Wind Tunnel Tests of Long Span Half - through Arch Bridge Section Model

Wind induced vibration is one of the main control factors in the Long span bridge structure design. The wind tunnel tests for measuring the static wind forces on the bridge girder and the section model wind tunnel dynamic testing for Caiyuanba Yangtze River Bridge in Chongqing are introduced in this paper. The wind tunnel testing for measuring static wind forces and vortex- induced vibration test on the arch are introduced taking account of the influence between two arches. The main contents and outcomes of testing are presented. It is indicated that the bridge girder has excellent wind stability and the arch mechanical characters are rather complicated. The drag force on the hind arch varied a lot because of the font arch interference on the wind flow. The drag force on the hind arch will be negative when two arches are close to each other. It increases with the space of two arches. The results of testing will give the data of buffeting and vortex - induced vibration and flutter analysis of the bridge.     

Time Domain Analysis on Buffeting of Jinma Bridge

Jinma bridge is a long span cooperative-system cable-stayed bridge with one tower cooperated with T frames on both sides.Owing to artistic form and lying in typhoonprone area,it is essential to process the buffeting analysis.In this paper,the turbulent wind velocity was first simulated with cosine wave superposition method as multi-correlated random processes;then,the time domain expressions for the buffeting and self-excited forces were given.On this basis,the buffeting analysis of Jinma Bridge was made.The results show that the anti-wind capacity of the cooperative-system cable-stayed bridge is ensured although the torsional resistibility of the main girders of this bridge is not good.     

Turbulent Wind Velocity Spectrum Analysis Approach Based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

The emergence of large-span bridge and extreme weather attract much more attention of researchers on the bridge buffeting problem. One of the most important factors that affect bridge buffeting response is wind velocity spectrum. In the precious investigations, wind velocity of various frequency has impact on the bridge buffeting response. While Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD)method is proposed to decompose the wind velocity to solve the above problem and a cable-stayed bridge was used to investigate the contribution of effective model to bridge buffeting response. The result showed that not all frequency ranges of wind velocity spectrum contributed to the response which had relationship with both structural self-vibration mode and turbulence effective mode coefficient.     

Aerostatic stability analysis of long span half-through arch bridges

The main arch of a long-span arch bridge is a compression member. The static wind loads on the bridge not only causes changes of dynamic characters, but also leads the structure to collapse or buckling. Especially, when the arch bridge has longer span and less lateral braces,its stability is much different from the long span cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges. This paper takes Chongqing Caiyuanba Yangzi River Bridge as a typical example and conducted the wind section tunnel tests. The displacement response of the bridge is obtained and its yield and static stability mechanism under static wind is analyzed. The results show that those factors, such as initial attack angle of the static wind, material yield strength and the static forces coefficients, have great effects on the aerostatics stability of a long span half-through arch bridge.     

Nonlinear Aerostatic Stability of Suspension Bridge with Spatial Main Cables

The three component coefficients of section model of You Cha Bridge were obtained by using two five component balances.And the three dimensional aerostatic stability of You Cha Bridge was analyzed based on the modified increment and inner outer iteration method implemented in ANSYS.It is indicated that the aerostatic stability of You Cha Bridge with spatial main cables is more excellent compared with those of suspension bridges which have two parallel main cables.A full aero elastic model with geometrical scale of 1:90.35 was designed and used to experimentally determine the wind velocity inducing aerostatic divergence in smooth wind.And it is found that the critical wind velocity for attendant bridge is higher than the design wind velocity.     

Dynamic signatures method for analysis of vehicle bridge resonance

The dynamic behavior of railway bridges (dynamic deflection and acceleration) is one of the running safety control indices for high speed trains. Therefore, the dynamic behavior of railway bridges is studied based on the concept of the dynamic signatures of the train and the bridge. By simplifying the train excitation as a series of moving concentrated forces, the mathematical expressions of the dynamic signatures of the train are obtained through theoretical derivations, and then a method is presented for calculating the resonance speed of trains and the maximum vertical acceleration of the bridge. With this method, the dynamic responses of the simple supported bridge can be calculated quickly. The feasibility of this method is validated through some examples, in which the resonance mechanism of train bridge system and the influencing factors are investigated. In addition, the effect of high frequency components to the bridge acceleration is also analyzed.     

Axial Force Stiffness Interaction in Seismic Analysis of RC Double Column Bridges

Earthquake induced dynamic axial force in reinforced concrete (RC) bridge bent columns will not only change the yield strength of the columns but also change their stiffness, which is seldom considered by the common lumped plasticity line model. Based on the fiber element model results that taking into account the influence of dynamic axial force on strength and stiffness simultaneously, the axial force stiffness interaction effect on the seismic responses of RC double column bridges was analyzed. The results show that, axial force stiffness interaction has a large effect on the seismic responses of the double column bridge in the elastic range, and it does not alter the ultimate capacity of the columns. Since the stiffness of the columns under compression and tension dynamic axial forces offset each other, the global displacement of bridge bent with equal columns is relatively unaffected by the axial force stiffness interaction, however, the differences of the column member forces are manifest. For the short column controls the global stiffness, the axial force stiffness interaction has significant influences on both the global displacement and member force responses. The influences become larger as the irregularity of the bridge bent increases, so the interaction between axial force and member stiffness should be sufficiently considered in seismic analyses.     

Wind Tunnel Test for Section Model of Caiyuanbai Bridge Over Yangtse River

With the development of modern construction technique and the application of new material,arch bridges which progress towards small rigidity,long span and light weight,what's more is that long span bridge's rigidity under construction is much less than that in use stage.So it is very necessary to study the aerodynamic characteristics of long span bridge.The regularity of the three dimensional static component forces coefficient varying with attack angle and the girder's flutter properties of Caiyuanbai Bridge over Yangtse River are investigated with segmental molding's static wind-tunnel test and segmental molding's dynamic wind-tunnel test.Eight derivatives of the girder are also identified from the segmental molding's dynamic wind-tunnel test.Finally the assessment to wind resistant properties of the bridge is given based on detailed analysis of the test results.The conclusion which gets from analysis can provide an suggestion to design and construction this kind bridge.     

山区桥址处CFD计算域的选取方法

山区桥址处风场具有较强的随机性与不确定性,在选取其CFD计算域时,盲目参考已有的工程可能会造成较大的模型误差,或增加大量的计算开销。为解决该问题,提出了山区复杂地形CFD计算域选取的方法与步骤,验证了其准确性。具体方法为：设置一个大范围的基准计算域进行初算,通过后处理软件绘制平均风压系数极差随高度的变化曲线、壁面附近水平面上的静压偏差等值云图以及横风向各平面静压值与对应边界面的均方根差值曲线,分别筛选出基准计算域在高度方向、顺风向及横风向上对整体风场贡献可忽略的区域,余下部分则可用于该区风场的求解。     

Construction Stage Analysis on Replacement of Closure Segment in Prestressed Concrete Cable-stayed Bridges

To deal with failure of wet joint between a closure segment and its neighboring segments of main girder in an existing prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridge, the technology on replacement of closure segment was presented. In order to analyze structural characteristics of this technology, its technical approaches and construction key points were introduced. Then a FEM model for a typical prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridge was established, and a construction stage analysis method was given in detail, including establishing a structural basement calculation model for replacement of closure segment and simulating its construction procedures. Based upon calculation results, variations of some structural state parameters with construction stages, such as deck deflection of main girder, longitudinal horizontal displacement at the top of pylons, cable forces, were analyzed. The results showed, this method could reflect actual change process of structural state and existing inspected results of cable-stayed bridge, and FEM results could well meet with construction monitoring results during replacement of closure segment. Thus variations of structural characteristics with construction stages could actually be revealed. This method could provide references for design and construction control of replacement of closure segment in existing prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridges.     

Analysis of Differential Shrinkage Deflection for PC Box girder Bridges

The long term deflection behavior of long span continuous rigid frame bridges has often attracted the attentions in engineering field. Based on the moisture diffusion theory, the calculation method of differential shrinkage deflection was proposed for PC box girder bridges. Finite Element Method(FEM) model of 2 D moisture field were established for typical cross sections of a case bridge. And the distribution law and the time variation characteristics of moisture field were analyzed. Through the deformation coupling condition of moisture field, the drying shrinkage deflection of the bridge was calculated and analyzed. It was found that the differential shrinkage deformation was significant and great error would be with the conventional method. When considering the effect of differential shrinkage, the deflection in mid span was 3.1cm larger than that of the conventional method. Thus, the differential shrinkage was the main reason for long term deflection of long span continuous rigid frame bridges.     

Uncertainty Analysis of Long-term Deformation for Prestressed Concrete Beam

Owing to the randomness of shrinkage and creep of concrete, random analysis method should be adopted to give a reasonable result with probabilistic guarantee. Stochastic variables for long-term analysis with GL2000 model about creep and shrinkage of concrete were presented. Combining Monte Carlo sampling with the response surface method, the stochastic analysis model was performed which is on time-variant deflection of prestressed concrete bridge. The long-term deflection of a prestressed concrete bridge was analyzed by this model. Sensitivity analysis and parametric study were carried out. And the uncertainty of creep model, elastic modulus of concrete, magnitude of sustained load, and prestress forces are the most important factors for long-term deflection. Furthermore, controlling accuracy of prestress forces and delaying the loading time are helpful to inhibit long-term deflection.     

地震下高墩刚构桥桥台背土相互作用分析方法对比

针对重力式U型桥台背土相互作用,结合现行抗震规范,提出了4种分析模型及其力学本构关系和计算式。采用非线性时程法对比研究了某在建高墩双薄壁连续刚构桥的桥台背土相互作用效应。结果表明：只有弹簧模型可以求得与精细模型基本一致的高阶弹性模态;在纵桥向,滚轴模型和支座模型的结果都比精细模型小,弹簧模型相对精细模型的计算误差最小,关键内力误差不超过20%;在横桥向,支座模型的内力最接近精细模型,而弹簧模型和滚轴模型的结果都偏保守;桥台刚度对关键地震内力的影响幅度低于10%,而桥台有效参与质量的影响幅度也低于15%。综合考虑分析精度和计算成本,弹簧模型在抗震设计中更值得推荐。     

Fuzzy Assessment Method for Seismic Damage of CFST Arch Bridges

In order to investigate the conditions of damage and failure of concrete-filled steel tube(CFST) arch bridges, considering the structural and mechanical characteristics of CFST arch bridges, the dual damage criteria assessment models of the various components based on deformation or strength and energy were developed. The nonlinear seismic response of CFST arch bridges was analyzed by finite element method and the fuzzy evaluation method of seismic damage based on fuzzy theory and analytic hierarchy process was studied. Finally, taking a long-span CFST arch bridge as example, the damage index of the bridge was 0.150, 0.152, 0.172 and 0.318 respectively when the seismic peak acceleration was respectively 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.4g and 0.8g. The results show that the CFST arch bridge is slightly damaged under the earthquake when the seismic peak acceleration is 0.4g, and the bridge is damaged moderately when the peak acceleration is 0.8g.     

Nonlinear Analysis Method for Seismic Responses Considering Pounding between Girders of Curved Bridge with LRBs

A nonlinear constraint-surface impact element (CIE) was developed for simulating the pounding in axial direction between 3D shell-element-mesh bridge girders based on the engineering background of ChaoShan airport. Then, a method, different from the previous literatures, for calculating the stiffness of impact element was proposed based on the flexibility method. The methods proposed were adopted and used to analyze the elevated bridge of ChaoShan airport in GuangZhou for the purpose of investigating comprehensively the earthquake-resistance capability. The bridge girders were modeled by shell elements and CIEs were assigned to the positions of the corresponding expansion joints. Isolating elements were used to simulate LRBs, and typical bilinear LRB hysteresis stiffness model obtained from experiment were adopted to describe the dynamic hysteresis behavior. Pounding forces, dissipation capability of LRBs, lateral displacements of LRBs, pier base shear forces and moments as well as the pounding effect on these cases were investigated, respectively. The proposed methods and analysis results aim at improving the earthquake resistance of the elevated bridge, which provides reference for the similar project.     

模式识别的斜拉桥损伤诊断动力指纹与识别算法

为有效并准确诊断出斜拉桥损伤,对基于模式识别的斜拉桥损伤诊断方法进行了研究。选取易于测试出的低阶模态频率和部分关键点竖向振型数据为动力指纹,无需模态扩展或模型缩聚。研究并采用全因子设计进行动力指纹库的创建,可精确评估设定的损伤因子及其交互作用对损伤识别结果的影响。设计并增加了带随机误差的动力指纹库样本集。编制了基于Matlab的模式识别的多种算法,重点研究了精确度高的多层感知器识别算法及其提高该算法预测准确率的装袋集成算法。最后给出一座单塔双跨双索面斜拉桥的多种识别算法的损伤诊断过程和结果,得到一种可包容测试随机误差的高精确度斜拉桥损伤诊断评估模型。     

Gear-bearing coupling dynamics characteristics of wind turbine planetary gear transmission system under variable load

Considering that the transmission system of wind turbine works in complex and changing load environment caused by stochastic wind speed,this paper uses sparse least squares support vector machine(SL-SVM) to simulate wind speed of true wind field,and obtains time-varying wind load caused by stochastic wind speed. The lumped-parameter method is used to develop a dynamic model of planetary gear transmission system of wind turbine coupled with bearing. The model includes the varying wind load,time-vary mesh stiffness of gear pair and time-vary stiffness of rolling element bearing. The numerical method is used to simulate the dynamic performance of planetary gear system of Multibrid Technology Wind Turbine with 1.5 MW rated power. The vibration displacement responses of the transmission system are obtained as well as dynamic meshing force each pair of gear and nonlinear bearing forces. The research can provide a foundation for optimizing dynamic performance and reliable design of gear transmission system of wind generator.     

大攻角及桥面粗糙度对扁平钢箱梁涡振性能的影响

为探究大攻角及桥面粗糙度对扁平钢箱梁涡振性能的影响,对寸滩长江大桥主梁进行了风洞试验。应用Matlab软件模拟桥面粗糙度变化范围,根据模拟结果选取对应的砂纸在试验中模拟桥面粗糙度,分析了攻角及桥面粗糙度对扁平钢箱梁涡振区间及幅值的影响。试验研究表明:在大攻角下扁平钢箱梁的涡振振幅和范围明显增大,对桥址位于山区等容易发生大风攻角的地区的桥梁应进行大攻角试验。扁平钢箱梁的涡振响应随着桥面粗糙度增大而减小。正攻角范围内,桥面粗糙度对涡振响应的影响随着攻角减小而增大。桥面粗糙度发生变化时,扭转涡振响应更加敏感,变化幅度大于竖向涡振响应变化幅度。     

Seismic response of long span arch bridge under spatially variable seismic exicitation

Based on a spatial nonstationary model of seismic ground motion, the seismic acceleration time history are simulated by the wave superposition method. And then taking CaiYuanBa arch bridge in Chongqing as original model , this paper utilizes time history analysis method to analyze the seismic response characteristic of this type of long span arch bridge by support consistent or multi support seismic excitation .The numerical results indicate that the spatial variation of seismic ground motion have significant effect on the response of the arch bridge. Thrust of arch rib and vertical displacement, internal force of arch crown are increased greatly, but most internal forces of stiffener support are reduced.     

Effect of Shear Lag on Structural Behaviours in Indeterminate Box Girders

A finite element method considering interaction betwee bending and shear lag deformation was proposed and the finite element formulations including the effect of shear lag was deduced. The effect of shear lag on structural behaviours in indeterminate box girders was studied in detail based on the proposed method. Firstly, the shear lag effects on deflection and the shear lag coefficients were analyzed for both determinate and indeterminate beams. The results obtained by using the proposed method were compared with those by using the analytical method. Finally, the effect of shear lag on redistribution of internal forces including shear force, bending moment, and additional bending moment due to shear lag in indeterminate box girder bridges was studied. It is found that the effects of shear lag on deflection and stresses at a cross section are obvious for both determinate and indeterminate beams, while the effect of shear lag on internal forces in indeterminate box girder bridges is small and may be neglected.