Variation in the photoperiodic response on several characters in soybean,Glycine max (L.) Merrill

Summary The photoperiodic response on 12 characters in 40 soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, cultivars were investigated using 10-hour (short day) and 16-hour (long day) photoperiods. Seventeen cultivars showed no significant difference between photoperiods for all 12 characters. Seven cultivars showed significant difference for only one trait. Phenotypic changes in 17 cultivars may be due to factors other than photoperiod. Number of pods per plant, days to maturity, and number of nodes per plant were highly correlated with yield per plant in both photoperiods. Invariably, the cultivars which had significant differences in the numbers of flowers produced per plant between the two photoperiods also had significant differences in the numbers of pods per plant and yield. First node to flower, plant height at flowering, days to flowering, nodes at flowering, and the 100-seed weight were least influenced by the photoperiods in most of the cultivars, while the height at maturity, number of nodes at maturity, number of days to maturity, and yield were most influenced.AVRDC Journal paper 46 (78–88).     

黑龙江省中熟大豆品种主要农艺性状演变趋势分析

黑龙江省近20年来中熟大豆品种遗传改进的明显趋势是株高、有效节数、一二粒荚数、三四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数和单株粒重增加,底荚高度略有增加。分枝数、蛋白质含量呈现先增后减的趋势．脂肪含量呈现先减后增的趋势,百粒重变化不大。株高、有效节数、三四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重与单株粒重呈显著或极显著的正相关。各性状对单株粒重的贡献大小依次为单株粒数、单株荚数、三四粒荚数、株高、有效节数、百粒重。提高单株粒数、单株荚数、三四粒荚数．兼顾株高、有效节数、百粒重是该区大豆育种的主攻方向。     

花生单株生产力与主要农艺性状间的相关性研究

为了解各主要农艺性状对花生单株生产力影响的主次关系,利用来源于5个国家的126份花生栽培种资源为试验材料,通过表型相关性分析和灰色关联度分析相结合的方法,探讨了12个农艺性状与单株生产力之间的密切程度。结果表明：单株总果数和单株饱果数对花生单株生产力的影响最大,其次为结果枝数和百仁重;而主茎高、侧枝长、出仁率和公斤果数对其影响较小。单株总果数、单株饱果数、结果枝数与单株生产力的表型、遗传型和环境相关系数大小基本一致,而出仁率与单株生产力之间的环境相关系数为0.185,显著小于表型(0.521)和遗传型(0.650)相关系数;且从单个性状的广义遗传率来看,单株总果数、单株饱果数和结果枝数的广义遗传率均小于50%,百仁重的广义遗传率为88.8%。综上所述,在选育高产花生新品种的过程中,首先应注重大籽品系的选育,其次考虑单株果数和结果枝数多的品系。且通过单株果数和结果枝数性状来选育高产花生新品种时,需考虑环境因素对产量的影响。     

大豆遗传资源农艺性状的鉴定和筛选

对来自于中国黄淮海大豆产区、北方大豆产区和南方大豆产区的316个大豆品种的主要农艺性状进行了鉴定和比较。结果表明,育成品种的分枝数、分枝荚数、单株总荚数明显不及农家品种,而其它性状如主茎荚数、单株粒重、单株粒数和百粒重优于农家品种。以育成品种和农家品种分别所作的相关分析表明,主茎荚数、分枝荚数、单株总荚数均与单株粒数和单株粒重呈显著的正相关;主茎节数与株高、主茎荚数、单株总荚数、单株粒重、单株粒数呈显著正相关;分枝数与分枝荚数、单株总荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重呈极显著或非显著正相关,但与主茎荚数呈负向显著相关;单株粒数与单株粒重显著正相关,百粒重与单株粒重正向显著相关,与单株粒数负相关显著。通过比较和分析,就百粒重、生育期和株高筛选出一些具有极端值的品种,可以用作品种选育的亲本和大豆分子育种如转基因受体或分子标记作图群体的遗传材料。     

黑龙江省中熟大豆品种主要农艺性状演变趋势的研究

黑龙江省近20年来中熟大豆品种遗传改进的明显趋势是株高、有效节数、一二粒荚数、三四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数和单株粒重增加,底荚高度略有增加。分枝数、蛋白质含量呈现先增后减的趋势,脂肪含量呈现先减后增的趋势,百粒重变化不大。株高、有效节数、三四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重与单株粒重呈显著或极显著的正相关。各性状对单株粒重的贡献大小依次为单株粒数、单株荚数、三四粒荚数、株高、有效节数、百粒重。提高单株粒数、单株荚数、三四粒荚数,兼顾株高、有效节数、百粒重是该区大豆育种的主攻方向。     

Pod, Seed and Germination Characteristics of Selected Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (Linn.) Maton) Varieties

Cardamom is a popular and important tropical spice, traditionally propagated by rhizomes, although seeds which are considered recalcitrant are being increasingly used in planting programmes. Thus a study evaluated the effects of pod maturity on pod, seed and germination characteristics of three popular varieties, along with the influence of drying on seed germinability.
Green and yellow mature pods and seeds of all varieties had a high moisture content. The variety Mysore, which is considered high yielding, had larger pods with a greater number of heavy seeds. Although the pods of Vazukka were heavier than the Malabar variety due to greater seed weights, seed numbers were similar in both varieties. Seed moisture contents declined with increasing pod maturity, while seed weights and germinability increased.
The germinability of Mysore seeds were greater, while that of the other varieties were lower. The larger seeds of all varieties germinated 15–20 days earlier, giving rise to a greater percentage (20–25 %) of seedlings. Desiccation at 20 °C maintained germinability for a longer period (5–9 days) in all varieties, than when dried at 30 °C. The seeds of the variety Mysore was more tolerant to desiccation than other varieties. The study illustrated the importance of selecting large seeds from yellow mature pods of cardamom for propagation and the value of establishment immediately after harvest to obtain a greater number of seedlings.     

福建新育成花生品种主要性状表现及相关性分析

为了筛选出最适合本地推广应用的花生新品种,对福建省新育成的17个花生品种,采用随机区组排列方法进行试验。结果表明,‘泉花551’平均荚果产量4873.5 kg/hm2,居参试种首位,比对照‘泉花7号’增产15.58%,增产极显著,比对照增产极显著的品种还有‘莆花4号’、‘福花8号’、‘泉花8号’和‘闽花8号’。对各性状与产量进行相关和通径分析的结果表明：各主要农艺性状与产量存在着不同程度的相关,产量与各性状的相关系数由大到小依次为百仁重、百果重、总分枝数、侧枝长、主茎高、出仁率、单株结果数、公斤果数;各性状对产量的直接贡献从大到小依次为：总分枝数、侧枝长、主茎高、百果重、单株结果数、出仁率、公斤果数、百仁重、结果枝数。     

EMS诱发大豆不同品种M2代与M3代农艺性状变异比较

为了明确甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对大豆品种诱变的后代变异情况,利用0.5% EMS溶液处理4个大豆品种种子,对M2、M3代主要农艺性状的遗传变异进行分析比较。结果表明：各世代农艺性状均发生一定程度的变异,与M2代相比,M3代株高、分枝数、单株粒数、单株粒重及百粒重的平均变异系数变小,而主茎节数的平均变异系数变大,单株荚数的变异系数大致相当,然而这种趋势在各品种间却不尽相同;各世代都诱变出早熟或晚熟的变异株,各品种总熟期变异率由高到低M2代为‘黑河43’(0.71%)>‘北豆5’(0.63%)>‘合丰50’(0.57%)>‘合丰55’(0.53%),M3代为‘北豆5’(0.64%)>‘黑河43’(0.5%)>‘合丰55’(0.25%)>‘合丰50’(0.22%),说明熟期的变异至M3已下降。     

晋北绿豆主要农艺性状变异及对产量构成的影响

研究绿豆新品种（系）主要农艺性状的变异及其在产量构成中的作用,为绿豆高产体系的建立提供科学依据。以国家食用豆产业技术体系绿豆新品种（系）联合鉴定试验（2016-2017年）的25份绿豆新品种（系）为试验材料,对其株高、主茎节数、单株荚数等8个农艺性状进行了变异、相关及通径分析。结果表明,荚粒数变异系数最小,仅7.30%（2017年）,产量变异最广泛,变异系数为35.86%（2016年）;产量除与荚长（r=0.609）、荚粒数（r=0.679）呈极显著正相关外,与其他性状相关不显著;通径分析结果表明,对产量的直接通径系数荚长>株高>荚粒数>单株荚数>百粒重>主茎分枝数>主茎节数,并且株高、单株荚数、荚粒数、荚长和百粒重对产量的直接作用为正值,主茎节数、主茎分枝数对产量的直接作用为负值;综合分析表明,在绿豆高产育种中,荚粒数受外界环境影响较小,与产量的相关性最大,且直接与间接效应均表现优良,应作为主要研究对象。荚长和百粒重的直接效应和间接效应均为正值,也应作为主要筛选对象,同时还要兼顾其他性状的相互影响与均衡发展,充分挖掘种质资源潜力。     

Temporal profiles of pod production and pod set in soybean

The distribution of flower and pod production during flowering may be an important determinant of pod and seed number in grain crops. We characterized the dynamics of small pod production and survival to maturity on indeterminate and determinate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill)] cultivars growing in the field or greenhouse. Two soybean cultivars (maturity group IV, indeterminate and determinate) were grown in the field near Lexington, KY (38°N latitude) in 2001 and 2002 in 0.76 cm rows using late May and late June (2002 only) planting dates, and normal (24 plants m⁻²) and low (9 plants m⁻², 2002 only) plant populations. Cultivar Elgin 87 (indeterminate, maturity group II) was grown in a greenhouse in 3.0 L pots with one plant per pot. All unmarked pods that were ≥10 mm long were marked with acrylic paint at the base of the pod at 3-day intervals. Paint color was changed at each marking to provide a temporal profile of pod production and pod survival. The pod production (marked pods) period was longer in the indeterminate cultivar (nearly 50 days after R1) than the determinate cultivar (≤40 days after R1). Delayed planting shortened the pod-production period, but a two- to three-fold difference in pods per plant, created by changing plant population, did not affect it. The temporal distribution of small pods that survived to maturity (full sized pods with at least one normal seed) closely followed the distribution of pod production in all experiments. Some surviving pods initiated growth after the beginning of seed filling (i.e., between growth stage R5 and R6), but most of the pods were initiated in a much shorter interval (up to 84% were initiated in <40% of the period) before R5. Abortion of pods >10 mm long was relatively low (20–30%), so production of a pod ≥10 mm long seems to be a key event in the pod set process. The average length of the pod set period at individual nodes on the main stem was larger for the determinate cultivar (14 days) than for the indeterminate (9 days), so the longer total period in the indeterminate cultivar resulted from the delay in initating pod production at the upper nodes on the main stem. Temporal profiles of pod production and pod set seem to be more sensitive to changes in flower and main stem node production than to changes in photosynthesis per plant (created by varying plant population). These results provide some of the information needed to integrate time into models predicting pod and seed number.     

Within and between genotypes variation in crude protein content of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Summary A study of sources of variation in protein content within and between genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. was carried out.The results show that bean to bean variation is large within a plant but that it is not due to systematic effects within pods or between nodes in determinate varieties. Pod to pod variation within nodes does occur. For indeterminate varieties, with large numbers of nodes, the protein content of seeds decreases with increasing node number from the base to the top of the plant. Plant to plant variation may be large, but depends on the genotype used. There is a large range of variability present within the species and selection for high protein content should be effective.     

南阳盆地适宜机械化收获绿豆品种（系）农艺性状分析

绿豆机械化生产是未来绿豆生产可持续发展的方向。在南阳盆地种植28个绿豆品种（系）,分析其农艺性状与第1批荚果产量的关系,为适宜机械化的绿豆育种提供参考。结果表明,第1批荚果产量与其主要性状的关联顺序为单株荚数>单荚粒数>主茎节数>株高>生育期>荚长>百粒重>主茎分枝数,其中与单株荚数呈极显著的正相关性（P<0.01）,与单荚粒数、主茎节数、株高、生育期和荚长呈极显著的负相关性;通过表型聚类发现,绿豆品种（系）遗传基础狭窄,在改良适宜机械化生产性状的同时,应拓宽品种（系）的遗传背景。     

引进前苏联陆地棉种质资源主要农艺及经济性状鉴定研究

针对国内棉花生产发展的需要,在石家庄地区自然条件下,我们对引进前苏联的１２９份和国内的７２份陆地棉种质资源的农艺性状、产量及产量因子和纤维品质等性状进行了系统的同步鉴定研究,结果表明：引进材料同国内材料相比,生育期相差不大,引进材料具有株高较矮、果枝节位较低,铃重较高,纤维较整齐,强度高,细度好的特点,而且,在果枝数、叶枝数、单株铃数、单铃重、衣分、子指、纤维整齐度、纤维伸长率等性状的变异潜力和变化幅度均大于国内种质资源。通过系统同步鉴定,筛选出早熟、矮秆、高衣分、高子指、长纤维、高强度和细度好等不同特性的优异材料４４份,改善了我国棉花种质资源缺乏的现状。     

利用混合线性模型分析绿豆主要农艺性状的遗传及相关性

以19个绿豆品种(系)为亲本, 采用非完全双列杂交试验设计及混合线性模型,研究绿豆主要农艺性状的遗传规律及其性状间的相互关系。结果表明, 绿豆全生育日数、株高、主茎节数和百粒重均以加性效应为主, 狭义遗传率较高且达极显著水平;单株荚数、单株产量和总产量的加性效应和显性效应均显著或极显著, 狭义遗传率相对较低;单荚粒数主要受显性效应影响, 广义遗传率较高;播种至开花天数与株高间存在显著或极显著遗传和表型正相关;单株荚数、单荚粒数与百粒重显著或极显著负相关;单株荚数与单株产量、总产量显著或极显著正相关;百粒重与单株产量、总产量相关性不大;针对全生育日数、株高、主茎节数和百粒重的选择可在早期世代进行, 而对产量的选择可以根据单株荚数和单株产量在晚期世代进行。     

旱作大豆播种密度对产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了提高旱作区大豆种植效益,充分利用当地降水资源,在甘肃东部地区开展播种密度对不同成熟期大豆品种产量及水分利用效率的影响研究。结果表明,不同类型大豆品种随播种密度增加,其主要经济性状单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数和单株粒重均呈下降趋势;播种密度对不同类型品种田间耗水量影响不显著;在播种密度9.0万株/hm²~27.0万株/hm²的范围内,晚熟品种‘汾豆78’、‘晋豆23’适宜种植密度为18.0万株/hm²,早熟品种‘中黄30’、‘晋豆19’适宜种植密度为22.5万株/hm²;适宜播种密度能够明显提高旱作区大豆籽粒产量和水分利用效率。     

Evaluation of and selection criteria for drought resistance in Chinese semiwinter rapeseed varieties at different developmental stages

The impacts of water deficit imposed at either the germination stage or the reproductive stage on biological traits of 37 semiwinter rapeseed varieties were analysed. The osmotic stress induced by 14% polyethylene glycol had a substantial impact on seed germination and caused significant reductions in plant growth and seed vigour. Relative water content was identified as a good indicator for early screening of drought resistance. At the reproductive stage, seed yield, 1000‐seed weight, height of the first branch, plant height and number of pods per plant were all markedly reduced under the exceptionally long and severe drought condition. Two of the top three resistant genotypes at the germination stage were also shown to be resistant based on the drought susceptibility index for seed yield. Phenotypic correlation and path analyses were employed to rank the relative importance of other agronomic traits with regard to seed yield. The important contributors to seed yield under drought conditions, in descending order, were as follows: 1000‐seed weight, days to maturity, number of pods per plant and plant height.     

不同种植密度对3个小豆品种植株形态及产量的影响

采用两因素随机区组设计,以直立型小豆品种冀红20、冀红21和唐红201602为材料,分析6个种植密度对不同小豆品种植株形态特征及产量性状的影响。结果表明,品种和种植密度对小豆形态特征和产量性状的影响较大;底荚高度和第一节间长随着密度的增加而增加,主茎节数、主茎分枝数、单株结荚数、单荚粒数和百粒重随着种植密度的增加而减小,产量随种植密度的增加呈先增加后减少趋势;相同品种不同种植密度间和相同种植密度不同品种间的产量差异极显著（F值分别为49.36、99.35）,品种与种植密度互作对产量的影响差异显著（F=3.91）。种植密度与株高、底荚高度呈极显著正相关,与第一节间长呈正相关,与茎粗、主茎分枝数和主茎节数呈极显著负相关。增加种植密度可增加小豆株高、底荚高度和第一节间长,有效减少主茎分枝数,有利于机械化收获。     

应用大豆表型设计育种技术选育大豆品种齐黄34

大豆产量由群体结构和个体生产力共同决定。其中,群体结构由个体的结荚习性、株高、主茎节数、分枝数、叶柄和叶片等株型性状决定;个体生产力由单株有效荚数、每荚粒数和粒重等性状决定,这些性状都具有特定的遗传和变异规律。表型设计育种是根据农作物表型性状的遗传和变异规律,设计出理想的表型性状值并培育出理想品种的育种技术。大豆品种齐黄34就是根据生态环境、生产条件和市场需求,采用表型设计育种技术选育成的高产大豆品种,具有株型紧凑、个体生产潜力大等特点。     

黄淮海夏大豆产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为探讨大豆主要农艺性状对大豆产量影响的主次关系,运用灰色关联度分析法,对黄淮海地区16 个品种12 点试验进行产量与农艺性状的分析,从而为黄淮海地区大豆育种提供理论依据。结果表明：产量与主要农艺性状的关联度大小依次是单株粒重＞分枝数＞株高＞生育日数＞单株荚数＞单株粒数＞主茎节数＞底荚高度＞百粒重。可见,对大豆新品种选育时,应优先考虑单株粒重,分枝数,株高和生育日数。     

利用InDel技术评价甜菜品种的一致性

为了探索InDel分子标记技术在鉴定甜菜品种一致性中的可行性，本研究以8个甜菜品种为试材，每个品种取24个单株，分别提取基因组DNA，利用9对InDel引物对每个甜菜品种的24个单株分别进行InDel-PCR扩增，根据扩增条带分析每个甜菜品种的一致性分布特征。结果表明8个甜菜品种所有位点的平均一致性比率在67.7%~88.1%之间。单一引物在不同品种中表现出的一致性比率具有一定差异。例如，利用ND286引物在品种985和品种1123中检测出的一致性比率为100%，但是在其他品种中检测出的一致性比率分布在46%~63%之间。不同引物在同一品种中表现出的一致性比率可能相同，但其区分出的不一致植株可能相同也可能不同。比如，在平均一致性最好的品种1015中，ND31和ND71引物在24个植株中检测出的一致性比率相同，但ND31引物区分出的差异植株为13、14和15号植株，而ND71引物区分出的差异植株为8、15和21号植株。因此利用单个位点引物对甜菜品种一致性进行鉴定不具有普遍性和科学性，应该综合多个位点的表现进行一致性鉴定，且现阶段甜菜品种一致性鉴定的标准不宜设置过高。