低磷胁迫对番茄叶片膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响

许多土壤全磷量很高,但植物可吸收的有效磷却很低,因此作物表现缺磷.番茄是对缺磷敏感的作物,缺磷时,植株矮小,产量品质下降.目前,植物在逆境条件下的膜脂过氧化反应和保护酶系统超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化己广泛用于植物对逆境机理的研究[1].     

低温对缺钼冬小麦幼苗生长的影响Ⅰ.对糖代谢的影响

对三叶一心的缺钼冬小麦进行 24h低温处理 (- 5℃～ 0℃ )后 ,冬小麦幼苗出现缺钼症状 ,并迅速波及整个植株 ,下部叶片尤为严重。缺钼及低温对幼苗地上部、根干重无明显影响 ;但经低温处理的冬小麦幼苗叶片色素含量下降 ,以叶绿素a +b减少最为明显 ;缺钼植株上部叶片在低温处理到 24h时 ,K+渗漏速率出现最大值 ,下部叶片在 9h时即达到高峰。常温下 ,供钼能提高冬小麦功能叶 (倒二叶 )可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量 ,同时使倒三叶中可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量也保持在较高水平 ;低温条件下 ,供钼植株倒三叶、功能叶可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量明显降低 ,缺钼植株功能叶糖含量下降 ,但倒三叶含量上升     

低温胁迫对决明属牧草苗期活性氧化谢及其自适性响应的研究

试验研究低温胁迫对决明属牧草“CPI86134”品系苗期活性氧代谢及其自适性响应结果表明,随低温胁迫强度的提高和低温胁迫时间的延长,植株体内活性氧净产生速率、过氧化氢和丙二醛含量、叶片电解质渗透率均增加;植株体内活性氧清除酶超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性在0~48h胁迫时间内以较快速率提高,48h后其提高速率趋缓。活性氧清除酶活性的提高是“CPI86134”品系对低温胁迫伤害的一种自适性反应,活性氧、过氧化氢大量积累最终导致“CPI86134”植株体膜脂过氧化和膜系统的损伤。     

几种农药对棉花过氧化氢酶过氧化物酶活性的影响

通过在棉花生育期喷施不同种类农药，试验测定棉叶内过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活性的变化趋势。结果发现，喷施农药后，棉叶的过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶均一定程度表现出“涨落现象”，表明了在本地区特有的农业环境条件下，农药可能会影响植物的正常生理代谢过程。     

食源拮抗菌-壳聚糖涂膜对采后芒果活性氧代谢和货架期发病的影响

为了探讨植物乳杆菌PC11,NMGL2（Lactobacillus plantarum PC11,NMGL2）对货架期芒果炭疽病发病的影响,采用10¹⁰cfu/mL的PC11、NMGL2发酵液结合壳聚糖涂膜处理芒果,常温贮藏环境下观察并测定芒果呼吸强度、病情指数、活性氧、清除活性氧酶物质、清除活性氧非酶物质、酚类物质等含量。结果表明,植物乳杆菌PC11发酵液-壳聚糖复配处理组（chitosan-PC11,CH-PC11）处理能有效降低芒果活性氧的积累,提高活性氧代谢超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GPX）活力及谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）含量,诱导芒果提高抗病性。植物乳杆菌NMGL2发酵液-壳聚糖复配处理组（chitosan-NMGL2,CH-NMGL2）处理会加快芒果活性氧的累积,降低过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活力,降低芒果的抗病性。CH-PC11处理能够使芒果保持较高的活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）产生与清除水平,从而通过调控活性氧/谷胱甘肽途径增强芒果抗病性,有效抑制芒果炭疽病发病。     

土壤干旱对冬小麦功能叶过氧化物酶同工酶及抗旱性的影响

以６个抗旱性不同的冬小麦品种为试验材料，研究了土壤干旱对拨节期冬小麦功能叶片过氧化物酶同工酶、生物产量及某些经济性状的影响。结果表明：一定程度的土壤干旱可导致小麦功能叶片过氧化物酶同工酶发生相应的变化，抗旱性不同的小麦品种其同工酶酶谱不同，其酶谱变化与抗旱性间存在着一定的相关性。     

不同小麦品种(品系)耐缺锰能力的比较研究

在四川平原水旱轮作的缺锰土壤上,采用田间和盆栽试验相结合的方法研究了15个不同小麦品种（品系）的耐缺锰能力。结果表明,不同小麦品种的耐缺锰能力存在很大差异。多数小麦品种对缺锰敏感,少数品种具有较强的耐性。其中,小麦品系80-8既具有较强的耐缺锰能力,也是供试小麦品种中产量最高的,在缺锰土壤上具有很好的推广应用价值。通过盆栽试验可对不同小麦品种进行初步筛选。在缺锰条件下,不同小麦品种间地上部锰浓度没有显著差异,不宜作为判别小麦耐缺锰能力的指标。缺锰可见症状与缺锰耐性有较好的一致性,可作为初步筛选指标。田间试验相对产量是最可靠的鉴定指标。根系发达,根冠比较高是小麦耐缺锰的一个重要因素。     

施用钼肥对酸性黄棕壤上冬小麦叶片膜脂肪酸及叶细胞超微结构的影响

采用盆栽试验并通过电子显微观察,研究了施用钼肥对分蘖末期冬小麦叶片膜脂肪酸及叶细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,施钼后冬小麦叶片膜脂肪酸组成以亚麻酸为主,膜脂不饱和度增大,细胞器和膜结构比缺钼完整;缺钼植株膜结构的稳定性差并导致植株抗寒力降低是细胞出现冻害的最本质原因。     

外源ABA缓解黄瓜幼苗中低温诱导的氧化损伤

摘要：脱落酸作为胁迫激素可提高植物对胁迫的抵抗能力,但亚适温下合理应用脱落酸提高植物抗性的研究较少。该文研究了脱落酸(ABA)预处理对亚低温环境下津研4号（低温敏感型品种）和中农27号（耐低温品种）的影响。于黄瓜三叶期分别喷施200 μmol/L ABA或清水,预处理12 h后分为2组,放入温度分别为25/18℃（昼/夜）和10/10℃（昼/夜）2个人工气候室培养7 d。测定电导率、组织含水量、叶绿素含量,抗氧化酶活性以及相关酶的基因表达变化。结果表明,低温处理后,2黄瓜品种幼苗的电导率增加,组织含水量和叶绿素含量下降,过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性增加,而过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性降低。与清水对照相比,ABA预处理有效的缓解了上述生理指标在低温下的变化。此外,低温处理后CAT基因表达量下调,SOD基因的表达量上调,而喷施ABA同样缓解了低温下CAT的下调表达和SOD的上调表达。说明ABA通过平衡活性氧的产生和清除来减轻低温对黄瓜幼苗的伤害,为外源ABA应用于植物抗低温生产提供理论依据。     

不同浓度镉胁迫对玉米幼苗光合作用、脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以玉米为材料,通过营养液培养试验,研究浓度为5~100 μmol/L的镉胁迫后不同时间内,植株体内活性氧代谢及其抗氧化酶活性的变化特征,探讨镉胁迫导致植物体内活性氧自由基累积的原因及不同程度镉胁迫对植物体内活性氧代谢的影响。随着加镉量的增加,玉米地上部生物量明显降低,而根部生物量未表现出差异。镉处理降低了叶片光合作用速率,高镉处理的影响较早。镉处理4d后,5、20、和100 mol/L Cd2+浓度处理玉米叶片Fv/Fm减小,PSII系统的原初光能转换效率下降,但比光合作用速率下降的时间要晚;镉处理7d的叶片中丙二醛（MDA）含量还没有受到明显影响,但20和100 μmol/L Cd2+处理4d后,根系膜质过氧化增强,MDA含量升高。随着镉浓度升高,处理时间延长,活性氧酶清除系统包括超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）等酶活性明显增加,受到镉胁迫诱导,高浓度镉处理该现象出现更早。本文试验结果表明,镉胁迫下植物体内活性氧形成增多,诱导活性氧酶清除系统活性升高,其中一个重要原因是与CO2同化受到限制有关。     

Lime,molybdenum, and cultivar effects on molybdenum deficiency of poinsettia

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotz) cultivars ‘Annette Hegg Brilliant Diamond’ (AH), ‘Gutbier V‐14 Glory’ (GG), and ‘Eckespoint C‐1 Red’ (ER) were grown in a peat‐perlite potting medium to study lime and Mo effects on the occurrence of Mo deficiency. Two rates of dolomitic limestone, 0 and 3 kg/m³of growing medium, and weekly applications of micronutrient solutions containing 0.0 or 1.0 ppm Mo were made in factorial combination. Lime, Mo, or both prevented Mo deficiency symptoms in all cultivars. Without both lime and Mo, Mo deficiency symptoms appeared on AH and GG, but not on ER. Lime and/or Mo reduced NO₃‐N content, increased Mo content and increased nitrate reductase enzyme activity (NRA) in the upper recently matured leaves of all cultivars. Lime and Mo interacted to affect these parameters in all cultivars. Comparing the three cultivars without both lime and Mo, NO‐‐N content was lowest and NRA highest in ER. However, the Mo content of ER leaves was equal to or less than that of AG and GG which showed Mo deficiency symptoms.     

Phosphorus and molybdenum interaction effects during accumulation of molybdenum by burley tobacco 1

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the P and Mo interactions during uptake by burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. ‘Ky 14') and the effect of their interactions on plant dry matter and Mo concentration. In Experiment 1, plants were grown in an intermittently irrigated gravel culture system. The nutrient variables were Mo (0–0.63 μeq/L) and P (0 to 1.8 meq/L). Experiment 2 was conducted in soil‐sand mixtures. The soil types used were Shelbyville silt loam (Mollic Hapludalf) and Baxter silt loam (Typic Paleudalf) each containing, respectively, 36 and 368 kg P/ha by the Bray 1 soil test. Treatments consisted of four rates of P (0, 84, 168, and 336 kg/ha) and five rates of Na₂MoO₄‐2H₂O (0, 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 kg Mo/ha).

In gravel culture a significant synergistic Mo × P interaction occurred for dry weight, but singly the effect of P was greater than Mo. Similarly, significant positive Mo × P interactions occurred for Mo concentrations in both gravel and soil culture. As contrasted to adding no P or Mo, adding the highest levels of P and Mo together increased Mo concentrations in leaves four, five, and 10 fold, respectively, in gravel culture, Shelbyville, and Baxter soils. The rate of accumulation of Mo was much greater at plant Mo concentrations above 1 μg Mo/g tissue than below, suggesting two mechanisms of Mo × P interaction were involved.     

New slow-releasing molybdenum fertilizer

This paper describes a new water-insoluble molybdenum compound that has been developed as a slow-release fertilizer. The compound is an inorganic polymer formed by inclusion of molybdenum within a long-chain polyphosphate structure. It was designed by a process of "reverse engineering" of the molecule. Synthesis involved reaction of phosphoric acid with magnesium oxide, molybdenum trioxide, and sodium carbonate at 275 degrees C. Kinetics of reaction revealed complex multistage processes. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a crystalline nature with short-range as well as long-range ordering. The magnesium sodium polymolybdophosphate had ideal slow-release characteristics; it had low water solubility and high citrate solubility and was powdery, free flowing, and nonhygroscopic. Field testing showed an 80% increase in yield of green gram at a low dose of 0.04 kg/ha Mo. Nodulation increased by over 161%, and N content of gram increased by 20%. The slow-release fertilizer would provide an effective, low-cost, and environmentaly friendly alternative to Mo fertilization.     

钼氮配施对烤烟钼吸收和分配的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了钼、氮配施对烤烟钼吸收、积累和分配的影响。结果表明,3个氮水平下,施钼均可显著增加烤烟团棵期、旺长期、打顶期和成熟期的烟叶钼含量和钼累积量,且钼含量和钼累积量随施钼量增加而增加;钼、氮对烟叶的钼含量和钼累积量有显著的负交互效应,随着氮水平的提高,烤烟烟叶的钼含量和积累量呈下降趋势;旺长期到打顶期是烤烟烟叶的钼累积速率快速增长期,烟叶的钼累积高峰均出现在移栽后62 d;在N2(0.24 g/kg)和N3(0.42 g/kg)水平下施钼可增加钼在上部叶中的分配比例,降低钼在下部叶的分配比例。     

扬州市土壤有效钼含量状况与钼肥施用效果

扬州市土壤有效钼含量0.061mg/kg,96%的土壤缺钼,90%的土壤极度缺钼.施用钼肥对棉花、水稻、小麦、油菜、大豆均有较好的增产效果,增产效果依次是:大豆＞棉花＞油菜＞小麦.水稻钼肥的适宜用法是钼肥浸种或拌种,棉花钼肥的适宜用法是苗期喷施或拌种.钼肥与锌、硼等微量元素配合施用可进一步提高增产效果.     

Co-application of molybdenum and selenium fertilizers increase uptake,recovery and harvest index of molybdenum and selenium in pepper crop

A pot trial was conducted to clarify the interactions of molybdenum (Mo) and selenium (Se) fertilizers on uptake, harvest index and recovery of Mo and Se by pepper crop (Capsicum frutescens L.). Mo was applied at three rates (0, 0.15 and 0.3 mg kg^?1) and Se at three rates (0, 0.4 and 0.8 mg kg^?1) in soil. Appropriate application of Mo increased Se concentrations in pepper fruit, stem, leaf and root especially in the presence of Se fertilizer. Appropriate application of Se increased Mo concentrations in pepper fruit, stem, leaf and root particularly in the presence of Mo fertilizer. Both Mo and Se had beneficial effects on harvest index and recovery of Mo and Se. These results indicated that there is significant synergetic effect on Mo and Se absorption and translocation, and co-application of these two elements is necessary to produce Mo and Se-rich pepper.     

硼钼肥浸种对鲜食大豆的增产效果

试验于2006年在泰顺县司前镇台边村进行;供试土壤为泥砂田,0~20 cm土壤有机质含量3.1%、全氮(N)0.151%、速效磷(P2O5)12.4 mg/kg、速效钾(K2O)148 mg/kg、pH 5.5、有效硼(B)0.14 mg/kg、有效钼(Mo)0.12 mg/kg;供试作物为大豆,品种为台75.     

The response of okra to molybdenum in sandculture

Abstract

The role of molybdenum in plant growth was examined by growing ‘Emerald’ okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) to fruiting in sand‐culture.

Molybdenum treatment lower than 1 ppm, resulted in leaves that were generally pale yellow and curled upwards. At 1 ppm and 4 ppm Mo, plants were generally healthy with deep green leaves, while Mo application at 6 and 16 ppm resulted in stunted plant growth, deep green leaves, and dark brownish coating on the roots. Shoot/root ratio decreased with increasing rates of Mo. Total chlorophyll was unaffected by Mo application, whereas plant dry matter production and fruit yield were depressed at the 16 ppm Mo treatment.

Leaves of plants receiving less than 1 ppm Mo had higher concentrations of NO₃‐N, P, K, Ca and Mg than plants receiving above 1 ppm Mo treatments. The reverse was the case with the micronutrient levels. Specifically, Mo treatments higher than 1 ppm increased leaf‐Mo, ‐Fe, Mn and Zn and root‐Mo and Mn. The highest percentage of Fe and Mn, accumulated in the leaves, followed by the root and least in the wood, whereas the roots had the highest percentage of accumulated Mo, Cu and Zn. Leaf‐Mo was positively correlated with leaf‐Fe and Mn and root‐Mo and Mn. Molybdenum deficiency symptoms appeared in plants with leaf‐Mo of 5 ppm and treated with less than 1 ppm Mo. The 2 ppm Mo treatment with leaf‐Mo of 18 ppm produced normal and healthy plants, whereas. Mo application from 8 to 16 ppm with corresponding leaf‐Mo of 42 and 90 ppm Ho respectively produced plants that were severely stunted and had generally poor growth. The relatively high Ho concentration observed suggests that the okra plant is a Mo accumulator.     

Soybean response to carbon dioxide and molybdenum

Abstract

The objective of this experiment was to measure the impact of molybdenum (Mo) addition to the soil on changes in rate of photosynthesis (PN), specific root nodule nitrogenase activity (SNA), chlorophyll ‐ (Chl‐a) and (Chl‐b) and biomass of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), exposed to carbon dioxide (CO₂) (350, 400, or 450 μL/L) for 5 d during its sensitive growth stage (R2). Plants grown in soil with Mo (0, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg soil dry weight) were exposed to carbon dioxide (CO₂) in open‐top field chambers for 12 h/d for 5 d with a nitrogen (N)‐free fertilizer. Increasing CO₂ levels reduced SNA and increased both Chl‐a and Chl‐b. Addition of 1 mg/kg Mo significantiy reduced SNA for plants grown with 350 μL/L CO₂ with no change in PN.     

Effect of molybdenum,phosphorus, and lime application to acid soils on dry matter yield and molybdenum nutrition of lentil

Deficiency of molybdenum (Mo) in acid soils causes poor growth of pulses. An experiment was, therefore, conducted in greenhouse to study the effect of Mo, phosphorus (P), and lime application on the dry matter yield and plant Mo concentration of lentil (Lens esculenta L.) in two Mo‐deficient acid alluvial soils. The experiment was conducted using a factorial design with three levels of lime (no lime, half, and full lime requirement), three levels of P (0, 25, and 50 mg kg^‐1), and two levels of Mo (0 and 1.0 mg kg^‐1). Plants were grown for 60 days and at harvest their dry matter yield and Mo concentration were recorded. The three treatments significantly increased dry matter yield, Mo concentration and Mo uptake, the increase being most pronounced with Mo application followed by lime and P. Increases due to applied Mo were greater in presence than in absence of added P; while the reverse was true with the liming treatments. Liming and P application at their lower levels also interacted positively for better Mo nutrition of plants. Results thus indicated that the severity of Mo deficiency in the lentil plants may be reduced by lime and P application in Mo‐deficient acid alluvial soils.