野桑蚕细胞色素P450基因CYP9A20V1的克隆与序列分析

研究和比较家蚕与野桑蚕细胞色素P450基因的结构和功能,可从分子生化机制上探索家蚕对农药的抗性。基于此,利用RT-PCR方法从野桑蚕中肠组织中克隆了一个P450家族基因CYP9A20V1(GenBank登录号:FJ378716)。序列分析表明,该基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为l 596 bp,编码531个氨基酸,预测分子质量约61.4 kD,等电点8.1。在线Blast分析结果表明:野桑蚕CYP9A20V1基因与家蚕CYP9A20的同源关系最近,同源性达到98.7%;与棉铃虫CYP9A12基因的同源性也达到57.1%。根据已知的P450蛋白序列结构进行比较分析,野桑蚕CYP9A20V1与家蚕CYP9A20编码氨基酸序列在底物识别位点SRS1、SRS2、SRS4、SRS6区域完全相同,在SRS3和SRS5区域的同源性分别是88.9%和94.1%,推测这2个基因具有相同的底物识别能力;野桑蚕CYP9A20V1与棉铃虫CYP9A12在SRS1、SRS4、SRS5、SRS6区域的同源性分别为47.1%、88.2%、76.5%和60%,在底物识别区域的同源性较高。初步推测野桑蚕CYP9A20V1基因可能与抗除虫菊脂类农药有关。     

家蚕细胞色素P450基因CYP9A22的克隆及在中肠和脂肪体的诱导转录

细胞色素P450对昆虫的生长发育、环境适应性以及抗药性具有重要作用。为了探讨氯氰菊酯对家蚕(Bombyxmori)细胞色素P450基因转录的诱导作用,采用RT-PCR技术和cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)策略,从家蚕5龄幼虫克隆到细胞色素P450基因CYP9A22(GenBank登录号:EF535804)。CYP9A22基因的cDNA编码区长1 596 bp,编码531个氨基酸,推定的蛋白质分子质量为61 kD,等电点为7.71。将该基因的cDNA和家蚕基因组序列比对,有9个内含子;与已知的CYP9家族的棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)CYP9A14基因的相应氨基酸同源性达到62.3%。用半定量RT-PCR方法分析氯氰菊酯诱导家蚕CYP9A22表达水平,结果表明:CYP9A22的mRNA转录表达具有组织特异性,在中肠的表达量高于脂肪体;氯氰菊酯诱导家蚕24 h,在其脂肪体的表达量是未诱导家蚕脂肪体的3.1倍,初步推测CYP9A22的过量表达可能与抗药性有一定关系。     

家蚕细胞色素P450家族CYP6B29的克隆与序列分析

细胞色素P450单加氧化酶系在生物体对外源化合物的代谢和内源化合物的调节都起着非常重要的作用,许多证据表明昆虫杀虫剂抗性的产生与单加氧化酶系介导的代谢反应有关,其关键组份细胞色素P450作为终端氧化酶能氧化多样的底物。依据家蚕基因组P450预测序列设计1对引物,以家蚕中肠为材料提取mRNA,采用RT-PCR方法克隆了P450家族基因CYP6B29(GenBank登录号:DQ252324)。序列分析表明,该基因的ORF为1 518 bp,编码505个氨基酸,预测其相对分子质量约为58 kD,等电点为8.29。经与已知P450的6B亚族其它所有成员氨基酸同源比对发现,CYP6B29基因与美洲棉铃虫CYP6B27基因的同源关系最近,同源性达到60.5%。     

野桑蚕CYP305B1V1基因的克隆与序列分析

对野桑蚕CYP305B1V1基因进行克隆和序列分析的结果显示,野桑蚕CYP305B1V1基因的ORF为1 464nt,编码487 aa;同源性分析表明,在DNA水平上野桑蚕CYP305B1V1基因与家蚕CYP305B1基因的同源性达99%,与推导的氨基酸序列完全一致。通过和NCB I中家蚕基因组数据比对和拼接,预测野桑蚕CYP305B1V1基因结构中至少含有6个内含子,且内含子与外显子之间的连接符合GT-AT法则。     

家蚕P450基因CYP305B1的基因组序列克隆及结构分析

为了研究家蚕P450基因CYP305B1的结构,采用反向PCR技术克隆了家蚕CYP305B1基因的基因组序列,经序列测定,拼接得到家蚕CYP305B1全基因序列,发现家蚕CYP305B1的第1内含子位于5′端非翻译区序列(5′-UTR)中间。将家蚕CYP305B1与野桑蚕P450基因CYP305B1V1序列进行同源性比较的结果表明,二者在5′-UTR上游-400～-770 bp序列间的同源性只有40.4%,序列差异最大的是第1内含子和第6内含子。在第1内含子中,野桑蚕CYP305B1V1在翻译起始密码ATG上游-340之前存在330 bp的插入序列,在-110～-340 bp间二者的同源性也只有46.9%;在第6内含子中,家蚕CYP305B1比野桑蚕CYP305B1V1多了一段约300 bp的插入序列。研究结果有助于进一步探究该基因的转录和调控机制。     

微量菊酯类农药对家蚕细胞色素P450酶9家族基因转录水平的影响

昆虫细胞色素P450酶广泛分布于各种需氧生物,是一类参与机体代谢解毒或代谢活化作用的超家族酶系。分析家蚕细胞色素P450酶基因表达对微量菊酯类农药的响应,有助于从分子水平阐释家蚕对农药的生理代谢机制,以及探讨细胞色素P450酶活性与家蚕对农药耐受性的关系。以对菊酯类农药耐受性不同的2个家蚕品种为材料,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,检测分析2个家蚕品种5龄第3天幼虫添食微量(0.02 mg/L)氰戊菊酯后主要解毒组织中肠和脂肪体中3个P450酶9家族基因的转录水平变化及在品种间存在的差异,结果表明:敏感性家蚕品种Lan5的幼虫脂肪体组织中CYP9a19和CYP9a20基因m RNA的转录水平与对照组幼虫相比显著下调,在中肠组织中2个基因的转录水平变化不大,而CYP9a22基因m RNA在中肠和脂肪体中的转录水平均无显著变化;耐受性家蚕品种Mysore的幼虫中肠组织中CYP9a19和CYP9a22基因m RNA的转录水平与对照组幼虫相比均显著上调,CYP9a20基因m RNA在脂肪体组织中的转录水平也显著上调。研究结果提示:细胞色素P450酶9家族基因的转录水平变化,可能与家蚕不同品种对菊酯类农药的耐受性差异有关。     

野桑蚕CYP305BlVl基因的组织表达特异性初探

抽提不同处理的野桑蚕各组织总mRNA，利用地高辛标记的野桑蚕CYP305BlVl的cDNA基因作为探针，通过点杂交方法研究野桑蚕CYP305lBl基因的组织表达特异性。实验结果显示，CYP305BlVl基因在氟化物诱导后的野桑蚕中肠、脂肪体、马氏管、体壁中有特异性转录。     

野桑蚕CYP305B1V1基因的组织表达特异性初探

抽提不同处理的野桑蚕各组织总mRNA,利用地高辛标记的野桑蚕CYP30581V1的cDNA基因作为探针,通过点杂交方 法研究野桑蚕CYP3051B1基因的组织表达特异性。实验结果显示,CYP30581V1基因在氟化物诱导后的野桑蚕中肠、脂肪体、马氏管、体壁 中有特异性转录。     

野桑蚕谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因BmmGSTs1的克隆与表达分析

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)在昆虫对外源物质的解毒代谢中起重要作用。克隆野桑蚕的BmmGSTs1基因,获得了cDNA序列,BmmGSTs1的开放阅读框长度为621 bp,编码206个氨基酸,推导蛋白质分子质量为23.53 kD,理论等电点为6.36。野桑蚕与家蚕的GSTs1氨基酸序列相似度最高,为99.51%。通过qRT-PCR方法测定BmmGSTs1基因在野桑蚕幼虫各组织的转录水平,结果显示该基因在脂肪体、中肠和马氏管的表达量较高,而在丝腺、表皮和血淋巴的表达量相对较低。与正常对照组相比,野桑蚕添食微量氰戊菊酯农药后24 h、48 h,脂肪体和中肠组织BmmGSTs1基因的转录水平均显著上调,推测BmmGSTs1基因表达上调可能与野桑蚕对氰戊菊酯的耐受性有关。上述结果为进一步研究BmmGSTs1基因的功能及其在野桑蚕耐农药中的作用奠定了基础。     

野桑蚕羧酸酯酶基因(BmmCarE-2)的克隆及表达分析

羧酸酯酶参与昆虫对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯等杀虫剂抗性的产生。通过反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)方法克隆了一个野桑蚕羧酸酯酶全长基因(BmmCarE-2)。序列分析表明该基因包含1个1 623 bp的开放读码框,有57 bp的cDNA5′端非翻译区序列(5′UTR)和79 bp的cDNA3′端非翻译区序列(3′UTR),编码540个氨基酸,GenBank登录号为EU328351。序列比对分析表明BmmCarE-2与家蚕羧酸酯酶基因BmCarE-2(GenBank登录号:DQ311250)的氨基酸序列相似性最高,达98.9%。利用半定量RT-PCR进行组织表达分析表明,BmmCarE-2在野桑蚕幼虫的头部和脂肪体表达量较高,在丝腺和中肠稍低,而在血液中的表达量最低。     

Expression of steroidogenic enzymes and synthesis of steroid hormones during development of ovarian follicles in prepubertal goats

Expression of mRNAs encoding cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc), cytochrome P450 17 -hydroxylase (P450c17), and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) were characterized by the RT-PCR technique and concentrations of progesterone (P4), testosterone (T0) and estradiol (E2) were measured by radioimmunoassay during follicular development of prepubertal goats. Synthesis of mRNAs encoding P450scc and P450c17 began in preantral follicles, but mRNA encoding P450arom was not detectable until early antral formation. While mRNA for P450scc was expressed in both theca and granulosa cells, mRNA for P450c17 was expressed only in theca cells while P450arom mRNA only in granulosa cells. In nonatretic follicles from prepubertal ovaries, the relative quantity of mRNA expression of all the three enzymes increased with follicle size; however, while the concentration of P4 and E2 increased, that of T0 decreased with follicle size. While expression of mRNA encoding P450scc was unaffected, that of P450c17 mRNA decreased to the lowest level and mRNA for P450arom became undetectable following atresia; accordingly, while the concentration of P4 increased in the atretic medium follicles, that of T0 and E2 decreased to the lowest level after atresia. While the adult follicular stage follicles showed a similar cytochrome expression as the nonatretic follicles of prepubertal goats, the former contained higher levels of E2 and P4 than the latter. The presence of corpus luteum in an ovary decreased expression of P450scc, significantly in large follicles while it increased concentration of P4. These findings indicated that (1) similar to other species, changes in follicular steroid production in goats were explained in large measure by changes in steroidogenic enzyme expression; (2) while mRNA expression was similar, activities of some of the steroidogenic enzymes may differ between sexually mature and immature goats.     

Immunolocalization of steroidogenic enzymes in the corpus luteum and placenta of the Japanese Shiba goat

In this study, we performed immunohistochemistry of cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450scc), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3betaHSD), cytochrome 17alpha-hydroxylase P450 (P450c17), and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) in the corpus luteum and placenta of Shiba goats. The aim was to clarify the steroidogenic capability of the corpus luteum and placenta of Shiba goats. Ovaries containing corpora lutea were obtained from four adult Shiba goats during the luteal phase (day10; n=2) and pregnancy (90 and 120 days of gestation). Placenta was obtained from one Shiba goat on day 120 of gestation. The sections of the ovaries and placentae were immunostained using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method (ABC) with polyclonal antibodies generated against steroidogenic enzymes of mammalian origin. All luteal cells expressed P450scc, 3betaHSD, P450c17 and P450arom. The distribution of P450scc, 3betaHSD, P450c17 and P450arom were not different during the luteal phase and pregnancy. P450arom showed a weak positive staining in late pregnancy (120 days). In addition, immunoreactions for P450c17 and P450arom were observed in syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta of one Shiba goat. These results indicate that, in Shiba goats, corpus luteum is not only an important source of progesterone but also has the ability to synthesize androgen and estrogen during the luteal phase and pregnancy. Also the placenta has the ability to synthesize androgen and estrogen in late pregnancy.     

Immunolocalization of steroidogenic cells in small follicles of the chicken ovary: Anatomical arrangement and location of steroidogenic cells change during follicular development

Previous anatomical and histochemical studies suggested that interstitial cells were the only steroidogenic cells in the theca layer of small follicles of the chicken ovary. However, the precise cellular site of steroid production in the small follicles is not certain. Therefore, our goal was to identify steroidogenic cells in small follicles (< 10 mm in diameter) of the chicken ovary which have not entered the follicular hierarchy by localizing steroidogenic enzymes with immunocytochemistry. Polyclonal antisera used were anti-cholesterol side-chain-cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450scc), anti-17-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (P450c17), and anti-aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) for pregnenolone-, androgen-, and estrogen-producing cells, respectively. Ovaries were collected 2 hr after oviposition and embedded in Paraplast after fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde, 10% formaldehyde, or Bouin's solution. Tissues were sectioned (4–6 μm) and sections were mounted on poly-L-lysine coated slides. Sections were incubated overnight at room temperature with each specific antiserum raised in rabbits against cytochrome P450 steroidogenic enzymes or normal rabbit serum as a control and were immunostained with an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex. Immunoreactivity for the P450 enzymes was absent in the granulosa layer but was present in the theca layer of the small follicles (< 10 mm in diameter). Interstitial cells in the single theca layer of cortical follicles embedded in the ovarian cortex (less than 1 mm in diameter) contained P450scc and P450c17. Cells which contained P450arom, identified as aromatase cells, surrounded the interstitial cells in the theca layer. In small white follicles (approximately 1 mm in diameter), large white follicles (approximately 2–4 mm in diameter), and small yellow follicles (approximately 5–10 mm in diameter) which protruded from the surface of the ovary, the theca layer is divided into the theca interna and the theca externa. P450scc and P450c17 were localized in interstitial cells in the theca interna and externa whereas P450arom was localized in aromatase cells of the theca externa. With follicular development, more interstitial cells staining for P450scc and P450c17 appeared in the theca interna than in the theca externa whereas aromatase cells staining for P450arom were localized only in the theca externa. The distance between interstitial cells and aromatase cells within the theca layer increased as the follicles matured, resulting in a change in the anatomical relationship of steroidogenic cells. Our results of immunolocalization of cytochrome P450 steroidogenic enzymes in developing small follicles suggest that: 1) granulosa cells in small follicles are steroidogenically inactive; 2) steroids are produced in two distinct cell populations in the theca layer of small follicles, namely interstitial cells and aromatase cells; and 3) the anatomical relationship and location of interstitial cells and aromatase cells in the theca layer change with follicular maturation (a two-cell model for steroidogenesis in small follicles during follicular development).     

Immunolocalization of steroidogenic enzymes in equine fetal adrenal glands during mid-late gestation

To elucidate the relationship between steroidogenic hormones and developing adrenal glands, we investigated the immunolocalization of steroidogenic enzymes in equine fetal adrenal glands during mid-late gestation. Fetal adrenal glands were obtained from three horses at 217, 225 and 235 days of gestation. Steroidogenic enzymes were immunolocalized using polyclonal antisera raised against bovine adrenal cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450scc), human placental 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3betaHSD), porcine testicular 17alpha-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (P450c17) and human placental aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom). Histologically, cortex and medulla cells were clearly observed in the three fetal adrenal gland tissue samples. P450scc and P450c17 were identified in cortex cells close to medulla cells and in some medulla cells in the fetal adrenal glands. P450arom was present in both cortex and medulla cells in the fetal adrenal glands. However, 3betaHSD was not found in any of the equine fetal adrenal gland tissue samples. These results suggest that equine fetal adrenal glands have the ability to synthesize androgen and estrogen, which may play an important physiological role in the development of equine fetal adrenal glands.     

Distribution of Cytochrome P450-side Chain Cleavage in the Theca Interna Layers of Bovine Small Antral and Cystic Follicles

Cystic follicle is anovulatory follicular structure that is caused by an endocrine imbalance. The activity of cytochrome P450‐side chain cleavage (P450scc) is essential for the initiation of steroidogenesis in the follicle. The present study was designed to compare the frequency of cells containing P450scc between healthy and atretic small antral follicles, and among several types (I, II and III, classified based on the presence of granulosa layer) of cystic follicles. Paraffin sections of healthy (2–5 mm in diameter), atretic (2–5 mm) and cystic follicles (>25 mm) were immunohistochemically stained with rabbit polyclonal antibody to bovine P450scc. The P450scc‐positive cells were counted in four different regions of the follicles from the apical to the basal side. In small antral follicles and cystic follicles, P450scc‐positive cells were localized in the theca interna layers but not granulosa layers. The P450scc‐positive cell populations decreased in the late atretic follicles compared with the early and advanced atretic follicles at all the regions of follicle. Type III cystic follicles showed significantly lower frequencies of P450scc‐positive cells than those in the types I and II cystic follicles. These results suggest that in both small and cystic follicles in cows, total loss of granulosa cells may be associated with the reduction of frequency of P450scc‐positive cells in theca interna layer.     

恩诺沙星对细胞色素P450酶系影响的研究进展

恩诺沙星是一种抗菌药物,广泛应用于畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业。随着恩诺沙星使用量的不断增加,在其对细胞色素P450酶系的影响方面已有广泛的研究。介绍了细胞色素P450酶的基本特征,综述了恩诺沙星对细胞色素P450酶系影响的研究进展,以期为进一步阐明恩诺沙星与细胞色素P450酶系的相互作用机制及恩诺沙星在畜禽体内的药理学与毒理学特征提供理论依据。     

Neurosteroidogenesis in oligodendrocytes and Purkinje neurones of cerebellar cortex of dogs

The cerebellum is a steroidogenic organ that expresses steroidogenic enzymes and produces neurosteroids. Purkinje neurones appear to be the most active steroidogenic cells in the cerebellar cortex. These neurones express 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD), P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc), 17 alpha-hydroxylase/c17, 20lyase (P450c17), P450 aromatase (P450arom) and produce pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedion, oestradion and oestrone. Oligodendrocytes are predominantly the producer of myeline protein. The oligodendrocytes were identified by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody against myeline 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), a myeline specific enzyme. In this study we have examined the distribution of 3 beta-HSD and CNPase by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody in canine cerebellar cortex. The localization of oligodendrocytes within the cerebellar cortex was determined to be close to Purkinje neurones. This result suggests that endogenous progesterone synthesized de novo in the Purkinje neurone can promote myeline protein synthesis in oligodentrocytes.     

Immunohistochemical localization of steroidogenic enzymes and prolactin receptors in the corpus luteum and placenta of spotted seals (Phoca largha) during late pregnancy

To study luteal function in the late gestational period of Phocidae (seals), we analyzed the localization of steroidogenic enzymes (P450scc, 3betaHSD and P450arom) and prolactin receptors in the corpora lutea of pregnant spotted seals (Larga seal; Phoca largha) immunohistochemically. P450scc, 3betaHSD and prolactin receptors were present in all luteal cells of each corpus luteum, and most luteal cells were immunostained for P450arom. Although we analyzed only two specimens, P450scc, 3betaHSD and prolactin receptors were negatively immunostained in the placentae. P450arom was present in the syncytiotrophoblast of placentae. These findings suggest that 1) the corpus luteum of the spotted seal synthesizes pregnenolone, progesterone and estrogen during late gestational period, 2) the placenta of this species do not possess the capacity to synthesize progesterone, and 3) like other terrestrial carnivores, this species requires prolactin to maintain the corpus luteum during pregnancy. These characteristics support the recent classification of family Phocidae in the order Carnivora, and suggest a relationship between prolactin and reproductive failure during the post-implantation period in pinnipeds.