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1.
Variations in the compositions of low-boilingpoint (LBP) monoterpenes in needle samples of 50 hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) trees were investigated using the headspace technique. Considerable compositional variations were revealed, especially in sabinene composition. The sabinene composition varied from 4.9% to 78.0% of the total LBP monoterpenes.-Pinene, myrcene, and limonene also showed considerable variations (9.0%–32.7%, 5.5%–22.6%, 3.6%–29.0% respectively). Analysis of the monoterpene composition allowed definition of four chemotypes based on the contingency table test. No correlation was observed between tree size and LBP monoterpene composition, indicating that the compositional variation in LBP monoterpene exists genetically in this population of hinoki.Part of this paper was presented at the 11th annual meeting of the Chugoku Shikoku branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Matsue, September 1999 相似文献
2.
Somatic embryogenesis inChamaecyparis pisifera was initiated from immature seeds collected from the end of June to early July. We obtained initiation frequencies ranging
from 12.5 to 33.3% using whole seed explants in liquid media. Embryogenic cultures were maintained and proliferated for more
than a year in solid and liquid media. High maturation frequencies of ‘high quality’ embryos were obtained on maturation media
containing abscisic acid (ABA), activated charcoal (AC), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as osmotic agent. More than one thousand
cotyledonary embryos on average per 100 mg initial fresh weight of embryogenic cells were attained on medium containing 100μM ABA, 2 gL−1 AC, and 150 gL−1 PEG. About 97% germination frequencies and 92% plant conversion rates were achieved without any pretreatment. Growing of
plants regenerated from somatic embryos has been monitored in the field. Furthermore, a procedure for culture of protoplasts
isolated from embryonal masses was also described.
This work was supported in part by the Japan Science and Technology Corporation and in part by a Grant for Research for the
Future Program from the Japan Society for Promotion of Science. 相似文献
3.
Tadashi Ogawa Chisato Matsumoto Chisato Takenaka Takafumi Tezuka 《Journal of Forest Research》2000,5(2):81-85
The effect of CA(NO3)2 on the active oxygen scavenging system in hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedlings cultured in a nutrient solution containing aluminum was examined. The hinoki cypress seedlings were transferred
to nutrient solutions containing 5 mM AlCl3 together with various concentrations of Ca(NO3)2 in pots containing glass beads and Teflon tips. The growth in height and dry matter allocation to each organ was little influenced
over a period of 12 weeks by either Al or the concentration of Ca(NO3)2. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the needles was stimulated by Al, and the effect of Al was lowered significantly
by simultaneous application of 25 mM Ca(NO3)2. At week 1, the activity of catalase (CAT) in the needles was increased by Al, but the effect was no longer observed at week
12. The Al concentration in the roots was increased by treatment with Al, whereas the Al concentration in needles was not.
These results indicate that rhizospheric Al stress stimulates antioxidative enzyme activities in hinoki cypress needles and
the activation of the enzymes is suppressed by addition of Ca. The transmission of Al stress to the needles, which induced
a change in the enzyme activity, is not caused by the transfer of the Al ion itself from roots to needles.
This work was supported in part by funding from the Japan Science and Technology Corporation, the CREST program 1996–2001,
and the Center for Forest Decline Studies. 相似文献
4.
Katsuaki Ishii 《Journal of Forest Research》2002,7(2):99-104
Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) is one of the most important timber resource forest trees in Japan. Because seed production from a seed orchard of hinoki
cypress is not constant every year, micropropagation from a limited amount of material is useful. Up to now, the conventional
tissue culture method using solid medium has been used. Here a new method using liquid culture in tubes rotated vertically
is described. Shoot primordium of hinoki cypress was inoculated in Campbell and Durzan’s (CD) liquid medium containing different
cytokinins (6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), Zeatin, thidiazurone (TDZ)), and the container tubes were rotated vertically around
the axis at 2 times / min. Culture room temperature was 25°C and light condition was 16 h photoperiod per day of fluorescent
lamps. Zeatin at 1μM concentration was the best for maintaining the shoot primordium production and TDZ induced callus on the surface of the
shoot primordia. After shoot primordium multiplication in the liquid culture, they were transplanted to agar medium for shoot
elongation. A high concentration of agar (up to 16 g/L) or AVF (anti vitrification factor from Dr. Nairn, 1995) was effective
to prevent vitrification of the shoots. Transformation of shoot primordium was done using particle bombardment with vectors
containingβ-glucuronidase (GUS) gene or herbicide resistance gene (bar). Positive result for transient transformation was observed with the histo-chemical study for transformation with GUS. Integration
of a useful herbicidebar gene into the shoot primordium culture system was also tried and stably transformed plants were obtained. This is the first
report of stable transformation of Japanese conifer using practically useful gene.
The generous supply of AVF-B from Dr. B.J. Nairn, Tasman Forestry, NZ is also appreciated. 相似文献
5.
The effect of temperature upon nighttime respiration was examined on four different sized sample trees in a 17-year-old hinoki
cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl.) stand over two years. Seasonal changes inQ
10 values and their responses to mean temperature were investigated. On the basis of the monthly relationships between nighttime
respiration (r) and temperature inside a chamber (θ),r=r
0exp (kθ), theQ
10 value (=exp(10k)) was calculated. TheQ
10 values were high (Q
10≥3.0) in winter when mean air temperature was low, and gradually decreased toward summer (Q
10≤1.5) through spring with increasing temperature. TheQ
10 values were negatively correlated with mean air temperature. The response ofQ
10 values to mean air temperature was described by a single equation, regardless of tree size. This result, which might be characteristic
of this species, shows that respiration ofC. obtusa trees is promoted by slight increases of air temperature in winter season. On the other hand, temperature sensitivity of
total respiration reduced during growing season when ambient temperature was high. These chaning temperature sensitivity according
to seasons may depend on the seasonal change of the ratio of growth respiration to total respiration. It is concluded that
changes in temperature due to changing seasons not only change respiration rate, but also change the response of respiration
rate to temperature by shiftingQ
10 values. 相似文献
6.
Tomoaki Takahashi Kazukiyo Yamamoto Yosuke Miyachi Yoshimichi Senda Masashi Tsuzuku 《Journal of Forest Research》2006,11(2):117-123
Penetration rates of laser pulses transmitted from a small-footprint airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system in
closed-canopy, middle-aged (40–50 years old) hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.) and sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantations that had similar levels of canopy openness were studied. The number of transmitted pulses was 107 427
points/ha for the hinoki cypress stand and 122 883 points/ha for the sugi stand. The penetration rates of the first (Pf) and second pulses (Ps) that reached the ground were 0.1% and 1.0% in the hinoki cypress stand, and 2.6% and 5.5% in the sugi stand, respectively.
Penetration rates for the total number of pulses (Pf+s) that reached the ground within each stand were 1.1% and 8.1%, respectively, and values for Pf+s, Pf, and Ps for sugi and hinoki cypress stands were significantly different (P < 0.001). The results of this study indicated that the generation of accurate digital terrain models in dense hinoki cypress
stands with complex topographies using only the data from laser pulses with poor laser penetration rates is likely to be difficult. 相似文献
7.
We estimated the water status of six 31-year-old hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) trees that were struck by a large typhoon. Measurements were made of the trunk water-conduction area of xylem, leaf water potentials, and diurnal changes in trunk diameters. The secondary woodboring insects, Callidiellum rufipenne and Ovalisia vivata, on the trees were captured by the sticky-trap banding method. In trees on which these wood borers were captured, water conduction areas were reduced, leaf water potentials were lower, and trunk diameter changes (R) fluctuated during the day, suggesting that the trees had been damaged by the typhoon and were under water stress. The secondary woodboring insects attacked the water-stressed trees. 相似文献
8.
An attempt was made to examine the possible connection between the various ratios of calcium/aluminum (Ca/Al) in the nutrient
solution of plant cultures and the active oxygen scavenging system of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedlings. The hinoki cypress seedlings were transferred to nutrient solutions containing 5 mM AlCl3 together with various concentrations of Ca(NO3)2 in pots containing glass beads and Teflon tips. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase
(APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) in the needles were estimated at several stages during the 7-day treatment. The samples
treated with the lower Ca/Al solutions show the highest SOD activities. The activities of APX and GR, both of them involved
in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, showed the same tendency with decrease to higher Ca/Al ratio. These results indicate that
rhizospheric Ca might compete with Al and ameliorate Al toxicity on and in the roots, the Al stress is not transformed to
the needles after a few days, and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the hinoki cypress needles might fluctuate and be suppressed
by the rhizospheric Al stress during the 7 days.
This work was supported in part by funding from the Japan Science & Technology Corporation, the CREST program 1996–2001, and
the Center for Forest Decline Studies. 相似文献
9.
The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on the nighttime respiration were examined for two sample branches of a hinoki cypress tree (Chamaecyparis obtusa) growing in the field with an open gas exchange system for a one-year period from July 1994 to June 1995. The branches were
of a similar size and located at a similar position within the crown. One branch was subjected to an elevated CO2 concentration of 800 μmol mol−1 and the other was subjected to ambient air which had a CO2 concentration of about 370 μmol mol−1. Nighttime respiration rate was higher in elevated CO2 level than in ambient CO2 level. The relationship between nighttime respiration and the corresponding nighttime air temperature was fitted by the exponential
function in every month of the year. The segregation of regression lines between the two CO2 treatments increased gradually as the seasons progressed during the treatment period. TheQ
10 values for nighttime respiration were lower in elevated CO2 (1.9 ≤Q
10 ≤ 3.7) than in ambient CO2 (2.4 ≤Q
10 ≤ 4.5) in every month of the year. TheQ
10 was inversely related to the monthly mean nighttime air temperature in both elevated and ambient CO2. The estimated daily nighttime respiration rate under both CO2 treatments had a similar seasonal pattern, which almost synchronized with the temperature change. The respiration ratio of
elevated CO2 to ambient CO2 increased gradually from 1.1 to 1.6 until the end of the experiment. Our results indicate that the CO2 level and the temperature have a strong interactive effect on respiration and suggest that a potential increase in respiration
of branches will occur when ambient CO2 increases. 相似文献
10.
Variations in the composition of low boiling point (LBP) monoterpenes emitted from needle samples of 150 hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtuse) trees (30 strains, each with five clones) native to Shimane Prefecture, Japan, were investigated using a headspace technique.
The assays revealed considerable proportional variations especially in the amount of sabinene, which ranged from 24% to 78%
of the total LBP monoterpenes. The proportions of α-pinene, myrcene, and limonene negatively correlated with that of sabinene overall. In particular, the proportion of limonene
showed clear negative correlation with that of sabinene (r = −0.98). Differences in the proportion of sabinene among five
clones in each strain were less than 15% in 22 out of 30 strains, indicating that monoterpene composition is constitutively
steady in most strains. In a few strains, however, considerable variation in the composition was observed among clones. 相似文献
11.
Pollen dispersal was estimated in two test plots in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seed orchard using a chloroplast DNA marker, the spacer region between thetrnD andtrnY genes, and SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism). In Plot 1, 2,020 seeds from 40 trees within 30 m of the marker
tree were analyzed using the PCR-SSCP method. In Plot 2, 1,850 seeds from 37 trees were analyzed in the same manner. The results
revealed that the maximum pollen dispersal distance in the two plots exceeded 25 m. Pollen dispersal appeared to be inversely
proportional to the distance from the marker tree. The effective pollen dispersal was suggested to be less than about 20 m
in a mature hinoki seed orchard. Adjacent trees had an excessive influence when the pollen density was increased by artificial
flower stimulation. Therefore, it was suggested that seed production better resembles ideal random mating when carried out
as naturally as possible. In conclusion, the SSCP chloroplast DNA marker was a useful tool for amassing basic information
on pollen management in seed orchards of coniferous species. 相似文献
12.
The essential oil obtained from the leaves of Chamaecyparis obtusa was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. alpha-Terpinyl acetate, sabinene, isobornyl acetate and limonene were found to be the major components. The oil showed relatively strong antibacterial activities against Gram (+) bacteria and some fungi. 相似文献
13.
In order to clarify the effects of a mixture of deciduous broad-leaved trees on soil fertility, we investigated litter biomass
accumulation, mineral soil chemical and physical characteristics, characteristics of nitrogen mineralization, and the mutual
relationships between them in Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) stands mixed with deciduous broad-leaved trees at different ratios (mixture ratio; MR = 0, 16, 33, 43, 100% by basal area)
in the northern Kanto region of Japan. Litter biomass in the forest floor and mineral soil was 19.1 Mg ha−1 in MR 0% and decreased approximately 60 % in MR 33%, MR 43% and MR100%. The permeability at 0–5 cm soil depth in MR100% was
twice as much as that in MR 0%. Increases in soil permeability were likely due to larger soil pores in the higher MR with
much accumulated deciduous broad-leaves. At 0–5 cm soil depth, the differences in carbon concentration among the plots were
not clear. On the other hand, carbon concentrations at 5–10 cm depth increased from 90 g kg−1 to 147 g kg−1 with increases in MR from 0% to 100%. Concentrations of exchangeable bases increased two to four times with increases in
MR from 0 to 100% at 0–10 cm depth. Soil pH (H2O) generally increased with increases in MR at each depth. The rates of net nitrogen mineralization at 0–5 cm depthin vitro increased from 25 to 87 mg kg−1 2 weeks−1 with increases in MR from 0 to 100%. However, increases in nitrification with increases in MR were not clear compared with
nitrogen mineralization. These results indicated that a mixture of deciduous broad-leaved trees in a Japanese cypress stand
was effective in preventing soil fertility decline.
This study was supported by a grant from the Showa Shell Sekiyu Fundation for Promotion of Environmental Research. A part
of this study was presented at the 7th International Congress of Ecology (1998). 相似文献
14.
Naohiro Takaku Dr. Don-Ha Choi Keigo Mikame Tomoya Okunishi Shiro Suzuki Hideo Ohashi Toshiaki Umezawa Mikio Shimada 《Journal of Wood Science》2001,47(6):476-482
Heartwood ofChamaecyparis obtusa contains significant amounts of a dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan, hinokinin (8). This investigation demonstrated that the contents of 8 and a norlignan, hinokiresinol (12), were higher in the heartwood region than in the sapwood, indicating their nature of being heartwood extractives. Eleven lignans — xanthoxylol (1), 7-oxohinokinin (2), savinin (3), dihydrosesamin (4), isoactifolin (5), sesamin (6), piperitol (7), hinokinin (8), pluviatolide (9), haplomyrfolin (10), and rnatairesinol (11) — were isolated from young shoots ofChamaecyparis obtusa cv. Breviramea. Eight lignans (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9,10, and11) were isolated from this plant for the first time. Chiral high-performance liquid Chromatographie analysis showed that8, 9, 10, and11, were found to be levorotatory and optically pure (>99% e.e.). Based on the chemical structures of the isolated lignans, possible biosynthetic pathways of8 are discussed.Parts of this report were presented at the 44th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Nara, April 1994; the 46th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kumamoto, April 1996; and the 44th Lignin Symposium, Gifu, October 1999 相似文献
15.
Toru Taniguchi Kazuo Tabuchi Kazuho Yamaguchi Yoshitake Fujisawa 《Journal of Forest Research》1996,1(1):51-55
Somatic embryos ofAcanthopanax sciadophylloides Franch. et Sav. were differentiated from both zygotic and somatic embryos and calli, and plants were regenerated from these
somatic embryos. A zygotic embryo, enclosed within a small portion of the endosperm, was incubated on Murashige and Skoog
(MS) media supplemented with various combinations (range 0–10.0 mg/l) of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). After 4 months, swelling of the zygotic embryos
and callus formation was observed. When the swollen embryos were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l of 2,4-D, somatic embryos were formed in one to two months. After subculture on the same medium, new embryos were differentiated
from various parts of the older somatic embryos. The calli were cultured on medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l of 2,4-D and BAP for three weeks. Proliferated calli were transferred to medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l of 2,4-D and BAP. Somatic embryos were differentiated from the calli within one to two months. Somatic embryos were germinated
on half-strength MS medium without plant growth regulators and the plantlets were grown in soil.
A part of this paper was presented at the 106th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1995) & First Asia-Pacific
Symposium on Forest Tree Genetic Improvement (Beijing). 相似文献
16.
The incidence and severity of resinous stem canker disease were investigated in hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and sawara (C. pisifera) at a progeny test located in Yamatsuri Town, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Symptoms of the disease were observed in 307 trees
out of 933 investigated trees (32.9%). The damage was more severe on lower slopes than on upper slopes, indicating that micro-environmental
factors are causally associated with the occurrence of the disease. The severity of the disease varied both among nine open-pollinated
progenies derived from hinoki plus-tree clones and among 13 progenies derived from pollination between hinoki plus-tree clones
and the mixed-pollen of hinoki plus-tree clones. The severity of the disease also varied with height above the ground. This
tendency was most obvious where the disease was most severe. An estimation of the narrow sense heritability,h
2, of 0.214, was obtained from analysis of the 13 progenies derived from pollination with mixed-pollen. The heritability derived
from material that had not been subjected to selection against the disease, indicated that breeding to enhance resistance
would be possible to control the disease. The interaction between environments and progenies in relation to severity of the
disease is also discussed.
Ms. Setsuko Chiba and Mr. Mamoru Ueta gave us vigorous supports, and Mr. Haruki Orita, Dr. Tomiyasu Miyaura, and Dr. Shinichiro
Ito gave us many helpful comments. We deeply appreciated their cooperation. The study was supported by a grant from the Ministry
of Agriculture, Forestry. and Fisheries of Japan. 相似文献
17.
Yasuhiro Utsumi Shinya Koga Naoaki Tashiro Atsushi Yamamoto Yukie Saito Takanori Arima Hirokazu Yamamoto Masahiko Kadomatsu Nao Sakanoue 《Journal of Wood Science》2006,52(6):477-482
Of all plant materials used to cover the roofs of traditional Japanese buildings, Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) bark, hiwada, has the longest service life and has been used from ancient times. However, wood and bark properties after hiwada harvest have not been evaluated in detail. We studied whether decortication for hiwada production in winter affected xylem and phloem formation. Decorticated trees still preserved all inner bark and part of the
outer bark, and both decorticated and control trees had similar annual ring structures at all stem heights in the xylem and
phloem. In both xylem and inner bark, no significant difference in ring width at any stem height was found between annual
rings before and after decortication. Thus, this study revealed that the decortication of bark for hiwada production does not affect the formation of xylem and the inner and outer bark if decortication is carried out by highly
skilled workers in winter. 相似文献
18.
Genetic variation in seed/cone production among clones was studied in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) seed orchard containing 25 plus-trees by analyzing the number of cones, the yield of cones and seeds of individual
ramets for 5 successive years (1982 to 1986). There was significant variation among clones each year and parental contribution
in the seed orchard. Specifically, in the years 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, and 1986, 20% of the clones produced 37.2, 60.6, 36.0,
44.3, and 44.8% of the total cones, respectively. The size of the crop greatly influenced the parental balance in the resulting
seed/cone crops. The product moment correlation coefficients and Spearman’s coefficients of rank correlation were small and
insignificant between consecutive years, but large and highly significant between alternate years, suggesting the presence
of carry-over effects in seed/cone production. The broad-sense heritability on a clone mean basis was 0.74 ± 0.15 for the
number of cones, 0.72 ± 0.14 for the yield of cones, and 0.68 ± 0.13 for the yield of seeds. The corresponding heritabilities
from analyses combined over all years were 0.24, 0.558, and 0.724, respectively. These results indicate that seed/cone production
in hinoki is under strong genetic control. Several managerial measures are discussed that maintain the genetic diversity in
seedlots used for reforestation, by reducing the variation in seed/cone production among clones and producing seed crops with
equal contributions from all parents. 相似文献
19.
Nobuyasu Hanari Hiroshi Yamamoto Takashi Ooi Takenori Kusumi Ken -ichi Kuroda 《Journal of Wood Science》2001,47(1):36-40
This paper describes characterization of diterpenes of the bark of Japanese cypress,Chamaecyparis obtusa (S. and Z.) Endl, without the resinous stem canker to learn the difference between the cypress bark affected with the canker. A diterpene dimer and two diterpenes, 6,12-dihydroxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-7-one and 6,12-dihydroxyabieta-5,8,11, 13-tetraen-7-one, were firstly isolated from Japanese cypress. The dimer, 6-(abieta-6,8,11, 13-tetraenyl-12-oxy)-7-methoxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-12-ol, was a new compound. It is a terpene indicative ofC. obtusa not infected with the resinous stem canker. Five known diterpenes were also isolated. 相似文献
20.
Naohiro Takaku Keigo Mikame Tomoya Okunishi Shiro Suzuki Toshiaki Umezawa Mikio Shimada 《Journal of Wood Science》2001,47(6):493-496
A new lignan isoactifolin was isolated from young shoots (with leaves) ofChamaecyparis obtusa cv. Breviramea. The structure of the compound was determined based on spectroscopic evidence.Parts of this report were presented at the 44th lignin symposium, Gifu, October 1999 相似文献