不同生态条件和栽培密度对水稻氮磷钾吸收利用特性的影响

以4个不同类型水稻品种为材料,研究了在西昌和雅安2种不同生态条件下栽培密度对水稻氮磷钾营养特性的影响。结果表明:西昌点水稻成熟期氮和磷的平均总积累量小于雅安点,钾平均总积累量略高于雅安点;氮、磷、钾的收获指数、稻谷生产效率和干物质生产效率均表现为西昌点明显高于雅安点。随密度增加,水稻氮、磷、钾总积累量增加,不同栽培密度水平下氮素干物质生产效率无显著差异,但氮、磷、钾的收获指数、稻谷生产效率及磷、钾的干物质生产效率均随密度增加呈减小的趋势。     

不同施肥水平对杂交水稻氮、磷、钾吸收积累的影响

为探索不同施肥量下2个杂交水稻植株氮、磷、钾的吸收积累特性,采用田间小区试验研究了两个杂交稻品种抽穗期和成熟期的植株氮、磷、钾吸收积累。结果表明,2个杂交水稻品种在不同施肥水平下,抽穗期和成熟期茎＋叶鞘、叶、穗各器官内的氮、磷、钾的含量无显著差异;抽穗期,叶的氮含量最高,茎＋叶鞘的磷、钾含量最高;成熟期,叶的氮含量、茎＋叶鞘的磷含量、穗的钾含量均下降。抽穗期,氮、钾吸收量及干物质量红泰优996高于粤优589,磷吸收量粤优589高于红泰优996;成熟期,氮、钾吸收量及干物质量粤优589高于红泰优996,磷吸收量2品种差异不明显。2个杂交水稻品种地上部植株对氮、磷、钾积累量比例的变幅范围均在高产水稻积累变幅范围内。     

氮磷钾的合理配比对水稻生育性状及产量的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了氮、磷、钾不同配比对水稻生长农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明,合理的三种元素配比可明显改善水稻生育性状,使水稻增产,并通过回归分析得出地块的最佳经济产量和最佳氮、磷、钾的施肥量,有效提高了产投比,取得良好的经济效益。     

三亚市水稻“3414”肥效试验初报

采用氮、磷、钾3因素4水平最优回归设计,在田间探讨土壤中氮、磷、钾对水稻产量及肥效的影响。结果表明,海棠湾龙楼田洋水稻生长发育所需氮、磷、钾三要素中氮肥对水稻产量的作用大于磷肥和钾肥。通过田间试验结果,建立本地区水稻肥料效应函数,获得土壤最佳经济产量为550.83 kg/667m2。其氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥最佳施用量依次为：6.9、1.19、0 kg/667m2。     

兴凯湖农场水稻肥料效应试验研究

采用"3414"肥料试验设计田间小区试验,通过田间试验结果建立水稻的肥料效应函数,研究不同施肥量对兴凯湖农场水稻产量的影响。结果表明,氮、磷、钾最佳施肥量为氮112.516 kg/hm2、磷(P2O5)59.984 kg/hm2、钾(K2O)51.72 kg/hm2,此时水稻产量最高为8 360.85 kg/hm2。     

不同氮、磷、钾水平对水稻纹枯病的影响

田间试验研究了不同氮、磷、钾水平对水稻纹枯病发生程度和产量的影响。结果表明,水稻纹枯病的发病率与N、P、K关系分别为:随氮肥施入量的增加,呈先缓慢上升,再大幅度上升的趋势;随磷肥施入量的增加,呈先小幅度上升,再大幅度下降,然后再大幅度上升的趋势;随钾肥施入量的增加,呈现大幅度下降,再大幅度上升的趋势。产量结果表明:不同氮、钾处理对水稻产量影响大,不同磷处理对水稻产量影响小。适用于寒地的施氮量97kg/hm2、施磷量52kg/hm2、施钾量29kg/hm2,使纹枯病发病轻,提高水稻产量。     

保亭县水稻氮磷钾配方施肥研究

[目的]确定海南省保亭县水稻的最佳氮、磷、钾施肥配比,为水稻配方施肥提供科学依据。[方法]以神农326为供试品种,采用＂3414＂最优回归设计研究不同施肥方案对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响,并通过拟合三元二次和一元二次肥效模型,确定水稻的推荐施肥量。[结果]水稻有效穗和穗粒数随氮、磷、钾肥施用量的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势;结实率随氮、磷肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势;氮、磷、钾肥对千粒重没有明显的影响。多元回归方程分析表明,氮、磷、钾肥料施用量分别为211.20、69.90、183.60 kg/hm2时水稻产量最高,为7 977.75 kg/hm2。[结论]氮、磷、钾三要素中,氮肥对水稻产量影响最大,依次是磷肥、钾肥。结合海南保亭县水稻生产实际,建议氮、磷、钾肥施用量分别为150～180、60～75、105～135 kg/hm2,此时氮、磷、钾肥配比以1（∶0.40～0.50）（∶0.70～0.90）较合适。     

湘南丘岗地区水稻轻简施肥技术的效应研究

通过田间小区试验,系统研究了在几种轻简施肥技术条件下双季早、晚稻的生育特性、养分吸收规律、肥料养分的当季利用率、经济性状和产量效应以及土壤速效养分的变化规律。结果表明：在轻简施肥技术条件下,双季稻前期早发不明显,中期成穗率高,后期根旺叶健不早衰;早、晚稻不同生育时期的干物质积累量与养分的吸收量具有相似性;早稻前期氮、磷、钾吸收量最低,绝大部分氮、磷、钾养分是在中、后期吸收的,晚稻前期的氮、磷、钾吸收量明显高于早稻,后期的氮、磷、钾吸收量大多低于早稻,不同处理之间差异不大。各轻简施肥处理均能提高早稻对氮和磷的表观利用率,以“湘珠专用肥”处理效果最好,但不能提高早稻对钾的表观利用率;晚稻轻简施肥处理“湘珠专用肥”也能明显提高水稻对肥料氮和钾的表观利用率。轻简施肥处理的水稻产量明显高于当地习惯施肥处理。     

广西浦北沙泥田水稻氮磷钾肥效试验初报

对广西浦北沙泥田水稻进行了氮、磷、钾“3414”设计的肥效试验,结果表明,氮、磷、钾最佳施肥量分别为150,60和60kg/hm2,利用此用量和配方进行施肥,水稻的生长、产量及经济效益最好.     

氮、磷、钾合理配比及氮用量对水稻氮素吸收及品质的影响

采用田问小区试验,研究了不同氮、磷、钾配比及氮用量对水稻植株氮的吸收、转运,籽粒全氮、蛋白氮含量及蛋白质产量的影响,结果表明：推荐配比及氮低量配比处理水稻植株N向籽粒转运的能力比对照要强,籽粒全氮、蛋白氮含量以及蛋白质产量明显高于对照。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。