高温蒸汽软化竹材的力学性能及结构表征

为增加竹材的塑性以达到更好的软化效果,采用高温蒸汽软化法将竹材在不同软化温度和时间下进行软化处理,以抗弯弹性模量(MOE)作为评价指标对软化效果进行了研究,并借助傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)对软化后竹材的主要官能团和结晶特性进行了表征和分析。结果表明:竹材的MOE随软化温度的升高而降低,在软化温度为160℃时降低最显著,同未处理材相比降幅达48.5%;MOE随软化时间的增加先降低后升高,在软化时间为6 min时降低最明显,降幅同未处理材相比达45.5%。当软化温度和软化时间分别为160℃和6 min时,竹材的软化效果较好。随着软化温度的升高和时间的延长,竹材半纤维素结构变化最为明显,有利于竹材的软化,竹材纤维素相对结晶度呈先增大后减小的趋势。因此,适宜的软化温度和时间对竹材的软化效果极为重要。     

饱和蒸汽热处理工艺对毛竹材理化性能及防霉性能的影响北大核心

采用热处理温度为140、160、180℃,热处理时间为20、25、30 min的饱和蒸汽热对毛竹材进行高温改性处理,分析了不同热处理工艺对毛竹材化学成分、结晶度和力学性能的影响,对比了不同热处理工艺条件下毛竹材的防霉效果。结果表明:1)热处理温度在140℃时,竹材中化学成分变化不大。当热处理温度在160℃以上时,竹材中半纤维素和纤维素的含量随热处理时间增加而减少,木质素相对含量呈上升趋势;2)热处理温度和时间都对竹材样品的结晶度有积极的影响;3)热处理温度在140℃时,竹材的弹性模量和静曲强度均比未处理时增加。随着热处理温度的升高和时间的延长,竹材的弹性模量和静曲强度下降,力学性能呈下降趋势。在180℃处理30 min后,处理材的弹性模量和静曲强度较未处理材降低23.15%和19.00%;4)饱和蒸汽热处理竹材的防霉能力与未处理材相比均有提高;热处理温度对竹材的防霉性能的影响大于热处理时间;经180℃处理30 min的竹材其霉变速度最慢,防霉效果最好。     

交联壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇的制备及其在竹材中的构建

以戊二醛为交联剂制备壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇互穿聚合物,并对其溶胀性进行表征。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)研究聚合物的微观形貌和化学结构特征。将戊二醛、壳聚糖及聚乙烯醇混合后通过真空浸渍的方式注入竹材中并发生交联反应,测试处理材的干缩湿胀和防霉防腐性能。结果表明:壳聚糖可均匀分散在聚乙烯醇中,成膜均匀,两者相容性较好;处理材在浸水-干燥3次循环下干缩率为6.9%~7.4%,在吸湿-干燥3次循环下的干缩率为1.4%~1.5%,吸水和吸湿抗胀率最高达34.5%;壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇互穿聚合物在竹材中的构建提高了竹材的防霉和防腐效果。未处理材在试验开始后霉菌便迅速长满,处理材霉菌孢子萌发推迟,生长缓慢,处理后竹材经褐腐菌密粘褶菌和白腐菌彩绒革盖菌侵染后的质量损失率为10.0%和5.4%,与未处理材相比分别减少了8.0%和8.1%。竹材内原位构建壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇聚合物网络,既能够提高竹材的尺寸稳定性,又增加了竹材的防霉和防腐性能,同时为解决竹材尺寸稳定性差和易霉变腐朽问题提供新途径。     

硅凝胶固着铜防霉剂处理竹材的固着性能分析

以溶胶凝胶法制备硅凝胶固着铜防霉剂,研究了该防霉剂处理毛竹竹材的抗流失性能,并采用扫描电镜能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)以及X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析测定了防霉剂在竹材中的固着性能。结果表明,硅凝胶固着铜防霉剂处理竹材的流失率为9.68%,约为氨溶烷基胺铜(ACQ)、铜铬砷(CCA)处理材的1/5、1/3,硅凝胶提高了铜的抗流失性;硅凝胶固着铜防霉剂进入竹材后主要沉积在导管中,主要元素也通过与纤维素羟基形成了氢键结合、与木质素和纤维素之间的范德华力发生物理吸附等方式进行固着;另外,硅凝胶固着铜与竹材纤维素上活性较强的伯醇羟基发生反应生成羧酸铜,形成Si-O、Si-O-Cu键,硅凝胶改善了铜在竹材中的固着性。这将为毛竹竹材及其制品的防护提供更多选择。     

高温热处理对毛竹材颜色和平衡含水率的影响

以毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)材为研究对象,探讨热处理温度(100~200℃)和时间(2h、3h)对去青去黄后的毛竹材表面颜色和平衡含水率的影响规律。结果表明:热处理能使毛竹材表面颜色均匀加深,随着处理温度和时间的增加,毛竹材的明度(L*)、黄蓝色品指数(b*)和平衡含水率显著下降,红绿色品指数(a*)先上升后下降,总体色差(?E*)显著上升,说明热处理后竹材表面颜色逐渐由原色过度到棕褐色;在本研究范围内,通过高温热处理毛竹材的明度、黄蓝色品指数、红绿色品指数最大降低56.45%、54.34%、37.40%,平衡含水率降低46.57%。     

竹材碎料表面处理对竹塑复合材性能影响的研究

笔者以竹材碎料和热塑性废塑料为原料,通过热压方式将其加工成竹塑复合材,分别比较了竹材碎料表面高温处理、聚乙烯醇处理、马来酸酐处理、酯化处理、酚醛树脂处理对竹塑复合材物理力学性能的影响。结果表明:酚醛树脂和马来酸酐处理对竹材碎料与塑料结合界面有明显的改善作用,提高了竹塑复合材的物理力学性能,酚醛树脂处理后竹塑复合材的静曲强度为14.1MPa,弹性模量为2.4GPa,拉伸强度为6.8MPa,马来酸酐处理后竹塑复合材的静曲强度为14.9MPa,弹性模量为2.5GPa,拉伸强度为6.5MPa。     

密闭高温软化处理竹材的玻璃化转变温度

动态热机械分析(DMA)可以用来评判水热处理竹材的效果.DMA研究表明:高温软化处理的竹材,其储能模量明显降低,在40℃时,经高温软化处理后竹材的储能模量比未软化处理后的竹材降低了60.4%;未软化处理竹材的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为119.8℃,软化处理竹材的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为88.4℃,软化处理竹材的Tg比未软化处理竹材的Tg下降了26.2%.     

几种防霉剂对丛生竹防霉效果研究

采用4种不同防霉剂(CCA/SMR、DDAC/IPBC、NCM/IPBC和NCM)对丛生竹梁山慈竹进行防霉处理,研究了防霉剂种类、防霉处理工艺对竹材防霉效果的影响,同时对3种防霉效果检测方法包括实验室培养皿法、野外遮荫法和野外暴露法进行了对比。研究结果表明,本试验条件下CCA/SMR和NCM防霉剂的防霉效果约为2个月,使用浓度分别为1.5%/0.3%和5.0%,可用于竹材贮存、运输、加工过程中的防霉;混合防霉剂DDAC/IPBC和NCM/IPBC的防霉效果更好,可考虑用于竹制品使用过程中的防霉;采用加压处理工艺的竹材,其防霉效果明显优于浸泡处理工艺;3种防霉效果测试方法得出的处理竹材的防霉结果基本一致,但测试的侧重点、针对的霉菌种类和环境影响因素有所不同。对于户外用竹制品防霉效果的测试,以野外暴露测试为主;室内用竹制品或竹材贮运过程中的防霉效果的测试,以实验室培养皿和野外遮荫法测试为主。     

高温油热处理对竹材淀粉含量及防霉性能的影响

为了探索高温油热处理改性工艺对5年生新鲜毛竹材淀粉含量及防霉性能的影响,研究采用甲基硅油为加热介质,在不同热处理时间(2,4和6 h)和不同热处理温度(140,160,180和200℃)条件下对毛竹进行高温油热处理。利用分光光度计法测量竹材中的淀粉含量,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察热处理前后竹材微观结构变化,同时对比了不同油热处理工艺下竹材的防霉效果。试验结果表明:未处理竹材的淀粉含量为3.16%,经过油热处理的竹材淀粉含量均少于未处理竹材,且淀粉含量随着油热处理温度和时间的增加而逐渐降低。在200℃、6 h油热处理条件下,处理后竹材的淀粉含量为0.09%,相比于未处理竹材下降97.23%,高温油热处理能够有效降低竹材中淀粉含量;通过SEM观察发现高温油热处理后竹材薄壁细胞组织发生变形破裂,竹材的渗透性提高,细胞腔中淀粉颗粒显著减少,且竹材纹孔及表面有油介质附着提高防霉性能;在竹材防霉试验中,经过油热处理竹材的防霉能力与未处理材相比均有提高。当热处理温度大于160℃时,防霉效果显著,且竹材淀粉含量越低,对霉菌的防霉效果越好。     

CCA 防腐剂在木材中的固着机理

加铬砷酸铜(CCA)作为木材防腐剂在世界范围内已经广泛使用了70余年,目前在我国其仍然是主要的木材防腐剂之一.然而.CCA 中有效成分铬和砷的氧化物所具有的剧毒性,使其在使用过程中流失到外界后会对环境及生物安全造成威胁,而防腐剂中有效成分的流失在很大程度上是由于防腐处理材在使用前防腐剂的有效成分与木材成分之间的固着反应不充分而造成的.对CCA中有效成分在处理材中的固着反应过程、监测方法及反应场所等做了详细介绍,旨在为水基木材防腐剂有效成分在处理材中的固着、流失研究提供借鉴,并为CCA防腐处理材的生产提供理论指导.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.