002 7×大气压+1.366 8×Hb(g/dL)-1.386 9×Hb(g/dL)×exp(-0.043×大气压);尿P(mg/d)=血磷阈值(mmol/L)×正常TCO2(mmol/L)-高原TCO2(mmol/L)×95%×31(P原子量)×17.37%×每天尿量(0.069 3×W0.75)/正常TCO2(mmol/L),并对各式进行了理论阐述。此式能较合理地反映高原环境下反刍家畜Ca、P的代谢状态。     

Dynamics of methanogenesis,ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility in ruminants following elimination of protozoa: a meta-analysis

Background: Ruminal microbes are vital to the conversion of lignocellulose-rich plant materials into nutrients for ruminants.Although protozoa play a key role in linking ruminal microbial networks,the contribution of protozoa to rumen fermentation remains controversial; therefore,this meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively summarize the temporal dynamics of methanogenesis,ruminal volatile fatty acid(VFA) profiles and dietary fiber digestibility in ruminants following the elimination of protozoa(also termed defaunation).A total of 49 studies from 22 publications were evaluated.Results: The results revealed that defaunation reduced methane production and shifted ruminal VFA profiles to consist of more propionate and less acetate and butyrate,but with a reduced total VFA concentration and decreased dietary fiber digestibility.However,these effects were diminished linearly,at different rates,with time during the first few weeks after defaunation,and eventually reached relative stability.The acetate to propionate ratio and methane production were increased at 7 and 11 wk after defaunation,respectively.Conclusions: Elimination of protozoa initially shifted the rumen fermentation toward the production of more propionate and less methane,but eventually toward the production of less propionate and more methane over time.     

Abortion in small ruminants in the Netherlands between 2006 and 2011

During five successive lambing seasons between 2006 and 2011, 453 submissions of abortion material, 282 of ovine and 171 of caprine origin, were examined at the Animal Health Service in the Netherlands. Infectious agents as the most plausible cause of the abortion were found in 48 percent of the ovine submissions and in 34 percent of the caprine submissions. Submission of both aborted fetus and placental membranes increased the diagnostic yield of laboratory investigations (17 percent and 21 percent for ovine and caprine submissions, respectively). The main infectious causes of abortion in sheep were Chlamydia abortus, Campylobacter spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria spp., and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The main infectious causes of abortion in goats were Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia abortus, Listeria spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Campylobacter spp. In 42 percent of the ovine and in 56 percent of the caprine submissions a causal agent was not identified. Furthermore, in 12 percent of the ovine and 10 percent of the caprine submissions evidence of placentitis, indicative of an infectious cause of the abortion, was found, but no infectious agent was identified. Most infectious causes of ovine and caprine abortion have zoonotic potential. Humans, especially pregnant women, who are in close contact with lambing sheep or goats should be aware of the importance of precautionary hygiene measures.     

肽与瘤胃微生物间的关系研究

<正>自从Chen等发现奶牛瘤胃液内肽不足是限制瘤胃微生物生长的主要因素以来,经过多年的理论发展和实践检验,肽营养研究使得传统动物营养学的一些理论观点和体系面临着挑战,重大突破可能由此产生(Webb等,1990、1992)。尤其是传统动物营养认为的"蛋白质必须降解为游离氨基酸后才能被动物利用和吸收"的观点受到了前所未有的质疑。肽作为一种蛋白降解的中间产物,能改变瘤胃中的某些微生态系统,从而有可能使其朝向更有利于人类的方向发展,