乳清酒发酵剂的优选

以2株乳酵母菌、地方性奶酒酵母泥、乳酸菌、丹宝利活性酿酒干酵母为发酵菌种,研究其在乳清酒发酵中各发酵剂的发酵能力、发酵特性,并对发酵所得乳清酒品质进行了分析,筛选出5#组合菌种为本研究最佳试验用发酵菌种。     

关于酿蜜酒的几个问题的解答

《中国养蜂》1985年第三期发表蜂蜜酿酒的文章后,读者来信询问一些有关的具体问题,下面就提出的几个主要问题解答如下: 1.酿酒的菌种和来源:酵母菌是蜂蜜酿酒的菌种,葡萄酒酵母、果酒酵母、白酒酵母等都可以作为蜂蜜酿酒菌种,但以葡萄酒酵母、果酒酵母较好,适合在蜜水中生长、发酵效果好。这些菌种可向当地酒厂或菌种站引种(引一支试管),然后自己用芽麦糖     

蜂蜜花粉酒发酵工艺的研究

酶解破壁后的莲花蜂花粉液,绢布过滤和离心处理分别得到的花粉浆、浊液和清汁,用蜂蜜调节糖浓度,用葡萄酒酵母、耐高温酿酒高活性干酵母、专用酿酒高活性干酵母和实验室筛选的酵母4种菌种发酵性能比较,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定蜂蜜花粉酒的最佳酿制工艺。结果表明:花粉浊液最适合用于蜂蜜花粉酒的酿造,葡萄酒酵母为蜂蜜花粉酒发酵的最适菌种,并确定其最佳接种量为1‰。主发酵的最佳条件为:初始糖度26%,SO2添加量100 mg/L,花粉浓度20 g/L,发酵温度25℃。     

乳清酒发酵工艺参数的优化

本试验用继代乳酸菌发酵牛乳,在pH值为4.0时分离乳酪得其乳清汁。以乳清为主要原料,添加蔗糖或果汁,用氢氧化钠溶液将基质酸度调至pH值为4.5～5.0,进行杀菌,再加入牛乳,经乳酵母恒温发酵。结果表明,发酵液在pH值为4.5～5.0、糖度为14%时,乳酵母菌添加量10%,发酵温度37℃,主发酵期在接种后6～7天,发酵效果最佳,可获得色泽微黄透明、口感较好的含醇乳清低度酒。     

泔水垃圾发酵生产微生态蛋白饲料工艺条件的研究

对产朊假丝酵母Candida tropicalis C01、啤酒酵母Saccharomyces cerivisiae S01、植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum L01混合菌种发酵泔水生产微生态蛋白饲料的条件及干制工艺进行了研究。其最佳工艺条件:原料配比选择是泔水:麸皮:木薯酒糟=6:2:2;菌种配比(产朊假丝酵母:啤酒酵母:植物乳杆菌)为6:3:1;添加0.5%尿素、2%的硫酸铵,30℃发酵24h,发酵后基质在70℃通风干制280min得到成品。成品含水量约10%,粗蛋白含量为20.01%,真蛋白含量为13.85%,植物乳杆菌及酵母菌活菌含量分别在3.1×109个/g和8.5×108个/g之上,产品色泽黄褐,轻微酸味,有明显曲香,无泔水异味。     

酒糟生物蛋白饲料的研制及其饲喂效果

为缓解蛋白饲料紧缺，在过去研究“酒糟多功能饲料”的基础上，对酒糟生物蛋白饲料进行了专题研究，从菌种到生产工艺均作了改进。现将有关情况介绍如下。1菌种与生产工艺由原单菌种发酵改为双菌种同步发酵。酿酒原料一般均为高粱及玉米，酿酒副产物酒糟中仍含有一定量的残留淀粉，这类淀粉不易被酵母菌吸收利用。采用双菌种混合发酵，首先通过糖化菌种将残留淀粉转化为易被酵母菌吸收利用的糖类物质，该糖化菌种称之为预发酵菌种，然后主发酵菌──饲料酵母菌将酒糟中非氮（N）物质转化为蛋白质。两菌种在同一条件下，同一发酵期间，完成…     

水牛乳乳饼发酵菌种筛选及工艺优化

为研究水牛乳乳饼发酵菌种筛选及工艺优化,从自然发酵的水牛乳乳清和云南采集乳清样品中分离乳酸菌,并通过产酸、分解蛋白和脂肪能力筛选,获得一株鼠李糖乳杆菌,37℃发酵48 h可使乳清pH值从6.20降至3.60以下,乳清游离脂肪酸110.34μmol/L,蛋白水解度0.180;通过比较乳饼制作过程中原料乳的预热情况、凝乳温...     

酒糟蛋白饲料研制成功

酒糟是酿酒工业排放的废弃物质.一般生产1吨酒,要排放2—5吨废(渣),严重污染环境。据此,湖南农学院进行了酿酒废渣生产酵母蛋白饲料的研究。他们还同有关单位协作,联合进行酒糟蛋白饲料工业性生产的研究。通过对废弃高粱酒糟加入糖化酶、尿素、工业磷酸、石灰等添加物,并接种117、136号酵母菌,然后经过12—24小时发酵,成功地获     

反刍动物微生态制剂高活性菌种的筛选与比较

该研究的目的是对8株酵母菌和4株霉菌生物学活性进行比较研究,筛选出优良高活性菌株.方法:通过对8株酵母菌的生物量、粗蛋白含量、活菌数、发酵香味及4株霉菌生物量和产酶能力等指标的测定,筛选优良菌株作为试验基础菌种.结果表明,酿酒酵母BC和BD、产朊假丝酵母BY、热带假丝酵母BR和黑曲霉H3,以其优良的生产性能被选为反刍动物微生态制剂试验用菌种.     

反刍动物微生态制剂高活性菌种的筛选与比较

该研究的目的是对8株酵母菌和4株霉菌生物学活性进行比较研究,筛选出优良高活性菌株。方法:通过对8株酵母菌的生物量、粗蛋白含量、活菌数、发酵香味及4株霉菌生物量和产酶能力等指标的测定,筛选优良菌株作为试验基础菌种。结果表明,酿酒酵母BC和BD、产朊假丝酵母BY、热带假丝酵母BR和黑曲霉H3,以其优良的生产性能被选为反刍动物微生态制剂试验用菌种。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.