干旱区五种野生观赏植物的引种栽培试验

本文采用不同催芽方法、育苗和栽培技术 ,对蒙古扁桃 ( Prunus mongolica Max-im.)、粗壮黄芪 ( Astragalus H oantchy Franch.)、沙冬青 ( Ammopiptanthus mongolicus ( Max-im.) Cheng f.)、山丹 ( L iliun pumilum DC.)和内蒙古野丁香 ( Leptodermis ordosica H.C.)五种分布于内蒙古西部具有观赏价值又为珍稀濒危植物的种子萌发特性、成苗特性进行了研究 ,同时进行了引种栽培技术的初步探索。结果表明 :蒙古扁桃和粗壮黄芪的种子经机械打磨处理后 ,在湿润的沙性基质中栽培效果较好 ,生长两年的植株移栽成活率较高 ;山丹在壤土中萌发率较高 ,异地移栽的山丹 ,如室内栽培 ,需进行春化作用和人工授粉才能开花、结果 ;沙冬青在沙性较强的基质及一定的湿度条件下栽培效果良好 ;内蒙古野丁香则在黏土中生长良好。     

内蒙野丁香(Leptodermis ordosica H.C.Fuet E.W.Ma)的形态解剖学研究

内蒙野丁香(Leptodermis ordosica H.C.Fu et E.W.Ma)的各器官内薄壁细胞均含草酸钙针晶,是对其生长地土壤高含钙量的有效适应;叶表皮细胞的胞质粘稠,则增加了其保水能力;此外,茎中发达的木栓层是良好的隔热材料,可以抵挡高温对它的伤害。结果表明内蒙野丁香具明显的旱化结构特征,是对荒漠区山地干旱环境条件的协同适应。鉴于此种的观赏园艺特性,可以尝试在内蒙古中西部地区的城市绿化中加以利用。     

PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫对铃铛刺和披针叶野决明种子萌发的影响

水是种子萌发的关键因素,种子萌发及幼苗生长直接影响着干旱区植被的分布和多样性。以铃铛刺(Halimodendron halodendron)和披针叶野决明(Thermopsis lanceolata)种子为研究材料,用不同浓度PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对铃铛刺和披针叶野决明种子萌发的影响。结果表明:不同浓度处理均降低了铃铛刺和披针叶野决明种子的发芽率、发芽势、日相对发芽率和平均发芽速率,延缓了种子萌发进程,胚芽和胚根生长也受到抑制。不同浓度处理中,12%是相对高萌发率的浓度,其种子的发芽率、发芽势、日相对发芽率、平均发芽速率、胚根及胚芽长均明显高于其他处理,与对照相近。干旱胁迫对铃铛刺和披针叶野决明种子萌发影响不完全一样,如对胚芽和胚根生长的抑制作用,铃铛刺种子胚芽和胚根作用相近,披针叶野决明则对胚根作用较胚芽明显。     

野燕麦的生物学特性及其防除

野燕麦是江苏省里下河地区部分冬小麦田的一种恶性杂草,自1987年零星发生以来,发生面积不断扩大,危害逐年加重。一般小麦减产10～20％,重者减产40～50％,成为三麦持续增产的严重威胁。为有效控制野燕麦的危害,笔者于1990～1992年对野燕麦的生物学特性和防除方法进行了研究。一、内容与方法 (一) 出苗特性观察 1.种子不同吸水时间的出苗率:将当年6月收集的野燕麦种子,晒干后分种子吸水时间0、6、12、18、24、30小时6个处理,重复3次,播于培养皿内。每个培养皿播种100粒,随后移入     

新疆伊犁与哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii(Ledeb.)Roem.]种群年龄结构

人类活动和自然环境的胁迫加速了中亚地区新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii(Ledeb.)Roem.]种群栖息环境的丧失,新疆野苹果种群面积和生存力趋于下降。本文以第三纪孑遗植物新疆野苹果(M. sieversii)为研究对象,野外系统调查新疆野苹果种群的生存现状,比较新疆伊犁和哈萨克斯坦分布的新疆野苹果种群年龄结构及果实产量,对两地当前新疆野苹果种群变化进行了分析。研究结果显示：当前伊犁地区和20世纪70年代哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果种群的龄级结构主要以中龄(15~50 cm)树为主,而幼龄(0~15 cm)与老龄(50~75 cm)树较少。1969年和1970年哈萨克斯坦的新疆野苹果种群生存力最弱,种群为衰退型(Deevey-Ⅲ),但其产量较高;2016年和2017年伊犁的新疆野苹果种群生存力相对较弱,种群趋于衰退(Deevey-Ⅲ),产量较低;2013年哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果种群生存力相对最强,种群最稳定(Deevey-Ⅱ);幼龄个体的缺乏是新疆野苹果种群趋于衰退的关键因子。目前在哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果保护区内需进行适当放牧干扰,以扩大种子的传播,提高种子的萌发;新疆地区以建立保护区为主,杜绝新疆野苹果的采收和降低野果林内的割草强度,以保护幼苗的生存数量,提高新疆野苹果的种子库,加快新疆野苹果种群更新。     

黑线仓鼠发生与防治研究初报

黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis Pallas)是豫东、豫北平原及黄河流域农田优势鼠种,其数量占野栖鼠总量的40％以上,以作物种子与草籽为食,花生、大豆、小麦等多种农作物受害严重。1982-1987年,我们组织协作,对其生物学特性和防治对策进行了初步研究,现将结果报告如下。     

梭梭种子性状和繁殖力的遗传变异与评价

通过对梭梭6个种源的种子性状和繁殖力的研究,结果表明:(1)不同种源间种子性状和繁殖力存在显著差异,其质量指标差异大于形态指标,即单株种子重差异最大,千粒重次之,果翅长度最小;成活率的差异性明显大于发芽率。(2)各种源区间的种子性状和繁殖力之间的遗传差异为极显著水平,环境差异为显著水平,梭梭种子质量主要受遗传基因控制,而种子繁殖力则受遗传基因和环境因素及土壤等多重因素控制。(3)种子各性状与成活率均呈正相关。除果翅长度与成活率相关不密切外,其它性状之间均为极显著相关。(4)在种子果翅长度、千粒重、单株种子重、发芽率和成活率等5个指标中,变异程度最高的是单株种子重,最低者为成活率;各种源区种子各性状具有较高的重复力(0.8580~0.9737),受强度遗传基因控制,通过种源选择可望获得良好效果;通过对发芽率指标选择,可比直接从成活率选择提高2.40%~24.86%(10%的选择率)的遗传进度;经综合选优评价,内蒙磴口种源的种子性状和繁殖力最好,青海次之,其次为甘肃和内蒙乌后旗,内蒙额旗和新疆最差。     

野榆钱菠菜的果实多型性及其萌发对策

野榆钱菠菜有3种形态的果实和种子,这3种果实在形状、大小、颜色、着生方式及包被其苞片的大小上均有差异.以野榆钱菠菜的3种果实(种子)为材料,在暗/光为5 ℃/25 ℃,5 ℃/15 ℃,15 ℃/25 ℃,暗周期和光周期同为12 h的条件下,进行萌发实验.结果表明:新采收的C型种子成熟后具有一定的萌发能力,并且在5 ℃/25 ℃下的萌发率最高(＞90%);A型和B型种子存在休眠现象.划破种皮后,A型和B型种子在3个温变处理下的萌发率显著提高,12 星期的低温层积处理也能有效地加速和提高A型和B型种子的萌发率,表明A型和B型种子的休眠属于非深度生理休眠.     

燕麦畏与燕麦敌苗水期防除野燕麦技术的研究

野燕麦(Avana fatua L.)是我省农田恶性杂草,分布广适应性强、密度大、出苗不整齐。幼苗期与小麦不易区别,加之繁殖率高、种子随成熟随脱落,极难防除。野燕麦的大量滋生,严重影响了作物的生长发育,导致减产歉收。1967年以来,我们先后在河西走廊的玉门、武威、嘉峪关、永昌等地,应用燕麦畏(triallate)与燕麦敌(diallate)等除草剂,进行防除野燕麦的试验研究,最初几年在播后苗前讲行土壤处     

黄土高原不同地区杜松的种子萌发特性及其与生态因子的相关性

选取黄土高原5个地区杜松(Juniperus rigida)种子,采用种子萌发实验及相关分析的方法,研究其大小特征、萌发特性及其与生态因子的相关性,以了解不同地区杜松的种子萌发特性。结果表明,不同地区杜松的种子大小差异显著,府谷地区的种子最大、最重,平均长6.83 mm,宽3.56 mm,千粒重为25.89 g;种子长及种子长宽比随纬度的升高、土壤全磷含量的增加而变小;种子千粒重随1月和7月均温的增加而增加,随土壤有机质、速效磷、全氮含量的增加而减少。种子大小对萌发特征影响显著,种子萌发率、萌发势及发芽指数均随种子长、种子长宽比的增加呈减小的趋势。不同地区杜松的萌发差异显著,武川的种子萌发最快最高,府谷与贺兰山最慢、最低;萌发率、萌发势及发芽指数均随纬度的升高而增加,萌发势和发芽指数随土壤全磷含量的增加而增加。研究认为武川及浑源地区是杜松优良的选种地。     

Impacts of snow on seed germination are independent of seed traits and plant ecological characteristics in a temperate desert of Central Asia

Seed germination profoundly impacts plant community composition within the plant life cycle. Snow is an important source of water for seed germination in the temperate deserts of Central Asia. Understanding how seed germination responds to variations in snow cover in relation to seed traits and plant ecological characteristics can help predict plant community sustainability and stability in Central Asia under a scenario climate change. This study investigated the seed germination of 35 plant species common to the Gurbantunggut Desert in Central Asia under the three snow treatments: (1) snow addition; (2) ambient snow; and (3) snow removal. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed to assess interactions among the impacts of snow treatments, seed traits and plant ecological characteristics on seed germination. Phylogenetic generalized least-squares (PGLS) model was used to test the relationships between seed traits and seed germination. The results demonstrated that snow variations had no significant impacts on seed germination overall. Seed germination under the snow addition treatment was similar with that under the ambient snow treatment, irrespective of seed traits and plant ecological characteristics. Snow removal only had negative impacts on seed germination for certain groups of seed traits and plant ecological characteristics. Seed mass positively affected seed germination, showing a linear increase of arcsin square root-transformed seed germination with log-transformed seed mass. Seed shape also profoundly impacted seed germination, with a higher germination percentage for elongated and flat seeds. Seed germination differed under different plant life forms, with semi-shrub species showing a significantly higher germination percentage. Most importantly, although snow treatments, seed traits and plant ecological characteristics had no interactive effects on seed germination overall, some negative impacts from the snow removal treatment were detected when seeds were categorized on the basis of seed mass and shape. This result suggests that variations of snow cover may change plant community composition in this temperate desert due to their impacts on seed germination.     

3种不同种子处理方法对水稻发芽及幼苗素质的影响

室内采用滤纸法,研究种子包衣后浸种、浸种后种子包衣和催芽后种子包衣3种不同的处理方式对稻花香、天优华占和保丰3个水稻品种发芽率及幼苗素质的影响.结果显示：在所测试的浓度范围内,分别采用3种不同的处理方式,每个水稻品种的发芽率均随着噻虫嗪·苯醚甲环唑23％悬浮种衣剂用量的增加而增加.且随着悬浮种衣剂用量的增加水稻病苗率降低;同一用量条件下,3个水稻品种发芽率由高到低依次为：催芽后种子包衣＞种子包衣后浸种＞浸种后种子包衣.病斑率由小到大依次为：催芽后种子包衣＞种子包衣后浸种＞浸种后种子包衣.这表明噻虫嗪·苯醚甲环唑23％悬浮种衣剂可以明显抑制水稻种子携带的病原菌;随着种衣剂用量的增加水稻幼苗的根数、主根长和株高增加.对天优华占、稻花香和保丰3个水稻品种幼苗素质影响由大到小依次为：催芽后种子包衣＞种子包衣后浸种＞浸种后种子包衣.这表明：水稻种子处理方法对水稻幼苗素质有一定的影响.     

Phenotypic plasticity of Artemisia ordosica seedlings in response to different levels of calcium carbonate in soil

Plant phenotypic plasticity is a common feature that is crucial for explaining interspecific competition, dynamics and biological evolution of plant communities. In this study, we tested the effects of soil CaCO_3(calcium carbonate) on the phenotypic plasticity of a psammophyte, Artemisia ordosica, an important plant species on sandy lands in arid and semi-arid areas of China, by performing pot experiments under different CaCO_3 contents with a two-factor randomized block design and two orthogonal designs. We analyzed the growth responses(including plant height, root length, shoot-leaf biomass and root biomass) of A. ordosica seedlings to different soil CaCO_3 contents. The results revealed that, with a greater soil CaCO_3 content, A. ordosica seedlings gradually grew more slowly, with their relative growth rates of plant height, root length, shoot-leaf biomass and root biomass all decreasing significantly. Root N/P ratios showed significant negative correlations with the relative growth rates of plant height, shoot-leaf biomass and root length of A. ordosica seedlings; however, the relative growth rate of root length increased significantly with the root P concentration increased, showing a positive correlation. These results demonstrate that soil CaCO_3 reduces the local P availability in soil, which produces a non-adaptive phenotypic plasticity to A. ordosica seedlings. This study should prove useful for planning and promoting the restoration of damaged/degraded vegetation in arid and semi-arid areas of China.     

黑沙蒿生态生物学特性及群落地理分布规律相关性研究

黑沙蒿 ( Artemisia ordosica Krasch.)是我国北方温带荒漠和草原地带沙漠化的主要标志型半灌木植被黑沙蒿群落的建群种。其分布范围跨越了典型草原、荒漠化草原和草原化荒漠三个自然带。除具有中等饲用价值外 ,耐沙埋、抗风蚀、扎根深、分枝多、结实率高等生态生物学特性使其在农牧过渡带成为固定流沙的先锋植物。本文着重研究黑沙蒿的繁殖生态生物学特性及群落功能特征 ,最终揭示其地理分布规律。对合理开发、科学利用和管理黑沙蒿这一宝贵的沙地植物资源具有重要指导作用。     

7种激素对蒺藜状苜蓿种子发芽的影响

本实验旨在研究蒺藜状苜蓿种子发芽对外源激素的响应。使用6-BA、GA3、ABA、NAA、乙烯利I、AA和IBA共7种激素,每一激素各设0.1、1.0、1.5、2.0、5、10、201、000μmol/L共8种浓度梯度,浸湿滤纸发芽床,置50粒蒺藜状苜蓿种子进行发芽试验,以蒸馏水处理为对照,设3个重复,统计发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和发芽天数。结果显示:外源激素20μmol/L 6-BA、GA3、乙烯利和5μmol/L IAAI、BA促进蒺藜状苜蓿种子发芽,NAA和ABA抑制蒺藜状苜蓿种子发芽,ABA抑制能力较强。     

Production,size, and germination of broad‐leaved dock seeds collected from mother plants grown under different nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium supplies

Rumex obtusifolius is believed to be a nitrophilous weedy species that spreads mainly by seed. However, the effects of nutrient availability on seed production never have been investigated. In this study, how the amount of seed production per plant, the chemical composition of the seeds, and their size and germination are affected by the supply of N, P, and K was investigated. A pot fertilizer experiment with 10 treatments (combinations of 0, 150 [N1], and 300 [N2] kg N ha^?1, 0, 40 [P1], and 80 [P2] kg P ha^?1, and 0 and 100 [K] kg K ha^?1 applied twice per vegetation season) was carried out in Prague, Czech Republic, in 2008 and 2009. The seeds from plants that were cultivated since the spring were collected each August. The germination of the seeds was determined in long‐daylight conditions at a stable temperature of 20°C. The number of seeds per plant ranged from 0 in the P1 and P2 treatments and <200 in the control and K treatments to almost 9000 in the N2P2K treatment. The number of seeds per plant was positively correlated with the number of stems per plant and the number of seeds per stem. The relationship between the amount of seeds per plant and the individual seed weight was positive. The concentration of N, P, and K in the seeds was affected by the treatments. The weight of 1000 seeds ranged from 1.3 to 1.7 g. The seed length ranged from 2.11 to 2.34 mm and the seed width varied from 1.26 to 1.42 mm. With the exception of the control (with 94% germination), the amount of seed germination was >98% in all the other treatments in 2008. In 2009, the amount of seed germination was >95% in all the treatments, except N1 and N2, where 93% and 89% germination, respectively, was recorded. The germination rate was positively related to the P concentration in the seeds. The amount of time that was necessary for 50% seed germination ranged from 1.53 to 2.89 days and was not related to the N concentration in the seeds, but it was negatively related to the P and K concentrations. A balanced N, P, and K supply to the mother plant strongly affected the number of produced seeds and their chemical composition and germination ability.     

The ecological role of dew in assisting seed germination of the annual desert plant species in a desert environment,northwestern China

It is important to understand the effects of dew events on non-mucilaginous seed germination of annual desert plant species during dry seasons, which is critical to maintaining long-term soil seed banks in a harsh desert environment. We hypothesize that dew deposition also assists in the non-mucilaginous seed germination of annual desert species. A common field dew treatment experiment was conducted in the Linze Inland River Basin Research Station to investigate the effects of dew deposition on the seed germination of four annual species, including Agriophyllum squarrosum, Corispermum mongolicum, Bassia dasyphylla and Halogeton arachnoideus. The results showed that the presence of dew significantly increased seed germination percentages and decreased the nonviable seed percentages of B. dasyphylla and H. arachnoideus, whereas there was no such trend for the seeds of C. mongolicum and A. squarrosum. The ecological effects of dew on the seed germination and viability of the annual desert plants were species specific. Although dew wetting is insufficient to cause seed germination, it may help in priming the seeds.     

Influence of defoliation on reproductive capacity and growth in Buddleja davidii

This study aims at quantifying the effects of defoliation on seed production and germination in Buddleja davidii , and determining the potential for reducing the invasive success of the species. The effects of defoliation on seed production and germination at the flower spike and plant levels were investigated for control plants and plants that were defoliated by 66% at monthly intervals from mid-summer (January) to mid-autumn (April). Seed samples for germination were collected in late autumn (May). Defoliation reduced flower spike number per shoot, seed number per flower spike and average seed mass by 9%, 22% and 13% and 30%, 33% and 17% on main and side shoots, respectively. In contrast, emergent leaf area per shoot in the defoliated plants exceeded that for the control plants by 89%. The ratio of total seed mass per plant/emergent leaf area per shoot was significantly lower in the defoliated compared with the control plants by 50%. Defoliation did not affect the timing or rate of seed germination. Defoliation of B. davidii resulted in a marked decrease in reproductive capacity, consistent with the priority allocation of resources to compensational leaf area growth.     

苦豆子种子特性与种群扩展关系的研究

苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)种子体积大,千粒重达21.6g。种皮较厚,制约了种子的萌发,采用浓硫酸浸种和机械磨损破坏种皮明显提高了萌发率。种子散布主要依靠自身重力,其散布格局是聚集型散布,多分布在母株周围,为该区域的种子库提供较多的种质资源。此外,还有动物散布和水力作用的散布,使种子能传播较远的距离,同时种子被采食后,通过消化道的磨损使种皮的通透性提高,促进了种子的萌发。