中草药对禽大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

本文探讨定量分析单味及多味复方中草药的药理活性的方法,为临床应用提供理论依据。利用两倍稀释法测定16种中草药对4种禽大肠杆菌体外抑菌的MIC;并选取24种两味组合,12种3～5味组合进行试验。结果单味中药对禽大肠杆菌的体外抑菌的MIC在3.9g/L至375g/L之间;24种两味中药组合的MIC在11.7g/L至250g/L之间,少数组合对各血清型大肠杆菌有拮抗作用;12种3～5味中药组合的MIC在11.7g/L至46.8g/L之间,全部组合表现协同作用,显示中药配伍优势。     

中草药对禽大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为探讨单味及多味复方中草药对大肠杆菌的药理活性,为其临床应用提供理论依据,采用两倍稀释法测定了16种中草药对4种禽大肠杆菌体外抑菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并选取24种2味组合和12种3～5味组合中草药进行了试验.结果表明,所选16种中草药单味均对禽大肠杆菌有一定的抗菌活性,其MIC在3.9克/升至375.0克/升之间;所选24种2味中草药组合的MIC在11.7克/升至250.0克/升之间,而且少数组合对各血清型大肠杆菌有拮抗作用;12种3～5味中草药组合的MIC在11.7克/升至46.8克/升之间,且全部组合均表现有协同作用,显示了中草药配伍应用的优势.     

中草药对禽大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为探讨单味及多味复方中草药对大肠杆菌的药理活性，为其临床应用提供理论依据。采用两倍稀释法测定了16种中草药对4种禽大肠杆菌体外抑菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC），并选取24种2味组合和12种3-5味组合中草药进行了试验。结果表明，所选16种中草药单味均对禽大肠杆菌有一定的抗菌活性。其MIC在3.9克/升至375.0克/升之间；所选24种2味中草药组合的MIC在11.7克/升至250.0克/升之间，而且少数组合对各血清型大肠杆菌有拮抗作用。12种3-5味中草药组合的MIC在11.7克/升至46.8克/升之间，且全部组合均表现有协同作用，显示了中草药配伍应用的优势。     

中草药及复方组合对奶牛隐性乳腺炎源大肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为了研究金银花、白头翁、石榴皮及复方组合对引起奶牛隐性乳腺炎的大肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌的抑菌效果,试验用2倍稀释法测定中草药的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),采用单味中草药及两种中草药复方组合对大肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌进行抑菌试验测定其敏感性。结果表明:金银花、白头翁、石榴皮对大肠杆菌的MIC分别为25,20,25 mg/mL,对阴沟肠杆菌的MIC分别为50,40,50 mg/mL。三种单味中草药对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果不明显,抑菌效果依次为金银花石榴皮白头翁;三种单味中草药对阴沟肠杆菌的抑菌效果不明显,抑菌效果依次为白头翁石榴皮金银花。石榴皮和金银花的中草药组合对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径为8.74 mm,敏感;石榴皮和白头翁的中草药组合对阴沟肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径为7.84 mm,不敏感,但有一定程度的抑菌效果;白头翁和金银花的中草药复方组合对两种致病菌均不敏感。说明金银花、白头翁、石榴皮三种单味中草药对大肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆抑菌效果不明显,中草药复方组合的抑菌效果也不理想。     

三种中草药提取物及其复方组合对奶牛隐性乳腺炎病原菌的体外抑菌试验

为了研究单味中草药提取物及其复方组合对奶牛隐性乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌、沙雷氏菌的抑菌效果,选用三种中草药进行单味中药及复方组合体外抑菌效果的研究。结果表明:25. 00 mg/m L的地榆对金黄色葡萄球菌中度敏感; 6. 25 mg/m L的半枝莲对沙雷氏菌中度敏感;其余浓度的中草药对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙雷氏菌低度敏感。中草药复方组合抑菌试验中,浓度均为25. 00 mg/m L的半枝莲+地榆组合对金黄色葡萄球菌有一定的抑菌效果,其抑菌圈直径为9. 67 mm。说明试验选用的三种单味中草药提取物及复方组合对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙雷氏菌有一定的抑菌效果。     

中草药对奶牛乳房炎致病菌的体外抑菌效果

选择常用6味中草药煎剂及中药复方制剂,采用试管二倍稀释法,对所分离的3种致病菌进行抑菌试验,并测定了最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）. 体外抑菌试验结果表明：鱼腥草对大肠杆菌有较强的抑菌活性,MIC为62.5 g/L.野菊花、连翘、金银花对金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抑菌活性,MIC分别为15.7、31.3和31.3 g/L.金银花、连翘对无乳链球菌有较强的抑菌活性,MIC为15.7和31.3 g/L.而复方中金银花＋野菊花＋连翘相对其它4个组方对3种致病菌都有较强的抑菌活性.     

单味中草药对仔猪致病性大肠杆菌体外抑菌试验

为了筛选出对仔猪致病性大肠杆菌流行株体外抑菌活性强的单味中草药,本实验用水提法制备复方中草药药液,浓度为1g/mL;利用平板打孔法和试管二倍稀释法分别测定单味中草药抑菌圈直径大小和最小抑菌浓度(MIC).     

大肠杆菌对中草药敏感性试验及其方法研究

用平板法、管碟稀释法检测大肠杆菌、沙门氏杆菌、芽胞杆菌对23种单味中药、复方清热解毒类中药的敏感性、管碟法结合试管法，具浓度高、准确性好和平板法显示稳定的优点，比较适合中药MIC的测定。结果表明黄芩、秦皮、黄连、大黄、连翘、金银花、夏枯草、石榴皮等具有清热解毒、泻火燥湿功用的药物抑菌效果比较明显；以三黄汤为基础方的清热解毒类复方中草药抑菌作用明显，对大肠杆菌的MIC为125-500mg/ml，复方中草药比单味MIC高。同时还观察了中草药对有益菌的影响，选用了乳杆菌SM0101、芽胞杆菌007作为对照，结果表明，不同的菌株药敏性有明显差异，这是中草药特异性治疗的基础。     

37种中药及其复方对鸡致病性沙门氏菌的体外抑菌试验

为研究黄连等37种中药对鸡致病性沙门氏菌的体外抑菌效果，使用水提法制备37种中药的提取液，使其浓度为1 g/mL，通过平板打孔法测定37种中药的体外抑菌圈直径，采用二倍稀释法测定有抑菌效果的中药的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC），将抑菌效果较好的中药制备成双联复方中药，测定复方中药对沙门氏菌的MIC和MBC，并用棋盘稀释法测定双联复方中药在体外的联合抑菌指数（FICI）。结果显示：石榴皮、玫瑰茄、五味子的抑菌效果最好，五味子、玫瑰茄的MIC为31.25 mg/mL,MBC为43.75 mg/mL，石榴皮的MIC为250 mg/mL,MBC为350 mg/mL，鸡致病性沙门氏菌对其他药物存在不同程度的敏感性；复方中玫瑰茄+五味子的抑菌效果最好，玫瑰茄+石榴皮、石榴皮+五味子的抑菌效果与单方效果基本一致，抑菌圈直径范围为12.73～18.93 mm，联合抑菌作用效应为无关作用。研究表明单方中药石榴皮、玫瑰茄、五味子和三组复方中药都对鸡致病性沙门氏菌有较强的体外抑菌和杀菌作用，说明用对沙门氏菌抑菌效果较好的单味中药组成复方中药后，其抑菌效果未必会增强。     

中草药水提物对罗非鱼无乳链球菌的体外抑菌效果

研究中草药单药及复方联合用药对罗非鱼源无乳链球菌的体外抑菌效果。采用试管二倍稀释法分别测定10种中草药水提物对临床分离的罗非鱼源无乳链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),筛选出抑菌作用较好的7味中草药,并采用棋盘稀释法测定这7味中草药不同组合联用后对罗非鱼源无乳链球菌的部分抑菌浓度(FIC index)。结果表明,10味中草药水提物中,黄连和五倍子水提物抑菌效果最好,MIC值均为3.9 mg/mL,其次为石榴皮,MIC为15.6 mg/mL,连翘、诃子、鸡血藤及黄芩MIC均为62.5 mg/mL。金银花、板蓝根以及蒲公英抑菌效果较差。在复方联合用药试验中,黄连分别与诃子和黄芩联合,连翘分别与鸡血藤和黄芩联合,诃子分别与石榴皮、鸡血藤和黄芩联合均呈现协同作用;其余药物联用组合均呈现无关或拮抗作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -