Association between initial weight and weight gain in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill, and brown trout, Salmo trutta L.

Abstract. Individual weighings of samples of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill, and brown trout, Salmo trutta L., al the initiation and termination of their growth period, enabled estimating the association of weight gain on initial weight. In both cases the regressions were positive and the correlations significant. Variation in initial weight among tested individuals and groups is expected to bias growth estimates of these groups in programmes of genetic testing, as a result of this association. Obviating this bias requires an adequate correcting technique, involving the estimation of an environmentally generated correction factor. Phenotypic regression coefficients, as estimated in this investigation, cannot serve as correction factors, but may be regarded as maximum estimates.     

Predicting correction factors for differences in initial weight among genetic groups of common carp in communal testing

Testing different genetic groups of common carp by stocking them together into ‘communal ponds’, requires correcting observed weight gains for differences in initial weight among the tested groups. Reliable estimation of correction factors, by the multiple nursing technique, requires a minimum difference of 15 g in initial weight between multiply nursed samples. Empirical estimates of correction factors are biassed by errors in estimating initial weight differences. No consistent differences were isolated in the correction factors generated from different genetic groups.A multiple regression analysis based on data from ten tests generated the following prediction equation: b=4.543−0.113 X.+0.00671 Y. (R=0.716) where b=predicted correction factor; X.=mean initial weight; Y.=mean weight gain. Predicted correction factors, generated from the analysis of a large set of data, are at least as reliable as empirical estimates from a single experiment. Their use enables an economy in facilities, which would otherwise be required for producing and testing multiply nursed samples. The application of this technique to other fish species is discussed.     

Communal testing,a method of testing the growth of different genetic groups of common carp in earthen ponds

Communal testing consists of stocking the different genetic groups to be tested into the same (communal) pond. In this system, genetic differences between groups of fish and differences in pond productivity are not confounded, as they are in separate testing. Communal testing reduces the number of replications required and enables larger numbers of groups to be tested in a smaller number of ponds. Growth testing in communal ponds means that the testing environment and the commercial production environment in which the results of genetic investigations are to be applied are not identical. This difference is due to the mutual competitive interactions between test groups in communal ponds, which cannot occur when they are stocked separately. Interactions may be due to differences in initial weight between the groups, or to differences in competitive ability not associated with differences in initial weight. The methodological investigations which allow these sources of bias to be removed are described. The effect of differences in initial weight is corrected with the aid of the environmentally generated coefficient of regression of weight gain on initial weight in a communal pond. This regression requires empirical estimation in each test, by the multiple nursing technique, specifically constructed for this purpose. Relative growth rankings of paris of test progenies were identical when each group was stocked separately into a series of replicated ponds and when both were stocked together into communal ponds. Thus growth estimates from communal testing are reliable predictors of expected genetic differences in separate ponds.Communal testing allows any pond or other growth vessel to be used as a testing facility, irrespective of its area or aquacultural management. Alternatively, it enables breeding studies to be integrated with other unrelated investigations. This results in a more rational utilization of facilities and the possibility of isolating and estimating interactions between experimental variables.     

基于家系水平的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)保种群体出肉率与表型性状的相关性分析

本研究从家系水平上比较凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)保种群体出肉率的差异,评估出肉率性状的选择潜力,寻找替代出肉率的间接选择性状,可为出肉率性状的遗传改良提供技术参数。2012年,保种群体养殖350 d后,测定42个家系(2094尾凡纳滨对虾)的8个表型性状(净肉重、体重、头胸甲长、腹节长、头胸甲-腹节长、体长、全长、肥满度),然后将虾杀死,剖取虾肉,计算出肉率;利用单因素方差分析方法,比较不同家系间出肉率的差异;计算各表型性状与出肉率之间的相关系数,利用逐步回归方法构建表型性状对出肉率的多元线性回归方程。结果显示,凡纳滨对虾家系出肉率的均值为(53.59±3.26)%,分布范围为50.25%?59.51%,变异系数为6.08%,家系间差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);在8个表型性状中,与出肉率的相关性最高的3个性状分别为净肉重(r=0.478)、头胸甲-腹节长(r=0.376)和腹节长(r=0.370);在表型性状对出肉率的多元线性回归方程中,包括头胸甲-腹节长、体重和头胸甲-腹节长/全长3个性状,预测方程的决定系数为0.172。本研究首次在家系水平上表明,凡纳滨对虾保种群体家系间出肉率差异显著,但遗传变异度较低,为提高遗传进展,需进一步持续收集外部种质资源群体,并对出肉率进行家系间和家系内选择,以便获得期望的遗传进展。已测定表型性状与出肉率均处于中低度线性相关水平,初步获得与出肉率中度相关的间接选择性状;已构建的多元线性回归方程预测出肉率的准确度较低,因此,应进一步采用新的技术如超声波、核磁共振等,测定肌肉横截面积、腹节周长等新的性状,提高预测出肉率的准确性。     

Use of genetic markers in growth testing of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., carried out over 2 or 3 year cycles

Abstract. A method of testing the growth of different genetic groups of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., over 3 year cycles was demonstrated. In European aquaculture, attaining market weight of common carp usually requires growth periods of 3 years. Typical mean weights at the end of the first year are 20 to 40g. For genetic testing, each progeny is nursed in a separate first-year pond. Co-stocking these nursery ponds with samples of a genetically marked group of carp is a convenient method of multiple nursing for second- and third-year testing. This method does not require additional ponds for generating multiply nursed samples.
Four successive experiments were carried out using this method of testing. Each experiment was run over a period of 3 years. The modified multiple nursing method generated sufficiently large weight differences only in one experiment. In the others, weight differentiation was small and unreliable, or several multiply nursed groups were lost or unidentifiable. Some improvements of this method are suggested. The genetic groups participating in the test included Ropsha carp, an Estonian strain and a strain of German mirror carp. The results are consistent with a similar study involving Chinese and European races of common carp.     

虹鳟体质量和主要体尺性状异速生长的遗传分析

采用联合异速生长遗传模型,对中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所渤海冷水性鱼类试验站培育的F1杂交虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)和F2杂交虹鳟的体质量和体尺性状异速生长进行了遗传分析,旨在为虹鳟及其他水产动物异速生长的遗传参数估计和实现体质量与体型的同步选育奠定理论基础。首先采用逐步回归分析法选择体尺性状对体质量的异速生长显著的性状,建立最优表型联合静态、动态异速生长指数模型,随后构建了两个用于遗传分析多个静态、动态异速生长的随机回归模型。虹鳟多个体尺性状相对体质量的异速生长遗传分析结果表明,体长与体质量具有较大的异速生长指数,为1.633 8,且为正异速生长,而其他体尺性状相对体质量呈现负异速生长;遗传方差大小顺序和表型的偏异速生长指数一致,体宽和背鳍基长的异速生长的遗传相关最大,为-0.867 5,其次为体长和体高,为-0.619 4,最小的是-0.021 7,为体高和体宽。体长与体质量的动态异速生长的加性遗传方差估计值为0.292 9。结果表明,虹鳟体质量和主要体尺性状的异速生长是由遗传机制决定的,遗传方差及遗传相关的估计能够用来筛选优良亲本,这为进一步利用异速生长理论指导虹鳟及其他水产动物体质量与体型的同步选育提供了理论基础。     

鲤改良品系与体质量、体长性状相关的TRAP标记筛选

应用TRAP标记对一个鲤(Cyprinus carpio)改良品系72个个体进行扩增,采用其中25个多态性较好引物组合用于该群体遗传多样性分析.运用卡方检验分析25对引物在体质量差异显著的2组鱼中频率差异显著的位点,初步筛选出与体质量和体长性状相关的TRAP标记.将初步筛选的TRAP标记用于随机群体132个个体进行位点性状间的关联分析.结果表明,25个TRAP分子标记共扩增出353个位点,其中多态性位点230个,平均多态性比率65％,平均多态性信息含量为0.28,Nei's遗传多样性指数平均值为0.219,Shannon信息指数平均值为0.329,表明该群体遗传多样性较为丰富.在初步筛选出的3个TRAP位点(ghlTrap04-140、4rTrap04-308、igf4Ga5-135)中,4rTrap04-308与体质量、体长呈极显著相关(P<0.01).本研究利用TRA这一新型分子标记对1个鲤改良群体进行遗传分析,并寻找出1个可能与鲤体质量,体长性状相关的功能基因位点,旨在为鲤体质量、体长性状的QTL定位和分子标记辅助育种奠定基础.     

Genetic parameters for loin eye area and other body traits of an important Neotropical aquaculture species,Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818)

Estimating components of variance and genetic parameters of economically relevant traits is the first step towards planning a breeding program for aquaculture species. This study estimated the (co)variance components for growth rate and other body traits and then determined a multiple regression equation to assess the loin eye area (LEA) from morphometric traits of the Neotropical aquaculture species Colossoma macropomum. Estimation of variance components was performed using derivative‐free restricted maximum likelihood estimation using the MTDFREML package. Six predictive variables were tested to estimate the coefficient of regression equation and to select the most suitable model for predicting LEA. The estimated genetic parameter for body weight showed moderate‐to‐high heritability estimates of 0.26 (0.01) and 0.49 (0.01) at 221 and 623 days respectively. The genetic correlation (r_g) estimates between body size measurements were positive and ranged from low to high at both ages. The heritability for LEA in this assessment was 0.39 (0.03). The genetic and phenotypic correlations between LEA and the other body measurements ranged from 0.16 to 0.94 and 0.75 and 0.90 respectively. The outcomes of this study can contribute to the development of a genetics‐based breeding program that will improve (tambaqui) productivity and carcass quality.     

文蛤贝壳形态性状对活体重的影响分析

随机抽取中国沿海文蛤292个,分别测其壳长(X1)、壳宽(X2)、壳高(X3)、韧带长(X4)、楯面长(X5)、楯面宽(X6)、小月面长(X7)、前端到腹缘(X8)、后端到腹缘(X9)及活体重(Y)等形态性状,采用相关分析、通径分析、决定系数分析和多元回归分析方法,讨论了贝壳各形态性状对活体重的影响。结果表明,文蛤的壳长、壳宽、壳高、韧带长、楯面长、楯面宽、小月面长、前端到腹缘、后端到腹缘与活体重存在极显著正相关(P0.01)。壳长对活体重的直接影响最大,通径系数为P1=0.345(P0.05);壳宽(P2=0.210)(P0.01)、韧带长(P4=0.129)(P0.01)、小月面长(P7=0.079)(P0.05)对活体重直接影响亦较大。决定系数∑d=0.9170.850,说明文蛤形态性状是影响活体重的重点性状。多元回归分析显示壳长、壳宽、韧带长和小月面长与活体重极显著相关(P0.01),其最优理想回归方程为:Y=1.157X1+0.894X2+0.929X4+0.523X7-69.553。实验结果认为,在文蛤选择育种中,壳长、壳宽、韧带长和小月面长是重要的甄别性状。     

西施舌形态性状与体质量性状的相关性分析

为研究西施舌(Coelomactra antiquata)野生群体壳体性状对体质量性状的影响,文章以广西北海铁山港海区采集的178只西施舌为研究对象,测量壳高(SH)、壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)、前缘长(AL)、后缘长(GL)、壳质量(SM)、软体部质量(VM)、活体质量(BM),以壳体性状(SH、SL、SW、AL、G...     

Experimental pond production of marron, Cherax tenuimanus (Smith) (Decapoda: Parastacidae)

Forty-two, 4-month pond trials were carried out on a large indigenous crayfish in south-western Australia — a candidate species for commercial aquaculture. Since growth rate and density are inversely related in this species the aim was to establish an intermediate range of density giving commercially acceptable values of growth rate and biomass. Survival over 4 months averaged 80.5% (30.7–100%) and was independent of density in the range 2–15/m²; low values (two below 50%) were due to oxygen depletion from overfeeding. The complex relationship between mean individual weight gain/4-month trial and initial mean individual weight was described indirectly using Mauchline's (1977) linear plot of log growht rate in length against initial length. A multiple regression equation accounted for 93.3% of the variability in log growth rate with 45.7% due to initial size, 40.6% due to seasonal water temperatures, 6.1% due to initial density and 0.8% due to feeding rate. Similar transformations were used to relate statistically production and biomass change to initial mean weight. Growth, production and biomass schedules were constructed for the most favourable temperature area of the south-west. A mean weight of 45 g at a biomass of 2100 kg/ha was predicted for the end of the first year of life and 111 g at 3175 kg/ha for the second year. Wide variability in individual weights represents a marketing problem. Plant material (poultry and lucerne pellets, compost) was supplied at rates of up to 1.0 kg/m² per 4 months as a substrate for detrital formation. Pollution from these materials generated limiting oxygen deficiencies.     

Estimates of Heritabilities and Genetic Correlations for Growth and Gonad Traits in Blunt Snout Bream,Megalobrama amblycephala

Blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala, is an herbivorous freshwater fish and has been recognized as a main aquaculture species in the Chinese freshwater polyculture system. The objective of the study is to estimate the genetic parameters for growth, body shape, and gonad traits for M. amblycephala at 1 yr of age. The phenotypic analysis showed that coefficients of variation for gonad traits had large variation relative to the other traits analyzed, and there was no sexual dimorphism by comparing growth and body shape in M. amblycephala. Based on restricted maximum likelihood and Markov chain Monte Carlo Bayesian methods using the animal model, the heritabilities of body weight (0.423–0.504), body length (0.309–0.678), body height (0.408–0.599), and dressed weight (0.359–0.643) were moderate and high, while the other traits, including conditional factor (0.029–0.199), body shape coefficient (0.095–0.405), edible ratio (0.073–0.207), gonad weight (0.018–0.170), and gonadosomatic index (0.050–0.222), had moderate or low heritabilities. High genetic and phenotypic correlations were found among growth traits, but not between growth traits and body shape or gonad traits except dressed weight. Based on our results, it could be efficient to combine the selection on body weight for fast growth and nonearly sexual maturity varieties of M. amblycephala breeding.     

Growth testing of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (Hungarian mirror and Třeboň scaly carp), in ponds with low and high stocking density

The growth of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., was tested in ponds under the climatic conditions of South Bohemia. T?eboň scaly carp (TR) and Hungarian mirror carp (M2) were kept in both low and high stocking densities during the second growing season and then stocked together for communal testing during the third growing season. Before the communal testing, the mean initial weights of fish from low‐ and high‐density stocks differed significantly (374.1 vs. 227.7 g for the TR breed and 766.7 vs. 317.3 g for the M2 breed respectively, P<0.01). After communal testing, mean weights of fish from low‐ and high‐density stocks gained 761.8 vs. 543.8 g for the TR breed and 1339.7 vs. 706.7 g for the M2 breed respectively. These observed weights were also significantly different (P<0.01). However, the test of corrected weight gain, i.e. gain not related to the initial weight of fish, revealed insignificant differences (P>0.01) between the weight gains after correction, i.e. the effect of different initial weights was successfully eliminated. These results seem to confirm the applicability of this method for the assessment of growth of purebred common carp under the climatic conditions of Central European fish farms.     

基于计算机视觉的大黄鱼体尺、体重性状表型测量装置开发和应用

鱼类的体重、体长等表型性状是水产养殖和遗传育种中非常重要的经济性状，为了避免人工测量的不确定性、误差随机性和效率低下的问题，本研究开发出一种基于Mask Region Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN) 的自动化、无侵入式鱼类图像分割和表型性状测量的装置。该装置包括图像采集装置和控制软件两部分，其中图像采集装置可以测量不同规格鱼类 (体长1~40 cm)。基于Mask R-CNN的控制软件，可以对图片进行目标性状的训练和预测，实现目标数据的测量、存储和管理。本研究利用该装置对477尾3月龄大黄鱼进行了图像采集和基于大黄鱼图像的体长、体高、体重性状预测。研究表明，利用该装置测量的大黄鱼体长和体高的平均相对误差均小于4%。基于体长、体高、体表面积的多元回归模型对体重进行拟合，测量值与真实体重的相关系数为0.99，平均相对误差为4%，对每张图片的平均处理时间为3 s，测量速率是人工的8倍。该系统可以实现自动化、高效、准确地获取大黄鱼体型与体重性状，为大黄鱼种质资源评价、良种选育和种质创新提供更加便捷高效的表型测评工具。     

斧文蛤(Meretrix lamarchii)形态性状对体质量的影响效果分析

从湛江东海岛斧文蛤野生群体随机取200个2龄个体,测量壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)、壳高(SH)、韧带长(Li L)、小月面长(Lu L)和体质量(W)6个性状,计算性状间的相关系数;以壳性状为自变量、体质量为依变量,采用通径分析方法计算壳性状对体质量的通径系数、决定系数,建立回归方程。结果显示,壳长、壳宽、壳高、韧带长与体质量极显著相关(P0.01),小月面长与体质量相关不显著(P0.05)。壳长、壳宽、壳高对体质量的直接影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01),韧带长对体质量的直接影响较小,相关不显著(P0.05);壳长对体质量的直接效应和间接效应均最大,是影响体质量的最重要因素。采用逐步回归分析方法建立了形态性状对体质量的多元回归方程YW=-126.784+1.249XSL+2.036XSW+0.911XSH,为斧文蛤选种提供了理论依据和测度指标。     

Indicators of genetic variation for feed conversion efficiency in black bream

Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) is a composite measure that combines feed intake with growth rate to estimate the effectiveness by which feed is converted to saleable meat product, and is a major determinant of production system efficiency. We measured the relationships between feed intake to apparent satiety and weight gain in replicate half‐sib families of black bream at four times over a 56‐day test period. After 42 days, we found significant additive genetic variance in both weight gain and feed intake, and a stabilization in family group variation in both traits. This indicates that 42 days is the minimum test period over which to measure genetic variation for FCE in black bream. There were high, positive phenotypic (and probably genetic) correlations between weight gain and feed intake after 42 days. We found no detectable genetic variation for either feed efficiency (weight gain/feed intake), or residual feed intake, which is a linear function that distinguishes between the amount of feed intake that is used for body maintenance and that used for growth. We argue that selection for improved FCE might be better achieved not by using a composite measure, but by using a weighted selection index that accounts for the genetic covariance among weight gain, feed intake and other key production traits.     

Dietary Protein Requirements of Juvenile Black Sea Bass,Centropristis striata

A feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system to determine the dietary protein requirement for juvenile black sea bass. Six isocaloric diets were formulated to contain varying levels of crude protein (CP) ranging from 36 to 56% (36, 40, 44, 48, 52, and 56%) by substituting a mixture of carbohydrates and lipid for fish meal. The feeding experiment was carried out in 18‐75 L aquaria stocked at a density of 15 juveniles (initial average weight 6.7 g) per tank. Fish were fed test diets in triplicate tanks to apparent satiation twice a day for 8 wk. Whole‐body proximate composition was analyzed after the feeding trial. After the feeding trial, weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed the 44% CP diet were not significantly different from those fed the 48, 52, and 56% CP diets, but were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those fed the 36 and 40% CP diets. Feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly affected by dietary protein level. The dietary requirement of protein for maximum growth of black sea bass juveniles, estimated using broken‐line regression analysis on weight gain, was 45.3% and maximum weight gain occurred at 52.6% based on polynomial regression analysis.     

Effect of triploidy on paternal and maternal variance components in brown trout, Salmo trutta L.

The covariation between diploid and triploid progenies from common breeders and the effect of triploidy on the parental variances were investigated in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) using two progeny testing experiments, sampling, sires and dams respectively, from the same population. The traits studied were body weight, growth, condition factor and red spotting of the skin. Triploidization generated some interactions with the parental breeding value, but their effect was minor (less than 20% of the genetic variance, in most cases) as compared with the amount of variation common to both ploidy levels. These interactions were mainly caused by a scale effect, triploidy reducing the variance attributable to sires and increasing the variance attributable to dams. Actual lack of correlation (genetic correlation significantly less than 1) between diploid and triploid familial performances was observed in a single instance out of 18. The modification of respective parental variance components by triploidy, already observed in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), appears as a logical consequence of the genetic make‐up of triploids, and should be taken into account in selective breeding.     

橄榄蛏蚌赣江群体数量性状的通径分析

为探明橄榄蛏蚌各数量性状间的相关性以及影响肉质量的主要性状,随机选取40只3~4龄的野生橄榄蛏蚌,测量了壳长、壳宽、壳高、体质量(x1)、壳质量(x2)、高(x3)和肉质量(y)等7个数量性状,计算含肉率。运用相关分析、通径分析和多元回归分析等统计方法,对各数量性状之间的相互关系进行分析,计算各性状对肉质量的通径系数与决定系数,并建立了回归方程。研究结果显示,橄榄蛏蚌的含肉率达到65.62%,是极具开发潜力的食用淡水贝类;橄榄蛏蚌各数量性状间的表型相关均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);体质量对肉质量的直接作用最大,为0.983,是影响肉质量的主要因素,而壳长、壳宽、壳高、高与壳质量等性状对肉质量的影响主要是通过体质量间接实现的;体质量的综合决定效应为96.08%,是影响肉质量的最主要因素,具有育种意义;运用逐步回归方法,建立了各数量性状对肉质量的回归方程为:y=-18.548+0.690x1-0.442x2+6.804x3。     

Covariation between diploid and triploid progenies from common breeders in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

The covariation between diploid and triploid progenies from common breeders was investigated in various progeny-testing experiments where either dams or sires were sampled from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), stocks. Triploidiza tion was found to frequently reduce the performance in the traits studied: body length and weight, growth, coefficient of condition and pyloric caeca number. Triploidization also generated significant interactions with the parental breeding value. These interactions were caused in part by the familial variance not being the same in triploids as in diploids, but also by actual ranking differences between diploid and triploid familial performances. However, the effect of these interactions was minor as compared with the amount of variation common to both ploidy levels (genetic correlations averaged 0.7–0.9). Therefore, selection of diploid breeders appeared efficient enough for improving triploid progeny, unless family selection methods including triploid progeny testing were preferred for other reasons. Lastly, it was observed that variances from maternal origin tended to be larger in triploids, whereas variances from paternal origin tended to be smaller, as compared with diploids. This point was discussed referring to the genetic make-up of triploids and in the scope of dams and sires for selective breeding.