转基因抗虫棉sGK9708与不同类型品种杂种的遗传及优势分析

利用转基因抗虫棉sGK9708与7个常规棉、7个优质棉、8个转Bt基因抗虫棉和6个彩色棉品系分别配制杂交组合,对其性状的遗传效应和杂种优势进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)常规棉、优质棉和转基因抗虫棉类型的子棉产量以显性效应为主,加性效应也起较大作用,纤维品质性状的遗传变异主要来自于加性效应。(2)彩色棉类型的子棉产量性状以加性效应起主导作用,纤维品质等性状的遗传变异受显性和加性效应共同控制。(3)转基因抗虫棉类型的衣分和铃重具有极显著的显性效应,常规棉类型以加性效应为主导,优质棉和彩色棉类型由加性和显性效应共同决定。(4)彩色棉类型的子棉产量性状具有负向群体超亲优势,纤维长度和强度具有一定的正向群体超亲优势。     

小麦重要产量性状的主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

以单株产量等为代表的重要性状是选育小麦高产良种的主攻目标性状,分析小麦重要产量性状的数量遗传特性,为深入研究其遗传机制提供依据。本研究选用品冬34为母本(P₁)和BARRAN为父本(P₂)配置杂交组合,在2年4个环境下应用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型方法对该组合单世代(P₁、P₂、RIL_7:8、RIL_8:9)单株产量、千粒重、株高、穗下节间长、旗叶上节间长和分蘖数进行遗传及相关分析。结果表明,除千粒重和分蘖数外,其余性状间均显著或极显著相关,穗下节间长与旗叶上节间长平均相关系数达0.91 (P≤0.001)。最优遗传模型对于单株产量是4对加性上位性主基因+多基因遗传模型,其主基因加性效应值分别为3.78、2.89、–6.18和0.15,多基因遗传率为86.23%;对于千粒重是2对互补作用主基因+加性效应多基因混合遗传模型,多基因加性效应值是22.37,主基因遗传率为66.96%,多基因遗传率为28.25%;对于株高是2对累积作用主基因+加性作用多基因混合遗传...     

蚕豆主要数量性状的配合力和遗传力分析

以性状差异明显的4个青海蚕豆为母本,与具有互补性状的4个外来种质进行不完全双列杂交,配制16个组合。分析了株高、始荚高、有效枝、单株荚数、单株粒数、荚粒数、百粒重和单株产量等8个主要性状的配合力及遗传力。结果表明:(1)加性效应和非加性效应对蚕豆杂交后代性状都有重要作用,且这些性状的基因加性效应均对杂种后代的性状起主导作用,尤其是有效枝、单株荚数、单株粒数和单株产量完全受基因加性效应控制;(2)应根据一般配合力和特殊配合力的大小和育种目标的要求选择合适的亲本和较优的杂交组合;(3)8个主要性状的广义遗传力由大到小的顺序是:百粒重>株高>荚粒数>有效枝>单株荚数>始荚高>单株粒数>单株产量;狭义遗传力由大到小的顺序为:百粒重>株高>有效枝>荚粒数>单株荚数>始荚高>单株粒数>单株产量。在改良品种粒重时,可进行早代选择,而其他性状的遗传力中等偏低,易受环境因素影响,应连续多代选择。     

利用重组自交系(RILs)群体进行质量数量性状的遗传分析遗传模型和小麦产量性状遗传

本文提出了利用RILs群体进行质量数量性状分析的4个遗传模型及统计分析方法.其中,模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ分别表示性状受1对主基因、2对独立的主基因、2对AABB×aabb型连锁的主基因、2对AAbb×aaBB型连锁的主基因与微效基因共同控制.可估算出主基因的加性效应(dma,dmb)、互作效应(im)、遗传方差(σ2m)和连锁图距(R),以及微效基因     

南疆陆地棉杂种F2的遗传分析及遗传主效聚类

采用加性-显性及其与环境互作的遗传模型对298个陆地棉品种(系)及其884个F₂组合在新疆南疆阿拉尔垦区4个产量性状和5个纤维品质性状2年的资料进行遗传分析,并对亲本的加性效应和显性效应进行了聚类,以明确各类品种(系)的育种利用价值。结果表明,在南疆陆地棉“矮(0.8～1.0 m)、密(225,000～300,000株hm^-2)、早、膜”高密度种植模式下,298个亲本的加性效应被分为12类。第2类的23个品种(系)产量(除衣分外)和纤维品质性状的加性效应较高,可通过这类品种(系)间杂交较易获得产量性状和纤维品质性状兼优的后代。第8类品种(系)的纤维品质性状的加性效应较高,第4类品种(系)的产量性状加性效应较高,通过2类品种间杂交可以获得产量性状和纤维品质性状互补的后代。298个亲本的显性效应被分成了9类。第8类包括8个品种(系),其产量性状和纤维品质性状(除马克隆值外)的显性效应较高,可作为综合利用产量性状和纤维品质性状杂种优势兼优的一类亲本。产量性状的显性效应平均值较高的是第8类,第3类的纤维品质性状的显性效应较高。     

水稻核不育系柱头性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

柱头性状是影响水稻不育系异交繁殖和杂交水稻制种产量的重要性状。为创制长柱头、高外露率的水稻温敏核不育系提供遗传信息,调查了短柱头、低外露率的粳型光温敏核不育系7001S和长柱头、高外露率的温敏核不育系紫泰S及其杂交、自交获得的F₁、F₂群体(350个株系)和F_2:3群体(320个株系)的4个柱头性状,分析了4个性状之间的相关性,并运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对2个世代4个性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明, 4个柱头性状间均表现出极显著正相关,相关系数介于0.262和0.895之间。柱头长度、花柱长度、柱头和花柱总长度(以下简称柱花总长度)均表现出受2对主效基因和微效基因共同控制,除F₂群体中柱花总长度的2对主基因表现为等加性效应和等显性效应外,其余均表现为加性-显性-上位性效应, 3个性状均表现出以主基因间的上位性效应为主; F₂群体柱头外露率受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+多基因控制,而F_2:3群体则表现为受1对加性-显性主基因+多基因控制,以主基因间的...     

17个玉米地方种质选系的育种潜势分析

以西南地区生产上常用的11个玉米骨干自交系为测验种,采用不完全双列杂交设计,测定17个玉米地方种质新选自交系主要性状的配合力和杂种优势,并对杂优类群、性状遗传参数进行分析。结果表明,单株产量GCA表现突出,且构成产量因子性状GCA表现也较好的新选系有P1-1、P1-16和P1-14;SCA值高、杂种优势强的组合是P1-10×P2-4,四平头群×Lancaster群在川南地区可产生较强的杂种优势;在穗行数、行粒数等4个性状中,亲本的基因加性效应对F1性状形成起主导作用,可早代进行选择,而百粒生、单株产量等5个性状的遗传变异主要来自于基因非加性效应,宜晚代进行选择。     

贵州水稻三系不育系品资5A的主要农艺性状配合力分析和食味评价

采用3×4 NCII遗传设计,对12个杂交组合的8个农艺性状和2个品质性状进行配合力分析,探讨不同不育系的配合力表现.结果表明,不同组合间的各个性状主要受加性效应的影响,也有基因加性与非加性效应共同作用.在参试的3个不育系中,品资5A组配的所有组合平均产量和食味评分最高,说明不育系品资5A在杂交水稻的组配中具有优质高产...     

棉花叶绿素含量和光合速率的QTL定位

 为了探讨棉花光合作用及相关生理性状的遗传规律, 利用四交分离作图群体泗棉3号/苏12//中4133/8891的273个F_2：3家系为材料,用MAPQTL5.0软件及区间作图方法(IM), 对棉花叶绿素含量及光合速率进行了QTL分析。检测到3个与叶绿素含量相关的QTL, 分别位于染色体D6、D8和A10, 解释性状表型变异的4.3%, 4.5% 和5.2%。检测到3个与光合速率相关的QTL, 位于D5、D6和A11染色体, 解释性状表型变异的3.8%,7.4% 和8.4%。两个性状所有QTL的遗传效应均以加性效应为主。本研究定位的棉花叶绿素含量和光合速率QTL均是首次报道,可尝试应用于高光效育种的分子标记辅助选择。     

优质蛋白玉米籽粒性状的遗传效应

选用8个胚乳性状差异显著的优质蛋白玉米(QPM)自交系, 采用Griffing I交配设计组配, 通过对亲本、F₁和F₂的鉴定, 探讨主要籽粒性状的遗传效应和杂种优势, 为有效利用热带硬质QPM种质改良、扩增我国温带QPM种质以及QPM籽粒性状改良和硬质QPM品种选育提供依据。结果表明, 籽粒百粒重、百粒体积、胚乳修饰度和籽粒密度在F₁和F₂代都表现一定的正向杂种优势; 胚乳修饰度在F₁代存在正反交差异, 母体效应明显; 4个性状的F₂代表型值与中亲值的相关性最大; 百粒重和百粒体积主要受母体效应控制, 基因效应以显性效应为主; 胚乳修饰度主要受种子直接效应控制, 基因效应以加性效应为主; 籽粒密度主要受母体效应控制, 基因效应以加性效应和显性效应同等重要。这4个籽粒性状的细胞质效应均较小, 主要受核基因控制。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.