Modeling a Rotation Supply System in a Pilot Pressurized Irrigation Network in the Jordan Valley, Jordan

Many farmers in the Jordan Valley have switchedfrom traditional surface irrigationto pressurized irrigation systems. Inorder for these pressurized irrigationmethods to be effective, farmers must have adequate flow andpressure at each FarmTurnout Assembly (FTA). No on-demandirrigation concept has yet been implemented inthe Jordan Valley, and the rotation concept is still in use today. The JordanValley Authority (JVA) is the agency responsiblefor the distribution of water to farmers in the Valley. JVA engineers wereused to implement the irrigation rotationschedule, without any attention being paid to itseffect on the pressure in the network. Using MS Excel, a computer spreadsheet model was createdto examine the effect of selected rotation on thepressure in the network. This model was called theTurnout Pressure Simulation Program (TPSP).The TPSP model was used to map and identifyfarms that will incur pressure problems with any of the selected rotation schedules. This modelwas tested in the northern part of a pilotpressurized irrigation network known as TO2,and included 131 irrigated farm units (400 ha)located in Adassiyeh at the northern end of the Jordan Valley. The TPSP model was also usedto study illegal openings and the effect of these on the pressure in the network. The effect of four, eight, and 12 illegal openings was studied for a selectedrotation schedule, and an average reduction in pressure of 12%, 30%, and 44% was noted compared to when there were no illegal openings.     

用蒙特卡罗方法计算泵站前池泥沙淤积

为获得较好的流态,泵站前池中常设有整流底坎、导流墩、隔墩,泵站前池内的水流泥沙运动是一种复杂的三维运动。用标准稳态k-ε双方程二阶紊流封闭模型模拟泵站前池三维流场,在全面分析紊流场中泥沙颗粒受力的基础上,建立模拟泥沙颗粒运动的随机游动模型,并用蒙特卡罗直接模拟方法,计算泵站前池的泥沙淤积。实例计算表明,方法能够得到较为合理的泥沙淤积分布形态,且计算直观、简便、灵活。     

Energy saving with variable speed pumps in on-demand irrigation systems

The present work analyzes energy saving in on-demand irrigation systems served by an upstream pumping station. The objective of this work is to identify the best pumping station operating mode to optimize energy consumption. This objective can be achieved by matching the discharge and the pressure head required by the network (characteristic curve of the network) during the whole irrigation season with the pumping station characteristic curves. The characteristic curve of the network can be obtained using an appropriate stochastic generation modeling, and COPAM software was used in the present work. The characteristic curves of the pumps can be adapted to the network characteristic curve by equipping the pumping station with variable speed devices. Several types of regulation based on variable speed techniques were identified and analyzed. The differences in energy consumption for each technique were quantified for two on-demand irrigation districts in Southern Italy and managed by the Water Users Organization “Consortium of Capitanata”. It was demonstrated that in comparison with the current pumping station regulation, energy savings of about 27 and 35% may be achieved for the two districts.     

Efficiency-driven pumping station regulation in on-demand irrigation systems

The objective of this work was to identify a new efficiency-driven pumping station regulation aiming at maximum energy savings in on-demand irrigation systems. This objective can be achieved by matching the discharge and the pressure head required by the network (characteristic curve of the network) during an entire irrigation season by regulating the operation of the pumping station on the basis of operating the pumps at maximum efficiency. The characteristic curve of the network can be obtained by using an appropriate stochastic generation and hydraulic model. Additional performance analyses were also carried out using the AKLA model in order to better characterize the hydraulic behavior of the irrigation systems under study. The characteristic curves of the centrifugal pumps were adapted to the network curve by equipping the pumping station with variable-speed devices. Several types of regulation based on variable-speed techniques were identified and analyzed. The energy consumption for each regulation technique was quantified for two on-demand irrigation districts in Southern Italy, managed by the Water Users Organization “Consortium of Capitanata”. It was demonstrated that, in comparison with the current pumping station regulation, maximum energy savings may be achieved when pump regulation is carried out with variable-speed devices to maintain the pumps at maximum efficiency.     

Comparison between the efficiencies of surface and pressurized irrigation systems in Jordan

A study was carried out to determine the efficiencies of water use in irrigation in the Jordan Valley Project. The study aimed to evaluate, the overall or project efficiency (E_p) which includes: the irrigation system efficiency, being the combined conveyance and distribution efficiency (E_s); and the field application efficiency (E_a). Evaluation of these efficiencies includes the comparison of open canals with surface irrigation versus pressurized pipes with sprinkler or drip irrigation systems. Data was collected from different sources to achieve the above mentioned purposes, beside the field experiments which were carried out specially for this study.It was found that the overall or project efficiency (E_p) for open surface canal with surface irrigation under citrus was 53%. While it was 42% under vegetables. Whereas E_p for pressurized pipe systems was 68%, and 70% for sprinkler and drip irrigation methods, respectively.The E_s for an open canal, (King Abdullah Canal, KAC) was 65%. While it was 77% for pressurized pipe projects during 1989–1991. Concerning the E_a, it was found to be equal to 82% and 64%, for surface irrigation on citrus and vegetables, respectively. Whereas it was 88% for citrus under sprinkler, and 91% for vegetables under drip irrigation. These values for the field application efficiency are acceptable according to Finkle (1982). The low E_s value for the canal is due, mainly, to high evaporation and seepage, unreported deliveries, and unavoidable measurement losses. Whereas, in pressurized pipe projects, it is due to the unreported deliveries, unavoidable measurement losses, and leakage.     

Evaluation of DRAINMOD for predicting water table heights in irrigated fields at the Jordan Valley

A detailed field experiment was carried out in the Jordan Valley, south of Lake Kinneret, Israel for evaluation of the water management model DRAINMOD. This field was chosen to represent the local agro-climate conditions of that zone. Banana crop was grown and was irrigated daily with about 3200 mm/year and 0.5 leaching fraction. Subsurface drainage system with 2.5 m drain depth and 160 m drain spacing existed in the field. The water table depth was measured with about 100 piezometers, in which most of them were observed weekly, and four were continuosly recording piezometers. Five identical drainage plots were selected, out of 10 existing, as replicates for the evaluation of DRAINMOD. Deviations in a range of 0.3–1.7 m between observed water table depth and that simulated by DRAINMOD were found in four out of the five replicates. A reasonable agreement was found only in one drainage plot out of the five tested. These findings contradict the world wide convention that DRAINMOD simulation is in a good agreement with observed field data. An additional study was therefore conducted to explore the reasons for these large deviations. Three reasons were suggested: (i) a strong side effect by the Jordan River, which flows some 350 m west to the test field; a very steep 4.6% gradient was found toward the Jordan River; (ii) presence of sandy permeable layers below the depth of the drains which magnifies the boundary condition effect of the Jordan River; (iii) a very significant component of deep and lateral seepage (more than 50% of the yearly irrigation plus rainfall). A combination of these three reasons was suggested as an explanation to the apparent large disagreement. It was therefore recommended not to use DRAINMOD or similar vertical flow models for simulation of water table depths in irrigated fields with subsurface drain pipe systems in the Jordan Valley.     

泵站优化运行算法

通过对动态规划法、线性规划法、非线性规划法及遗传算法等泵站优化运行算法的综述，对泵站运行优化方法的发展提出新的看法。     

基于动态规划法的单级泵站日经济运行优化模型

为合理选择泵站机组在不同工况下的组合方式,实现单级泵站的运行优化。通过分析水泵运行效率与水泵流量、扬程以及转速间的相互关系,确定水泵装置的工况点,构建单级泵站日经济优化运行模型,以泵站日运行总费用最低为目标,通过动态规划法从而求解单级泵站的日经济最优运行方案。选定南昌市九圩港提水泵站为研究对象,依据泵站已有的运行数据,在综合考虑泵站日运行分时电价、扬程及流量变化的基础上,将该泵站优化运行模型分为两层,第一层为泵站日经济优化运行模型,确定泵站在一日内运行费用的最小值;第二层为泵站运行效率优化模型,确定在不同时段内泵站效率最优运行方式。结果表明,当日总输水量一定时,分时电价是影响泵站日经济运行费用和不同时段机组流量分配的主要因素;以九圩港泵站的典型工况为例,优化后的泵站运行方案较优化前日单位运行费用降低了18%。该模型对实现单级泵站日经济优化运行具有一定指导意义。     

多泥沙水源泵站电动机配套功率的确定

针对多泥沙水源泵站电动机过载的问题，分析了影响水泵电动机配套功率确定的因素，提出了电动机备用系数修正值，并在山西夹马口水源泵站进行了应用验证，对新建、改建的多泥沙水源泵站有一定的参考意义。     

多协议网络技术在梯级泵站监控系统中的应用

通过对东深供水改造工程计算机监控系统网络结构及多种通讯协议并存的分析，研究了梯级泵站中具有多层冗余结构的局域和广域以太网及多协议现场总线技术方案。大型调水泵站中的成功开发与应用表明。多协议网络技术在梯级泵站中的应用，在技术上是可行的，且具有良好的发展前景。     

自动化监控系统在高潭口泵站的运

随着自动化监控系统在泵站运行控制中的逐步运用，采用合适可靠的控制系统在高潭口泵站自动化改造显得十分关键。根据该泵站的实际情况，对如何进行自动化监控的结构设计，系统组成特别是PLC的网络模式的选择、程序的设计和运用进行详细说明。通过这次技术改造，可以提升泵站的技术含量，使泵站运行更加安全、经济、可靠，同时对今后的相关改造工程有一定的参考价值。     

全国大型泵站更新改造前期工作有

对全国大型泵站更新改造前期工作中遇到的有关问题进行研究和探讨，提出大型泵站的界定标准、全国大型泵站更新改造规模及投资估算、全国大型泵站的分区及改造对策、更新改造泵站安全类别的确定依据等。     

泵站改造决策支持系统的设计与实现

提出并建立了由数据库、模型库、知识库、综合接口和用户界面5部分组成的泵站改造决策支持系统，论述了各部分的设计与实现。该系统将泵站改造领域内专家的知识经验与计算机技术紧密结合，在处理大量信息的基础上给出多种泵站改造方案，为决策者提供决策支持。应用实例表明该系统具有较好的实用性。     

基于分时电价的梯级泵站输水系统日优化运行

为了提高梯级泵站输水系统日运行效益,通过分析梯级泵站输水系统,提出了梯级泵站输水系统整体运行效率的定义及表达式,分析了梯级泵站输水系统日运行费用的影响因素及优化机制.在此基础上,以日运行费用最小为目标,考虑分时电价,日输水总量,泵站进、出水池水位等约束条件,以时段流量分配、级间水位等因素为决策变量,建立了梯级泵站输水系统日运行费用优化模型、梯级泵站输水系统运行效率优化模型和单级泵站运行效率优化模型,采用基于区间离散的动态规划法进行求解,进而确定梯级泵站输水系统日优化运行方案,包括各时段内梯级间水力(水位、流量)方案和各泵站内运行方案.将该优化方法应用于南水北调东线韩庄运河段梯级泵站工程,结果表明节约费用效果较为显著.     

泵站经济运行中机组投入顺序的模糊优选

由于泵站机组的实际性能与设计值不一致，造成在泵站经济运行中对机组开机顺序的选择有一定的困难。采用基于模糊一致矩阵的决策方案优选方法对机组进行选优，使泵站的经济运行更符合实际，更有效降低泵站的运行能耗。     

位山灌区泥沙淤积对生态环境的影响及对策分析

位山灌区是黄河下游最大的引黄灌区,渠首地区泥沙淤积是整个灌区可持续发展的瓶颈。通过分析位山灌区渠道特性及引水引沙特性,说明了渠道泥沙淤积的主要原因与淤积分布状况,进而阐明了渠首地区多年累积引沙清淤带来占压耕地、土壤沙化、环境恶化等不利影响,并针对灌区泥沙淤积状况,提出了相应的解决对策。     

东深供水改造工程泵站微机保护网络

东深供水改造工程微机保护系统分为工业总线网络和光纤通讯两部分；工业总线网络采用了Profibus通讯协议，该协议具有反应时间短，抗干扰性强的特点；光纤通讯则具有反应时间不受电磁场和电磁辐射的影响等特点。     

黄河小北干流浮体泵站拦污设施探索

结合山西省运城市夹马口灌区吴王水源泵站的实际情况，从理论分析入手，提出了导污浮体的实用方案，为黄河流域水源泵站拦污设施提供了一条新的设计思路。     

洞庭湖区城西垸排涝泵站出水池设计运行水位确定方法商榷

按照《泵站设计规范》（GB50265-2010）的要求,排水泵站出水池设计运行水位应取承泄区5a～10a一遇洪水的排水时段平均水位。本文根据对洞庭湖区城西垸水文气象特征、雨洪遭遇和排涝工程现状等具体条件的分析研究,得出城西垸排涝泵站出水池设计运行水位宜采用泵站所在地10a一遇历年最大3日暴雨相应3日平均水位并参考泵站所在地警戒水位的结论,对于洞庭湖及类似地区排涝泵站规划设计和运行调度方案的确定具有指导和借鉴意义。     

基于CFD的泵站进水流道优化研究

受限于用地规模、地形等因素,我国排水泵站流道的设计趋于复杂,普遍具有流道深、狭长的特点。这导致泵站进水流道存在回流、流速分布不均匀等不良流态,影响泵站安全稳定运行。本文以某泵站为实例,采用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)技术,通过改变肘形流道的弯曲段长度、底边线倾角和喉管高度,拟定优化设计方案,采用基于CFD的数值模拟方法分析流道内部流场分布,并根据流道出口的流速分布均匀度、速度加权平均角度和流道水力损失等水力指标比选,优选出最优方案。本文为进水流道设计提供了更精细的优化手段,弥补了传统经验设计方法只能定性分析的不足,得到的最优设计方案可供类似工程参考,保障泵站机组的稳定运行。