狂犬病口服疫苗的研究进展

狂犬病口服疫苗的研究进展邹莹（新疆畜牧科学院情报研究所，乌鲁木齐８３００００）狂犬病至今仍是一种广泛分布于世界各地严重威胁人畜健康的传染病。据世界卫生组织估计，狂犬病在全世界８７个国家和地区的２４亿人群中流行，每年约有５万人死于狂犬病，而且还不断有新...     

狂犬病疫苗研究进展

接种狂犬病疫苗是目前防治狂犬病的唯一有效措施。根据狂犬病疫苗发展的不同阶段，从巴斯德首次研制的狂犬病神经组织疫苗到高度纯化的细胞疫苗，将狂犬病疫苗进行了分类，并对各类狂犬病疫苗的作用机理、生产应用以及优缺点分别予以了阐述。     

兽用口服狂犬病活疫苗研究与应用概况

兽用口服狂犬病活疫苗研究与应用概况应贤平，程鹏飞（卫生部上海生物制品研究所，上海２０００５１）狂犬病是由狂犬病毒侵犯中枢神经系统产生的一种人畜共患烈性传染病￣［１］．抗狂犬病免疫是人类历史上最早研究的抗感染免疫之一。尽管目前用于人畜的疫苗安全有效，但...     

日本狂犬病对策

１预防狂犬病对策概要为了防止狂犬病的发生，以及万一发生而阻止其蔓延，根据《狂犬病预防法》，有以下对策：１．１犬主有义务对其所养犬进行终生登记，并注射狂犬病疫苗。１．２对没有登记且未注射狂犬病疫苗的犬进行扑杀，防止由于这类犬的存在而发生狂犬病．１．３对进口犬、猫、狐狸、烷熊和臭鼬鼠实施进口检疫，防止世界上一些地区所发生的狂犬病侵入日本国。２预防狂犬病对策的必要性自１９５７年开始没有发生狂犬病以来。对于预防注射狂犬病疫苗越发显示出其必要性。２．１狂犬病在当今世界上一些地区仍时有发生。世界卫生组织（Ｗ…     

狂犬病的流行现状和防控措施

介绍了目前国内外狂犬病的流行现状和防控措施,以及狂犬病的诊断方法和治疗手段,其中重点阐述了目前正在使用和研制的各类狂犬病疫苗的具体情况,同时对我国的狂犬病防控工作提出了意见和建议。     

新型伪狂犬病疫苗及其评价

伪狂犬病病毒（ＰＲＶ）为α疱疹病毒,能引起多种动物的伪狂犬病。该传染病遍布世界主要养猪国家。我国１９４７年首次发现本病,现已蔓延到十几个省市,给畜牧业造成巨大的经济损失。免疫接种是防制伪狂犬病的主要策略。尽管疫苗不能完全阻止ＰＲＶ强毒感染和排毒,但它...     

新型冻干人用狂犬病疫苗

目前，全球有25亿人生活在可能感染狂犬病病毒的环境中，每年至少有5万人因染病而死亡，其中99％的病例发生在发展中国家，亚洲约占发病总数的56％，而非洲约占44％。全球狂犬病发病率在上升，据WHO估计，每年有1000万人接受狂犬病疫苗注射。接种疫苗是预防狂犬病唯一有效的方式。每年国内狂犬病疫苗需求旺盛，但目前国内狂犬病疫苗生产企业较少，     

重视非典型猪伪狂犬病

猪伪狂犬病是近年来危害猪场的重要疾病之一。随着人们对伪狂犬病的重视程度越来越高,伪狂犬病疫苗的推广应用,加上伪狂犬病已经不是新病,几乎都是伪狂犬的老疫区,猪对伪狂犬病有一定抵抗力,典型的伪狂犬病越来越少。然而由于疫苗质量高低不一,免疫程序不完善,生物安全体系不健全等原因。伪狂犬的野毒在猪场普遍存在,与猪的抵抗力处于动态平衡状态,一旦平衡打破,出现症状不典型的伪狂犬病,这种现象在云南省非常普遍,包括仔猪、育肥猪和母猪,也包括规模化猪场和农村散养户。由于症状不典型,在临床上很难判定。而实际上已经成为了我省猪场利润…     

狂犬病研究动态

狂犬病是一种急性传染性疾病,狂犬病病毒属于弹状病毒科,可感染所有温血动物,其主要临床特征表现为恐水怕惊、咽肌痉孪、持续性或阵发性抽搐等症状。世界各地均有狂犬病的发生,其主要传染源是犬科和猫科动物。中国近十年来狂犬病发病率有所上升,主要原因是养犬数量剧增、免疫接种比率下降。目前,狂犬病的发病机制还不是很清楚,期望在阐明发病机理的基础上研制出特效药物。目前惟一能够控制狂犬病的方法是进行狂犬病疫苗的有效预防接种,文章就有关狂犬病疫苗的研制进展进行了分析与述评。     

我国伪狂犬病现状及伪狂犬病疫苗的应用

伪狂犬病(Pseudorabies,PR)又叫奥叶兹基氏病(Aujeszkysdisease,AD)是由伪狂犬病病毒(PrV)又名猪疱疹病毒I型(SuisherpesvirusI)所引起的多种家畜、野生动物、伴侣动物和实验动物的一种急性传染病。在自然条件下,本病最常见于猪、牛、羊、犬、猫和鼠类,现以猪感染最为普遍。临床上多以发热、骚痒(猪除外)和急性脑脊髓炎为主要症状。猪和鼠是此病的主要自然宿主和传染源。该病具有高度的传染性,一旦在猪群中出现,将很快通过空气和接触经呼吸道传染给其它猪只和猪场,近来的研究表明,伪狂犬病病毒还能通过乳汁和生殖道感染。特别是在集约…     

狂犬病研究进展

狂犬病是一种急性致死性脑炎疾病。狂犬病病毒(rabies virus)是一种嗜神经性病毒,属于弹状病毒科(Rhabdovi-ridae)狂犬病病毒属(Lyssavirus)。多种野生动物和家畜等可以发生狂犬病病毒的自然感染与传播,并且可以通过咬伤、抓伤或密切接触等形式感染人类而引起狂犬病。在全球范围内,每年约有60000人不幸死于狂犬病,而这些事件大部分发生在亚洲和非洲。狂犬病是人畜共患的自然疫原性传染病,目前尚无有效的治疗方法,一旦发病,死亡率近乎100%,预防狂犬病的发生尤其重要,狂犬病基本上是可以通过暴露后的预防进行阻止的。     

狂犬病发病机理的研究进展

狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的一种重要的人兽共患传染病,在人主要表现为急性、几乎不可逆转的脑脊髓炎,目前没有有效的治疗方法,病死率几乎100%。目前对狂犬病病毒感染和狂犬病发病机理的认识还很不透彻,但近年来的研究也取得了不少进展,主要涉及狂犬病病毒受体、神经细胞功能失调的原因和神经细胞凋亡机制、狂犬病病毒与机体免疫系统相互作用机制,狂暴型和麻痹型狂犬病的发病机制,这些都将为狂犬病的治疗研究起到推动作用。     

狂犬病病毒分子生物学研究进展

狂犬病是一种感染中枢神经系统的烈性人兽共患传染病,所有温血动物均可感染,一旦发病目前无有效方法治疗,病死率几乎100%。狂犬病病毒基因组编码的5种结构蛋白在病毒转录和复制中发挥重要作用,其抗原性及基因序列可作为病毒分型的重要依据,文章对其特点作一综述。     

Re-emergence of rabies in Mazowieckie Voivodeship,Poland, 2021

Due to the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies most of the territory of Poland was freed from rabies of non-flying mammals. In January 2021, rabies was diagnosed in fox in the central part of Mazowieckie Voivodeship where rabies has not been detected since last 17 years. Subsequently, in the following months the rabies virus infection spread southward reaching the voivodeship of Świętokrzyskie in November 2021. Emergency actions were implemented aiming at rapid rabies elimination.     

A Descriptive Study of Urban Rabies during the Civil War in Sierra Leone: 1995–2001

A study was conducted to assess the effects of the breakdown in internal infrastructure on the incidence of canine-transmitted human rabies in urban areas of Sierra Leone during the course of the civil war between 1995 and 2001. Data from provincial hospitals in the Western Area and Southern Province indicated that there was a significant increase in the incidence of canine-transmitted urban human rabies chi2 = 39.63, p < 0.0001, particularly among children chi2 = 23.73, p < 0.0001, over the course of the war. In the Western Area in 2001, towards the end of the war, there was a significant increase in adult cases, which was reflected in the observed versus the expected chi2 ratio (70 versus 53). Interview-based questionnaire surveys in Freetown administered between 2001 and 2002 indicated that dogs were commonly kept for security reasons, and were largely unrestrained and unlicensed, regardless of the socioeconomic status of the owner. Virtually all dogs were unvaccinated and were mainly living in close proximity with humans. This study indicated that there is an urgent requirement for appropriate mass rabies vaccination campaigns for pet dogs and for campaigns to manipulate the urban habitat to control free-roaming and wandering but owned dog populations in Freetown and other urban areas in the provinces of Sierra Leone. Interview-based questionnaires administered in three districts of Freetown indicated a relatively high degree of uniformity in dog husbandry and veterinary care habits across a wide range of socioeconomic status categories in dog owners.     

Evaluation of 6 ONRAB Ultralite bait flavor matrices delivered to coyotes (Canis latrans): Implications for oral rabies vaccination

The spread of rabies in terrestrial wildlife throughout the United States is primarily controlled through oral rabies vaccination. Relatively low bait acceptance and seroconversion rates by some target species have prompted investigation into an alternative to the RABORAL V-RG bait currently used. In Canada, ONRAB Ultralite baits are used to vaccinate raccoons (Procyon lotor) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Comparative studies between RABORAL V-RG and ONRAB found higher seroconversion rates among raccoons that ingested ONRAB, suggesting that it may be a suitable alternative. However, ONRAB has not been evaluated in many rabies reservoir species, including coyotes (Canis latrans). Vaccination of coyotes is a critical element in preventing reemergence of canine strain of rabies in the United States. We evaluated flavor preference of ONRAB Ultralite oral rabies vaccine baits by coyotes. Preferences among bait types differed (Friedman χ² = 13.28; df = 5; P = 0.02). Of the 6 bait flavors evaluated, cheese ranked the highest, followed by fish, chicken, sugar-vanilla, egg, and bacon flavors. Pairwise trials among the top 3 flavors (cheese, fish, and chicken) showed no difference (Friedman χ² = 3.00; df = 2; P = 0.22). Our research suggests that among the bait flavors we evaluated, cheese, fish, or chicken-flavored baits may be an appropriate flavor for delivery of ONRAB Ultralite baits to coyotes.     

狂犬病套式PCR检测技术的研究

设计两对引物M1/M2、N1/N2建立起套式PCR,该方法能检测出含0.3LD50狂犬病病毒,比普通PCR的敏感性提高了10000倍,通过27份阳性病料的序列分析,所检测出的病毒全部是狂犬病病毒,具有很强的特异性。表明套式PCR技术具有快速、敏感、特异的特点,可广泛应用于实验室狂犬病的诊断及流行病学调查。     

Recurrent Temporary Paralysis Reported After Human Rabies Post‐Exposure Prophylaxis

Adverse events can occur after rabies post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and linkage to causality is often difficult to determine. We report a case of recurrent temporary paralysis that began immediately after the initiation of rabies PEP in a man exposed to a bat. The recurrent temporary paralysis first occurred in the patient after his initial dose and then again after day 3 of his rabies PEP. The PEP was terminated prior to a serologic response. The patient continued to experience numerous discrete episodes of temporary paralysis for over two years.