内蒙野丁香(Leptodermis ordosica H.C.Fuet E.W.Ma)的形态解剖学研究

内蒙野丁香(Leptodermis ordosica H.C.Fu et E.W.Ma)的各器官内薄壁细胞均含草酸钙针晶,是对其生长地土壤高含钙量的有效适应;叶表皮细胞的胞质粘稠,则增加了其保水能力;此外,茎中发达的木栓层是良好的隔热材料,可以抵挡高温对它的伤害。结果表明内蒙野丁香具明显的旱化结构特征,是对荒漠区山地干旱环境条件的协同适应。鉴于此种的观赏园艺特性,可以尝试在内蒙古中西部地区的城市绿化中加以利用。     

野燕麦种子萌发特性及化学防除药剂筛选

为了明确恶性杂草野燕麦的萌发特性和化学防除技术,采用培养皿与盆栽相结合的方法,研究温度、光照、水势、盐胁迫、pH、土层深度对种子萌发的影响并评价麦田常用除草剂对野燕麦的除草活性。结果表明,野燕麦种子最适发芽温度为15~20℃。对光周期不敏感,全黑、全光照条件下均可正常萌发。当水势为-0.2~0 MPa时,发芽率可达80%左右,当水势降低至-0.8 MPa时,不能萌发。覆盖2~15cm的土层均可萌发,其中2~10cm土层中发芽率最高。适宜pH范围较广,在pH 5~9范围内,发芽率大于70%。耐盐胁迫能力较强,NaCl浓度160mmol/L时,发芽率大于50%。除草活性评价结果表明,炔草酯、唑啉草酯、精噁唑禾草灵、甲基二磺隆、氟唑磺隆、啶磺草胺对4~6叶期野燕麦均有较好防效,供试药剂防效高低排序为:炔草酯、唑啉草酯精噁唑禾草灵甲基二磺隆氟唑磺隆、啶磺草胺异丙隆。     

苦参野螟的形态特征和生物学特性

通过室内饲养和田间定点观察的方法,对苦参野螟(Uresiphita prunipennis)的形态及生物学特性进行了调查研究。结果表明,苦参野螟在吉林市1年发生3代,以茧蛹在枯枝落叶下或表土中越冬。每年5月中旬越冬代成虫开始羽化,幼虫分别于6月上、中旬,7月中、下旬,8月下旬至9月上旬严重为害苦参,老熟后分散于地被物下或表土层中结茧化蛹。针对苦参野螟提出了防治建议。     

稻茬麦田野燕麦的发生危害特性与防除技术

稻茬麦田野燕麦的发生危害特性与防除技术张剑玲，张国林，朱凤生，汤志华，施惠芳，仇善明，毛玉群，桂国英（高邮市植保植检站２２５６００）（高邮市界首八桥农技站）近年来，野燕麦（ＡｕｅｎａｆａｔｕａＬ．）在本市不断扩展蔓延，危害水旱两熟制麦田，损失严重。自...     

苦豆子种子特性与种群扩展关系的研究

苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)种子体积大,千粒重达21.6g。种皮较厚,制约了种子的萌发,采用浓硫酸浸种和机械磨损破坏种皮明显提高了萌发率。种子散布主要依靠自身重力,其散布格局是聚集型散布,多分布在母株周围,为该区域的种子库提供较多的种质资源。此外,还有动物散布和水力作用的散布,使种子能传播较远的距离,同时种子被采食后,通过消化道的磨损使种皮的通透性提高,促进了种子的萌发。     

13种野生观赏植物种子特性的研究

本文利用不同催芽技术对分布在内蒙古西部干旱区 1 3种野生观赏植物 (其中 1 1种为珍稀濒危植物 )种子 (或果实 )的形态特征和萌发特性进行了观察和试验研究。结果表明 :红花海绵豆 ( Spongiocarpella grubovii( Ulzij.) Yakovl.)、蒙新苓菊 ( Jurinea mongolica Max-im.)、术叶菊 ( Synotis atractylidifolia( Ling) C. Jeffrey et Y. L . Chen)、西藏点地梅 ( An-drosace mariae Kanitz var. tibetica ( Maxim.) Hand.- Mazz.)、贺兰山女娄菜 ( Melandriumalaschanicum ( Maxim.) Y.Z.Zhao)、贺兰山南芥 ( Arabis alaschanica Maxim.)、针枝芸香( H aplophyllum tragacanthoides Diels)、四合木 ( Tetraena mongolica Maxim.) 8种植物的籽实无需任何特殊处理 ,均可顺利萌发 ,且除蒙新苓菊、术叶菊外 ,其余萌发率均在 60 %以上 ;其它 5种植物的萌发率较低 ,斑子麻黄 ( Ephedra rhytidosperma Pachom.)、内蒙古西风芹 ( Seseliintramongolicum Y. C. Ma)、贺兰山岩黄芪 ( H edysarum petrovii Yakovl.)的种子经砂纸打磨处理后 ,萌发率可提高 7～ 8倍。但短尾铁线莲 ( Clematis brevicaudata DC)、大苞点地梅 ( An-drosace gmelinii L .)即使经低温、酸蚀等处理 ,其发芽率仍然很低 ,说明它们对环境条件要     

5种荒漠植物种子萌发特性及其吸水特性的研究

本文通过对荒漠锦鸡儿、红沙等5种荒漠植物种子形态结构的观察和萌发试验及其萌发过程中吸水特性的研究发现:5种荒漠植物种子在萌发过程中吸水量有显著性的差异;荒漠锦鸡儿、多裂骆驼蓬等同种植物不同产地的种子的吸水量也存在显著性差异;吸胀过程中5种植物种子的千粒重与吸胀时间呈正相关,与吸水速率呈负相关。     

锁阳种子休眠与萌发特性的初步研究

为了解锁阳（Cynomorium songaricum）寄生生长特性,使用物理方法和化学方法对其种子进行萌发诱导处理,观察萌发情况。结果表明：锁阳种子较小,成熟的种胚发育不完全,萌发前后处于球形原胚阶段。试验结果证明,锁阳种子萌发的启动,需有来自寄主根中的某种萌发刺激信号;外源赤霉素（GA3）及乙烯溶液对种子休眠的破除...     

红星盘瓢虫取食烟粉虱和桃蚜的生物学特性研究

本文研究了取食烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）和桃蚜Myzus persicae（Sulzer）对红星盘瓢虫Phrynocaria congener（Billberg）生物学特性的影响,结果表明,取食不同虫态的烟粉虱时,红星盘瓢虫从卵到成虫不同虫态的发育历期和存活率差异不显著;取食不同虫态的桃蚜时,红星盘瓢虫一、三和四龄幼虫的发育历期和四龄幼虫的成活率差异显著。分别取食烟粉虱的混合种群（卵、各龄若虫和蛹）和桃蚜的混合种群（卵和各龄若虫）时,瓢虫从卵到成虫的发育历期和存活率差异显著,分别为13.3d和15.7d、81.1%和70.0%。红星盘瓢虫取食烟粉虱和桃蚜的产卵前期差异不显著;但成虫寿命和平均单雌产卵量差异显著,分别为64.6d和86.0d、389.4粒和960.4粒。红星盘瓢虫捕食烟粉虱和桃蚜的内禀增长率（rm）分别为0.0967和0.0964;净增殖率（R0）分别为118.7573和355.3586;世代平均历期（T）分别为49.4d和60.9d;周限增长率（λ）分别为1.1015和1.1012。     

杂草稻落粒粳的生物学特性与防治

为了解杂草稻(暂定名:Oryza sativa L.)的生物学特性和探索杂草稻的有效控制技术,开展了杂草稻落粒粳的防治研究.杂草稻落粒粳是在我国东北辽宁省丹东市的水稻田发现的,其植株比常规栽培稻高,容易掉粒.落粒粳颖果呈中长型,果壳稻草色或黄间黑灰色,小穗无芒或有芒,芒长4～12cm.颖果千粒重2.35g.种皮桔红色.落粒粳种子在13～38℃条件下的发芽率均大于88%.水层2.5～10cm处理,落粒粳植株干重减少50%～69%.二甲戊灵660～990 g ai/hm2处理对落粒粳的植株鲜重防效达到优良水平.二甲戊灵对常规栽培稻秀水11的生长无不良影响,对水稻安全.     

黑沙蒿生态生物学特性及群落地理分布规律相关性研究

黑沙蒿 ( Artemisia ordosica Krasch.)是我国北方温带荒漠和草原地带沙漠化的主要标志型半灌木植被黑沙蒿群落的建群种。其分布范围跨越了典型草原、荒漠化草原和草原化荒漠三个自然带。除具有中等饲用价值外 ,耐沙埋、抗风蚀、扎根深、分枝多、结实率高等生态生物学特性使其在农牧过渡带成为固定流沙的先锋植物。本文着重研究黑沙蒿的繁殖生态生物学特性及群落功能特征 ,最终揭示其地理分布规律。对合理开发、科学利用和管理黑沙蒿这一宝贵的沙地植物资源具有重要指导作用。     

播种深度和种子来源对羊草种苗出土的影响

研究了5种播种深度下2种种子来源的羊草(野生和栽培)出苗情况.结果表明:播种深度和种子来源都显著影响羊草出苗率、出苗速率和种苗首次出土时间.羊草出苗率、出苗速率与播种深度成反比.播深1 cm时出苗最多,野生和栽培羊草的出苗率分别为84%和91%;覆土2 cm次之,分别为74.5%和84.5%;覆土6cm出苗最低,为33%和24.25%;不覆土与覆土1 cm的相比分别下降了50.25%和45.25%.野生和栽培羊草的出苗速率分别由覆土1 cm 时的6.46和8.46下降到覆土6 cm时的2.41和1.65.种苗首次出土时间随着播种深度的增加而延长,播种深度1～2 cm时,两种羊草9～10 d都可出苗;不覆土的处理种苗首次出土所需时间最长,分别需要21.25 d和21 d.总体上,栽培羊草的出苗率和出苗速率高于野生羊草的出苗率和出苗速率,栽培羊草首次出苗时间早于野生羊草.     

黄花刺茄浸提液对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确入侵植物黄花刺茄对当地主栽经济作物番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,本文采用培养皿滤纸法,在智能光照培养箱的变温控制条件下,分别研究了黄花刺茄根、茎、叶浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数及幼苗根长和苗高的影响。结果表明:(1)黄花刺茄不同器官的浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗根长和苗高的影响不同,其茎、叶浸提液的化感作用较为显著(P<0.01)。(2)黄花刺茄同部位浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗根长和苗高不同指标的影响也不同。根浸提液对种子发芽率、幼苗根长影响不显著(P>0.05),但对种子发芽指数的影响极显著(P<0.01)。茎和叶浸提液各浓度对种子发芽指数的影响比种子发芽率、幼苗根长和苗高的影响显著(P<0.01)。     

种子处理对西瓜苗期3种病害的防治效果

为了筛选防治西瓜苗期立枯病、猝倒病和枯萎病的有效种子处理剂,在人工控制的条件下,选择了6.25%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、2.5%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、3.5%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、72%霜霉威盐酸盐水剂和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂5种杀菌剂对西瓜种子进行处理。分析了处理种子的活力和幼苗的生长特性;以及在人工接种3种病原菌的胁迫下不同处理种子在基质中的出苗率和发病情况。结果表明:5种杀菌剂对种子的活力和幼苗的生长特性没有明显的影响,但3.5%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂包衣降低了每株幼苗的鲜重,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂浸种则提高了幼苗的整齐度。接种西瓜立枯病菌和猝倒病菌的种子出苗率降低,接种西瓜枯萎病菌的种子出苗率没有明显变化;6.25%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂和2.5%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂包衣种子对西瓜立枯病的防效最佳,72%霜霉威盐酸盐水剂浸种对西瓜猝倒病有一定的防效,对西瓜枯萎病的防治没有特别有效的药剂。     

NaCl胁迫对草木樨种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用室内种子萌发及温室幼苗培养实验方法,研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫对耐盐植物草木樨种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,结果表明：低浓度的NaCl胁迫可以提高种子的萌发率、累积发芽率、发芽势,增加幼苗地上部分的鲜干比、叶绿素含量,并促进幼苗根和芽的生长,而高浓度的NaCl胁迫则对其有显著的抑制作用;不同浓度的NaCl胁迫对草木樨种子的发芽指数均有一定的抑制作用,而对幼苗叶片的丙二醛含量却有一定的促进作用。因此得出：低浓度的NaCl胁迫对草木樨种子萌发及幼苗生长具有一定的促进作用,而高浓度的NaCl胁迫则对其有一定的抑制作用。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿群落毛细根分布特点及与土壤水分的关系

采用根钻法对三块不同密度油蒿群落样地的细根分布进行了调查研究,以2mm为粗、细根的划分标准,同时使用土壤水分速测仪测量土壤的容积含水率,研究结果表明:不同密度群落样地细根垂直分布规律基本一致,群落细根分布深度为1m左右,且随土壤深度的增加细根生物量逐渐减少,细根根量最大值出现在表层,在0~20 cm范围内集中分布,约占总根量的一半左右。群落密度不同,细根根量各异。土壤水分对植物细根根量的影响程度要高于群落密度对其的影响。土壤水分的含量和分布决定植物细根根量的大小和分布。     

小桐子不同产地种子性状及苗期生长差异研究

对小桐子22个产地种子性状及苗期生长差异进行研究,共测定种子千粒重、纵径、横径、侧径、纵横径比、出苗率、苗高、地径等8个指标。分析表明不同产地小桐子种子形态、出苗率及苗高存在显著差异,但地径无显著差异。种子大小具有一定的经向变异。种子大小及千粒重分别受产地的年均温及降雨量影响。种子形态及千粒重与苗高、地径等生长特征无相关性,但种子千粒重对出苗率有较大的影响。根据种子形态特征将22个产地种子性状自然分布区初步划分为三个组群。结果表明:小桐子种子及苗期生长产地间存在一定分化,具有种源选择潜力;不能仅依据种子形态对幼苗生长做预测;较大区域内种子调拨及生产潜力大。研究结果对于小桐子种源选择及种子调拨生产等具有重要参考价值。     

Determination of Festuca filiformis seedbank characteristics,seedling emergence and herbicide susceptibility to aid management in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)

Festuca filiformis is a common perennial grass in lowbush blueberry fields, but little is known about the general biology, seedbank characteristics, seedling recruitment or susceptibility of seedlings to currently registered herbicides. The objectives of this research were to determine (i) the presence of F. filiformis seedbanks in lowbush blueberry fields, (ii) whether F. filiformis seedbanks accumulate near the soil surface in lowbush blueberry fields, (iii) the dormancy status of fresh F. filiformis seeds, (iv) the temporal patterns of seedling recruitment in established F. filiformis populations, (v) whether F. filiformis has a vernalisation requirement for flowering in lowbush blueberry and (vi) susceptibility of F. filiformis seedlings to various herbicides currently registered in lowbush blueberry. Festuca filiformis formed a seedbank in lowbush blueberry fields, with an average of 1660 ± 272–5680 ± 1409 seedlings m^?2 emerging from soil cores collected from two infested fields. Most seeds were located at the soil surface, providing opportunities for seedbank management through predation or burning. Fresh seeds lacked dormancy and readily germinated, although germination was reduced by dark conditions. New seedlings emerged in spring and autumn and required vernalisation to flower. Seedlings were susceptible to several currently registered herbicides in lowbush blueberry, although mortality rates were highest in plants treated with glufosinate, flumioxazin, glufosinate + flumioxazin and terbacil. Growers should avoid movement of seeds on machinery, and additional research should be conducted to determine the effects of registered herbicides on F. filiformis seedling recruitment under field conditions in lowbush blueberry.     

Seed rain and soil seed bank compensatory roles on Nassella tenuis (Phil.) Barkworth seedling recruitment in ungrazed and grazed sites

In semi-arid lands, vegetation is distributed in shrub patches immersed in a less vegetated interpatch matrix. Grazing affects perennial grass seed bank through a decrease in seed rain and an increase in seed predation and soil compaction. Nevertheless, some species with anchorage mechanisms in their seeds might overcome this, such as Nassella tenuis (Phil.) Barkworth. This is an important species in grazing paddocks because it has an intermediate palatability and its relatively tolerant to grazing. These characteristics allow N. tenuis to increase its abundance in grazed sites. Our objective was to assess how grazing affects the key palatable species from seeds to seedlings: i.e., seed rain, soil seed bank, and seedling recruitment in different microsites along a windward-leeward transect across shrub canopy. We hypothesized that: (1) the negative effects of grazing on N. tenuis fructification are reflected in its seed rain, soil seed bank, and seedling recruitment, especially in interpatches; (2) Nassella tenuis seed rain reduction, soil compaction by cattle in grazed sites, and removal of seeds by wind decrease its soil seed bank, especially in microsites exposed to the predominant wind; and (3) the decrease in N. tenuis soil seed bank and cover increase in annual species in grazed sites have negative effects on its seedling recruitment, especially in microsites exposed to predominant wind. We placed seed traps, collected soil samples, and monitored seedling recruitment in different locations around shrub canopy to address our hypotheses. Also, we established a manipulative experiment in which we sow N. tenuis seeds and followed its recruitment in different microsites. We compared the seed rain, soil seed bank, natural seedling recruitment, and sown seeds recruitment of N. tenuis between grazed and ungrazed sites. We analyzed differences between microsites along a windward-leeward transect across shrubs patches. Seed rain and soil seed bank had the same density in patches and interpatches both in ungrazed and grazed sites. But seed rain was higher, and soil seed bank was lower in ungrazed sites than in grazed sites. Almost all under-canopy microsites showed greater soil seed bank abundance and natural seedling recruitment in ungrazed sites. Sown seeds recruitment was the same between grazed and ungrazed sites, but it showed protective effects of shrubs in leeward microsites under grazed sites. As a conclusion, seed rain and soil seed bank are complementary under grazed sites.