Performance analysis of a concentrating solar hybrid photovoltaic thermal system

The photovoltaic components of a hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system are combined with a solar thermal collector, which generates both thermal and electrical energy simultaneously with a higher integrated efficiency. A three dimensional steady model of the concentrating solar PV/T system which has a plate type metallic thermal collector with a serpentine rectangular channel is developed. The processes of photovoltaic and thermal transformation and heat transfer in the PV/T collector are calculated and simulated. The effects of the optical concentrating ratio, coolant mass flow rate, ambient air velocity and glass cover on both thermal and electrical performance of the collector are presented and discussed.     

Spray Characteristics of a Two Phase Air water Nozzle for Indirect Evaporative Cooling

We present a two phase air water nozzle that can be applied to indirect evaporative cooling to improve the heat transfer efficiency of indirect evaporative coolers by improving the uniformity of the water film on the surface of the heat exchanger. The spray characteristics of a nozzle with a fan shaped orifice at various air and water pressure conditions was studied. The spray cone angle, the air water mass flow rate, and the relationship between the mass flow rate and the air water pressure ratio were obtained. The best air water pressure ratio and spray cone angle were also found.     

太阳能制冷机组通风系统中粮库温度的系统分析

针对不同的粮库内部太阳能制冷机组空调分布形式,利用CFD计算软件,采用标准k-e模型对粮库内部的大空间气流组织的非稳定特性进行三维数值模拟,分别比较了集中辐射式分布和沿四壁周向式分布两种形式的粮食表面附近的截平面的速度和温度分布,模拟结果显示:采用集中辐射式分布的模型流场扰动范围大,换热效果好,温度场分布均匀,整体降温效果好.由此可以看出流体计算技术在研究空调换热空间速度场和温度场分布的巨大作用,为空调的设计运行参数提供了重要依据,从而可以选用换热效果更好的空调分布形式.     

Application of sequential response surface method tothin wall beam lightweight design

It is proposed to introduce approximate model method to crashworthiness optimization design of thin wall beam,and the approximate model can be optimized by using sequential response surface method.In order to solve the parameterization design problem of finite element model,a parameterization model about material,cross section size and spotweld of thin wall beam is established by developing corresponding procedures.The results show that optimization design can not only improve the performance of absorbing energy of thin wall beam,but also reduce the weight greatly;the approximate model method can greatly improve optimization efficiency.     

A Theoretical Study on Thermal Dynamics Model and the Dehumidification Capacity of Hybrid Desiccant Cooling System with Condensation Heat Recovery

The structure and energy conservation characteristics of hybrid desiccant cooling system with condensation heat recovery are introduced briefly. Based on the first and second law of thermodynamics, a system thermodynamic model is established and the solution process given in a diagram. The dehumidification capacity is calculated under different exergy efficiency and indoor sensible heat conditions. The calculation results show that the desiccant wheel barely can compensate for the humidity load of outdoor air under with a ventilation rate of providing fresh air once per hour; when the fresh air rate of ventilation is limited to 0.5 times per hour, however, the desiccant wheel possess sufficient capacity under relatively large wheel exergy efficiency and high sensible heat load.     

A Solution of Contradiction of Building EnergyEfficiency with Indoor Air Quality

This paper is attempted to solve the problem of contradiction of building energy efficiency with indoor air quality.Quadrangle has the character of improving indoor air quality,since it always refreshes air intelligently.The courtyard has a long air column covering over the courtyard and the insulation of such a thick air layer can resist heat loss.As oxygen from outer space enters the courtyard,the energy can be recovered by oxygen.So,the contradiction of building energy efficiency with indoor air quality can be solved.The indoor air quality can be improved by the quadrangle combined with solar houses.     

Numerical Simulation of Laminar Mixed Convection Heat Transfer in Vertical Narrow Rrectangular Channels

Using N-S function, and transforming the gravity item to temperature and differential pressure related items, the authors simulate the mixed convection heat transfer in vertical narrow rectangular channels. The results reveal that intense chimney effect exists in cross-section of the whole field and nearby the wall of the channel, When flow is laminar, the velocity of main flow will be decreased, disturbing nearby the heating wall is strengthened, and the convection heat transfer of vertical narrow rectangular channel is enhanced. It also can destroy the uniformity of the heat transfer coefficient distribution. Considering the reliability of equipment, this kind of convection pattern only can be used in low heat flux. The buoyancy-influencing model putted forward can predict mixed convection heat transfer, and also can be used to simulate the turbulent mixed-convection heat transfer problem.     

Mathematical model and its validation of coupled heat and moisture transfer for multilayer wall

Its rationality of temperature and water vapor partial pressure as driving potential for coupled heat and moisture transfer was demonstrated based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics. As water vapor partial pressure is a function of moisture content and temperature, mathematical model of coupled heat and moisture transfer for multilayer wall were established according to the theory of total differential. The approximate expressions between humidity content and relative humidity of air used in Budaiwi method could be avoided. The coefficients of mathematical model were simplified and could improve efficiency of solution. Its validation was illustrated by contrasting and analyzing the simulation results of a multilayer wall.     

Thermal Radiation Effects on Smoke-flow in Atrium Fires

The field models for smoke flow in atrium, takings into account strong buoyancy, turbulence, radiation exchange and wall heat losses are developed according to the characteristics of the atrium fire. Realistic combustion processes in the burning fuel have not been included. A six-flux radiation model is included in a general mathematical model for fires, which are taking as a volumetric heat source, It is applied to the predictions of fire smoke development in a small-scale atrium. In order to avoid complicated radiation exchange models, radiation heat loss effects are combined to the wall heat loss. A General-purpose compute program PHOENICS has been developed to meet this need. Results of numerical calculations based on the field model are compared with test data for a fire in the small-scale atrium test facility. The resullts indicate that radiation transfer has the minor effects, due to the relatively low temperatures encountered. The method that the effect of radiation is included in the calculation of wall heat transfer losses by using maximum heat transfer coefficient is feasible. The field model used in the present study is not good enough, which a turbulent combustion sub-model must be included.     

动态隔热结构高大平房仓控温储粮技术探讨

通过新建动态隔热结构高大平房仓,利用仓房屋面、墙体夹层之间产生的动态气流,及时散发仓体太阳辐射热,减缓仓温升速,对已经通风降温的低温粮堆进行自然控温储粮试验,使夏季粮堆平均温度保持在20℃以下,实现准低温储粮。     

A Modified Budaiwi Model and Its Experimental Evaluation

Based on Fourier and Fick law, a modified Budaiwi model considering phase change within wall and the effect of solar radiation was established by using air humidity ratio in wall and temperature as the driving potentials.The term omitted in the mass transfer equation of the original model was added in the modified model.To evaluate the accuracy of the model, a test system was set up to measure relative humidity and temperature within a porous wall under actual weather conditions and compared with the prediction of the model.It was found that the predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results.At the interface close to outdoor, the average deviation of the relative humidity was 4.44% and average temperature deviation was 1.31K.At the interface close to indoor, the average deviation of the relative humidity was 6.3% and average temperature deviation was 1.26K.     

烟叶密集烤房余热利用技术研究现状和发展建议

排湿和排烟是密集烤房无效耗热的主要热量损失途径,也是提高密集烤房热能利用率的重要切入点。针对密集烤房耗煤量大、热能利用率低的实际情况,笔者对密集烤房排湿和排烟余热利用技术应用现状和研究进展进行了介绍,对国内现有余热利用装置的工作原理和技术特点进行了分析,就余热利用技术研究应用中存在的工作效率不够高、工作效果不理想、设备投入成本高等问题进行了总结,并提出了把成熟的工业技术应用到农业工程,系统回收利用烟囱余热和除湿余热,实现密集烤房内循环的发展建议。     

Simulation of Auxiliary Ventilation Performance of Synthetic Solar House

The passive solar house is one of the effective techniques to decrease the energy consumption of buildings. In this paper, the ventilation performance of synthetic solar house with sunshine room has been analyzed, while it is used as auxiliary ventilation in summer. The mean temperature of air in this room is calculated through the model of heat transfer of solar room, and then the auxiliary ventilation quantity is calculated. It is concluded that the capacity of auxiliary ventilation of synthetic solar house can meet the fresh air demand of common residential construction, but if there are more ventilation quantity needed the capacity of auxiliary ventilation of synthetic solar house is insufficient. The simulation calculation provides the necessary theoretical basis for the further theoretical and experimental research on synthetic solar house.     

Analysis of the Temperature Limit of Dynamic Water Intake of Open loop Surface Water Source Heat Pump Systems

Energy consumption of water intake is one of the key factors for energy saving in the application of the open loop surface water heat pump system. An energy efficiency ratio coupling model for open loop surface water source heat pump systems was established on the basis of the energy consumption model for the water intake and the heat pump units. According to energy saving rate and regulation of energy consumption of water intake, dynamic temperature limits of water intake in different water supply temperature of cooling tower and different pump head were proposed so as to find a calculation method of temperature limits of water intake of open loop surface water heat pumps. Moreover, the energy saving rate of surface water source heat pump systems compared with traditional air conditioning systems under various condition was also calculated.     

冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统㶲损因素分析

低温送风空调系统引进新型冰蓄冷设备,采用正丁烷作为制冷剂,制冷剂与水直接接触,换热更强烈且稳定。为了研究该系统相应㶲损因素条件下的节能薄弱环节,实现系统性能优化,基于该系统及各表冷器㶲分析模型,分析了热湿比、新风比、送风温差等㶲损因素对系统㶲效率和各表冷器㶲损率的影响。结果表明:当热湿比变化时,处理二次混风的表冷器㶲损率随之呈正比变化,其他表冷器㶲损率及系统㶲效率随之呈反比变化;当新风比变化时,处理新风的两级表冷器㶲损率随之呈正比变化,其他表冷器㶲损率及系统㶲效率随之呈反比变化;当送风温差变化时,处理一次回风的表冷器㶲损率随之呈正比变化,其他表冷器㶲损率及系统㶲效率随之呈反比变化。     

Numerical analysis of Natural Ventilation in Built-in Photovoltaic-Trombe Wall

The natural ventilation in a novel built-in photovoltaic-Trombe wall (BiPV-TW) was numerically simulated by CFD method. The effect of solar radiation, channel width and height on the air flow pattern and ventilation rate was analyzed. Results show that the solar radiation, channel width and height influenced the ventilation rate remarkably. As the solar radiation and BiPV-TW height increased,the ventilation rate increased. As the channel width increasing from 0.1 m to 0.4 m, the ventilation rate monotonously increased. However, when the channel width exceeded 0.5 m, the reverse flow was formed in the top zone and the ventilation rate decreased. A maximum air volume flow rate was achieved when the channel width was approximately equal to 0.4 m in a 3 m height model. The channel width was the dominant factor that influenced the flow pattern in the channel. When the channel width was smaller than 0.4 m, the airflow was thermally stratified laminar flow. When the channel width exceeded 0.5 m, thermally stratified flow disappeared due to the reverse flow formed in the top zone and the laminar flow became turbulent.     

异质复合墙体日光温室的设计建造及保温性能的测定

针对河北省现有日光温室保温性能差、土地利用率低、抗自然灾害能力弱、使用年限短、标准化水平不高的问题,设计建造新型异质复合墙体日光温室及利用巡检仪测定其保温性能,筛选出页岩实心砖、页岩多孔砖作为墙体承重材料,酚醛板、HD-STP真空绝热板、水泥基复合保温砂浆作为墙体保温材料,挤塑聚苯板作为后屋面保温材料;设计建造了4种异质复合墙体日光温室,净跨度10m、矢高4.5m,内砌页岩实心砖或页岩多孔砖,外贴保温隔热材料的墙体结构;37cm厚的页岩实心红砖+5cm厚的酚醛板的墙体传热系数为0.05W/m₂.K,传热系数最小、保温性能最优;冬暖Ⅱ型日光温室墙体(底部2.9m、顶部1.5m厚的粘土碾压成型土墙)传热系数为0.12W/m₂.K,居第2位、保温性能居第2位;第3、4、5位依次为37cm厚的页岩多孔砖墙+5cm厚的酚醛板墙体0.53 W/m₂.K、37cm厚的页岩多孔砖墙+ 1cm厚的STP真空绝缘板墙体0.6 W/m₂.K、37cm厚的页岩实心红砖+5cm厚的保温砂浆墙体1.35W/m₂.K。本设计建造的异质复合墙体(37cm厚的页岩实心红砖+5cm厚的酚醛板)保温蓄热性能良好且优于冬暖Ⅱ型日光温室墙体,该温室可完全替代冬暖Ⅱ型日光温室。     

Computation Method and for Thermal Transmittance of Glass Curtain walls Appllcation

The heat conduction characteristic of glass curtain wall was investigated. Based on one dimensional steady heat conduction theory, the numerical calculation model of glass system thermal transmittance was set up by using insulating glass as an example. Based on two dimensional steady heat conduction theory and finite element method, both the thermal transfer matrix and temperature load array of 3 DOFs triangular element were derived. Then the revised formulas about the heat transfer matrix and temperature load array under the boundary conditions of constant heat flux, heat convective, radiation and coupled of them were also derived. Then the numerical calculation models of glass curtain wall frame and linear thermal transmittance were set up. The program TJCW based on the Visual C++ and ObjectARX was developed for calculating the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall and was validated by contrast with the results calculated by thermal software LBNL. Finally, TJCW program was used to calculate and check the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall in a practical project. The results indicate that the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall can be calculated correctly by adopting the presented model, and the program based on this model can be used in energy conservation calculation and analysis in the actual projects.     

Method and Application of Independent Exergy Evaluation of Temperature and Humidity Control in HVAC Systems

The conception of independent exergy evaluation of temperature and humidity control in HVAC systems is proposed with the corresponding evaluation indexes presented. This type of evaluation process is illustrated in an air conditioning system with primary return air from the view of thermodynamics. The results show that exergy efficiency of sensible heat is larger than that of latent heat. The reason lies in the fact that the destructions in reheat process and condensed water are very serious. It is concluded that the surface air cooler is not an energy saving equipment in respect of exergy utilization, and the regeneration of the supply air stream at the state of dew point would improve its exergy efficiency of latent heat. The analysis indicates that this independent exergy evaluation is benefit for the exergy evaluation for HVAC systems, and it provides effective resolutions.     

呼和浩特地区不同类型日光温室光热性能研究

本研究主要对新引进的日光温室与当前厚墙体温室的光热性能进行对比研究,为呼和浩特地区日光温室的建设提供参考依据.根据4种类型日光温室小气候监测数据,分析温室内外日平均温度、温室内外日最低温度、温室内外日最高温度、温室内光照度等气象要素变化规律.双膜双被日光温室为室内温度水平最高的日光温室,越冬期间(1月12日-2月21日...