Inhibitory effect of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. filtrates on Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. In relation to some carbon sources

The mycelial yield of Trichoderma viride on a number of carbon sources and the inhibitory effect of its filtrates on Fomes annosus were investigated. d-Xylose and d-glucose as carbon sources in the media gave the highest degree of inhibition when their filtrates were directly tested against F. annosus mycelium. The protection of pine wood blocks with filtrates was most effective when these were derived from cellulose and d-xylose.     

Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. and other Root-rotting Fungi in Conifers on ex-Hardwood Sites

The development of root rot and butt rot caused by Fomes annosusin conifer crops planted on ex-hardwood ground is slower thanthat in second-rotation conifer plantations. This is apparentlydue to competition from other fungi, notably Artnillaria mellea.Excavations on ex-hardwood sites showed that F. annosus waspresent in conifer thinning stumps, and that transference ofinfection occurred, causing butt rot. The investigations confirmedthe need for stump protection of all conifer crops planted onex-hardwood sites. Short accounts are given of the activityof A. mellea and Polyporus schweinitzii, the other two importantroot-rotting fungi on these sites.     

Les hôtes du Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. en France

Hosts of Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke in France. Records of Fomes annosus in France since 1875 are listed. They include several examples not given in Sinclair 's 1964 account and also include seven new hosts.     

Relative susceptibility of selected pure and hybrid pines to Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke.

Eight strains of Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. were grown on malt and potato dextrose agar to determine their growth rates. Pine wood from several locations in P. resinosa trees was tested to ascertain which sample area was best-suited for fungal growth studies. Fifteen pines were ranked according to relativc susceptibility to two strains of F. annosns. Pinus densiflora Sieb. and Zucc. and P. rigida × radiata were most “resistant” and “susceptible” respectively.     

Das Keimverhalten der Konidiosporen von Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. bei Einwirkung verschiedener Standortfaktoren

The Influence of site factors on the Germination of Fomes annosus conidiospores . Cultures grown up on a source with an easily utilisable C-source produce conidia with a lower germination rate. An easily utilisable C-source in the medium promotes germination. Different strains vary individually in their germination behaviour in respect to temperature. Short-time-strains have an optimum between 12–28°C, longtime-strains have a peak at about 24°C. Some strains tend to suddenly alter their germination rate at a lower or higher temperature, thus increasing the plasticity of the fungus. Germination behaviour with regard to pH is strainspecific. The optima lie between pH 4,0–6,5. The pH influences the germination rate more than the nutrients status of the soil. The standard deviations in germination behaviour for some soils are large. Between the various origins of strains there are no significant differences.     

Genetic variation in Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. shown by growth of the fungus on wood dust

Growth of Fomes annosus is studied by a test based on growth of previously starved hyphae on sawdust of heartwood of Picea abies as the only nutrition. Our observations show that the method can be used to distinguish beween different spruce individuals or clones, between different Fomes annosus strains and between different growing sites of the trees.     

Hemmung einiger Ektoenzyme von Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. durch Holz- und Bastextrakte aus Picea abies (Karst.)

Inhibition of several ectoenzymes of Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. by wood and bark extracts from Picea abies (Karst.). Methanol soluble extractives of sapwood, heartwood and reaction zone from Norway spruce as well as acetone soluble extractives of spruce bark were tested at a concentration of 0.05 percent for inhibition of Fomes annosus enzymes cellulase, pectinase     

Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. und andere Stammfäulepilze in einem Douglasienbestand,Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco1

Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. and other decay fungi in a Douglas fir stand, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. 40% of the trees in a 40 years old Pseudotsuga menziesii stand showed butt rot. 85 trees were analysed for decay fungi. Fomes annosus, the most frequent fungus, also invaded the sap wood. Factors of the soil favourable to the rot and the possibility of transmission of the most frequent decay fungus, Fomes annosus, from (a) neighbouring spruce stands, (b) from the roots of Scots pine from the previous crop arc discussed. Caniophora puteana was isolated from about 10% of the butt rots. The importance of Calocera viscosa which grew out of the central decay of twelve trees as a decay fungus is still under investigation.     

Effects of monoterpenes on Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke and its phenol oxidase activity

Fomes annosus was cultivated subject to vapours of monoterpenes. Three monoterpenes were tested separately: α-pinene, β-pinene and 3-carene. The terpenes inhibited the dry matter production of the fungus but extracellular phenol oxidase activity was increased, particularly when the fungus was exposed to vapours of β-pinene and 3-carene.     

Yield of dry mycelium of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. on some carbon and nitrogen sources

This work reports results of mycelial yield of Trichoderma viride from a number of carbon and nitrogen sources and different C:N ratios. The ratios were in two series: first by increasing the carbon content (d-glucose as standard), second – by decreasing the nitrogen content (1-as-paragine as standard). The best mycelium production was found on d-xylose and glucose as C sources and KNO³ and 1-asparagine as N sources. Increase in dosage of both sources caused increase in yield but different changes in pH, according to how nutrients were utilised.     

Examination of metabolic products of the fungus Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke

Isolates Fa₁ and Fa₂ of Fomes annosus from naturally infected trees of Picea excelsa (P. abies) and Pinus silvestris, in laboratory conditions synthesized the toxic product formannosine. Identification of the fomannosine was by thin-layer chromatography and infra-red spectrophotometry. Maximum production of the toxic metabolite was found in 80-day-old liquid cultures of isolate Fa₂. The isolate Fa₁ synthesized considerably smaller quantities of fomannosine and other components in all ages of culture and media variants.     

Biological control of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. (Fomes annosus) in Finland

Fresh stumps of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were inoculated with Peniophora gigantea (Fr.) Massee, Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., Gliocladium deliquescens Sopp, Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. ex S. F. Gray aggr. and Verticicladiella procera Kendrick in order to study their effect on infection by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. The organisms colonizing spruce stumps under natural conditions were identified by collecting samples in the field. In addition, the effect of season of the year, air temperature, precipitation and relative air temperature on fungal colonization of the stumps was investigated.     

Die Wirkung wäßriger Streuextrakte verschiedener Waldbäume auf Mycelwachstum und Konidiosporenkeimung von Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke.

The effect of water extracts of leaf and needle litter from different forest trees on the mycelial growth and the germination rate of conidia of Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. Litter extracts from various forest trees and stands have distinct effects on mycelial growth and germination rate of conidia of Fomes annosus. The effects depend on concentration of the extract, period of extraction and on date of collecting the litter samples.     

Determination of growth loss of Pinus taeda L. caused by Heterobasidion annosus (Fr.) Bref.

The root system of 350 loblolly pine trees in 14 plots were excavated utilizing a bulldozer and evaluated according to the annosus root rot (Heterobasidion annosus) symptom expression of the roots, i. e. resin soaked and stringy. The annual increments of the healthy (<1% colonized) and diseased (<1% colonized) groups of trees were compared for each of the last five years growth. There was a significant growth difference between healthy and diseased trees for each of these last five years at about 4% per year or about 19% for the five year total.     

不同杀菌剂对杨树烂皮病菌抑制作用测定

通过测定不同杀菌剂对杨树烂皮病菌金黄壳囊孢菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用,筛选出了有效抑制杨树烂皮病的高效杀菌剂.主要结果:抑制菌丝生长试验发现吡唑醚菌酯和嘧菌酯EC50的用药量最小,浓度5μg/mL时抑菌率达到90%以上,效果最好;而甲基托布津的EC50量最大,效果最不明显.抑制孢子萌发试验发现,唑醚菌酯和嘧菌酯的抑制孢子萌发效果最好,甲基托布津效果最差,与抑制菌丝试验结果一致.说明吡唑醚菌酯和嘧菌酯不但能有效抑制菌丝生长,而且能够显著地抑制孢子萌发.退菌特、多菌灵、三唑酮、百菌清次之,而代森锰锌、烯唑醇锰锌和甲基托布津对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用均不很明显.     

Some observations on the longevity of Fomes annosus in conifer stumps.

The longevity of Fomes annosus in conifer stumps was assessed in 3 investigations, which showed that the fungus could remain active in stumps for periods of 16 to 62 years.     

伏牛山猪苓人工栽培的试验研究

猪苓栽培 ,挖穴长宽 80cm、深 4 0cm ,种 2层。用灰苓作种 ,0 5kg/穴 ,个重 10～ 13g ,黎蜜环菌材 (栎类材10根 ,长 70cm ,直径 8～ 10cm)拌栽。适宜海拔 80 0～ 12 0 0m的森林中 ,林分郁闭度 0 4～ 0 7,土层厚 5 0cm以上 ,腐殖质土或砂壤土 ,低海拔种阴坡 ,高海拔种阳坡。 4～ 5a采收 ,平均穴产量 7～ 8kg ,平均增重 14～ 16倍 ,比野生增产 70 %。     

中国亚热带地区阔叶树上一种新立木腐朽病

报道了我国亚热带地区阔叶树上一种新立木白色腐朽病，其病原菌为平丝硬孔菌Rigidoporus lineatus，根据中国标本对其进行了详细描述。该菌主要危害洋槐、泡酮及其它阔叶树种。对病害的症状，造成的危害及该病的分布进行了讨论。     

Factors contributing to the resistance of Pinus densiflora (Sieb. and Zucc.) and susceptibility of Pinus rigida × radiata to Fomes annosus

Water, ethanol, ethyl acetatc and chloroform extractives of Pinus densiflora and P. rigida×radiata were made. The ethanol extractives from P. densiflora were most inhibitory in bioassays using two F. annosus strains. Thcse cxtractives werc scparated into acid, base, and ncutral parts. Fractions were collected from the neutral part and bioassays conducted to determine which contained activc fungitoxic compounds. Thin layer diromatography revealed the number of compounds in each fraction.     

Fomes annosus Butt-Rot of Sitka Spruce IV. Observations on the Distribution of Cryptosporiopsis abietina (Petrak) in the Stems of Rotted Trees

Cryptosporiopsis abietina was isolated from the heartwood of12 out of 18 Sitka spruce suffering from butt rot caused byFomes annosus, but from none of eight healthy trees from thesame plantations. C. abietina was present in a distinct zoneabove the tissue colonised by F. annosus. It was present inboth sound wood, and in wood with stain or incipient decay. C. abietina inhibited the growth of F. annosus on malt agar,and to a lesser extent in autoclaved Sitka spruce heartwood.The possible influence of this potentially antagonistic funguson infection by F. annosus is briefly discussed.