春防年青革搐搦症确保牛羊放牧安全

青草搐搦又称低镁血性搐搦或低镁血病等.春夏季节,牛羊等牲畜由舍饲转为青草地上放牧,此季节青草富含蛋白质,而镁、钙、钠及糖较少,故易发生青草搐搦病,尤其是在初次放牧期间. 1 病因 春、夏季的幼嫩青草和生长旺盛的栽培牧草中镁的含量比成熟鲜草低,加上栽培牧草大量施用氮肥和钾肥,使土壤含钾量增高、土壤偏酸性,进一步降低了牧草对土壤中镁的吸收,牛采食了这种牧草后易发生低镁血症.泌乳高峰期的牛对镁的需求量高,更易发生此病.牛不慎大量采食大麦、燕麦等幼苗,也易引发本病.冬季给牛饲喂大量玉米、黄豆等钙少磷多的饲料,春季舍饲转放牧时牛大量采食钾多钠少的青草,致使血液中镁和钙的含量急剧下降,易引发本病.施用了大量氮肥和钾肥的牧草,是引发本病的高危险源.     

牛瘤胃积食防治

1病因 本病发生的主要原因是采食过量,突然更换饲料,特别是由粗饲料转为精饲料,由舍饲转为放牧,由劣质饲草转为优质饲草时。牛偷食大量精料或采食大量粗硬不易消化的饲料而饮水不足或过食易膨胀的精料也可导致瘤胃积食。     

牛瘤胃臌气的病因、症状与防治

1病因 牛瘤胃臌气是因牛采食了大量容易发酵的饲料,产生了大量气体,气体在瘤胃和网胃内迅速积聚,膈与胸腔脏器受到压迫,引起呼吸和血液循环障碍,甚至窒息死亡的疾病。原发性瘤胃臌气最为常见。主要是牛采食了大量易发酵的青绿饲料,舍饲转为放牧的牛最容易发生急性瘤胃臌气。牛采食堆积发热的青草,或经霜、露、雨、雪冻结的牧草,霉败的干草以及多汁易发酵的青贮料,突然给舍饲的牛饲喂这类饲料,常引起本病。牛过多采食开花前的幼嫩多汁的豆科植物,如苜蓿、紫云英等产生大量气体而引起。长期给舍饲的耕牛饲喂干草,突然改为青草或放牧而采食过多,或误食毒芹、乌头等有毒植物均可导致急性瘤胃臌气的发生。奶牛和肉牛饲喂的饲料配合或调整不当,谷物饲料过多,粗饲料不足,给予的豆饼、酒糟等未经浸泡和处理,饲喂胡萝卜、甘薯等块根饲料过多,因矿物质不足,钙、磷比例失调等,都可成为本病发生的原因。     

防止奶牛夏季腹泻的几种独特方法

进入夏季，天气炎热，青饲料多，鲜嫩多汁，奶牛喜食。不少养奶牛户无论放牧或舍饲，大多喂青草。特别在冬春季节多喂干草的情况下，突然放牧青草或舍饲青草时，很容易引发奶牛的腹泻。这是由于天气过热，寒热失调，突然过食大量青绿多汁饲料，牛很不适应所致。奶牛的这种腹泻。中医叫热泻或湿泻，俗称草泻或水泻。     

奶牛创伤性网胃炎诊治

创伤性网胃炎,是由于尖锐金属异物混杂在饲料内,被牛采食吞咽进入网胃,刺伤网胃壁而引起的网胃炎症。本病主要发生于舍饲的牛和在工矿地区或建筑工地放牧的牛,羊少发生。1 病因本病的发生同牛采食的特点有关,牛采食快,不加咀嚼立即吞咽。     

肉牛瘤胃积食的诊治经验

<正>1病因分析本病多发生于产后饲养不善身体瘦弱的牛,尤其秋季农忙不放牧的舍饲牛。主要是由于患牛脾虚胃弱,运动功能衰退,同时缺少适当运动,采食了大量饲料(大豆、豌     

一例牛瘤胃积食的诊治

牛瘤胃积食通常是日常饲养管理不当,给予大量难消化易膨胀的饲料所致。其他原因还包括突然更换饲料,长期放牧突然改为舍饲,重度劳役停歇饱食后无休息又使役,前胃慢性疾病继发瘤胃积食等。2010年5月,福建省华安     

畜群春牧须注意的几个关键问题

１由舍饲期到放牧期要逐渐过渡牧场上的青草长高后，能吃上半饱时，即可把马牛羊由舍饲转入放牧，但转入放牧的马牛羊，不可过快、过急，更不要一步到位，需要有一个过渡的阶段，不然就会使马牛羊多跑路，多消耗体力。不仅吃不饱，还引起消化功能的紊乱，出现消化不良、拉稀粪等消化道毛病。由舍饲转为放牧的过渡期，一般为１０天以上，并逐日减少每天早晚补喂干草的数量，使马牛羊逐渐适应和习惯于放牧活动，一直到改为全日放牧为止。２不过早放牧春季，青草刚发芽小，马牛羊啃不着，还供不上咀，可马牛羊贪吃，越吃越向远处跑，容易“跑青…     

农村养羊户简易青贮制做法

<正>近些年来,养羊生产迅速发展,对饲料的需求量日益增多。原先以放牧饲养的生产方式,由于放牧地越来越少,已经由放牧饲养逐渐改为舍饲。青贮饲料是舍饲羊的主要基础饲料,青贮饲料营养价值较高,含有较多的蛋白质、矿物质、维生素等营养物质。青     

牛传染性支气管肺炎的防治

1流行病学 牛传染性支原体肺炎是由牛支原体引起的以坏死性肺炎为主要特征的肉牛呼吸道传染病。本病主要侵害3月龄至1岁的牛只，该病的发生与感染因子、环境、管理和动物自身都有关。本病在舍饲期间最易发生，在常发地区多为慢性传染，呈散发，在新发地区可呈暴发或地方性流行。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …