苹果蠹蛾的生物学特性及消长动态

苹果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonellaL.)在甘肃张掖地区1年发生2代和一个不完整的第3代,以老熟幼虫在粗皮裂缝、翘皮下、树洞中、主干分枝及主枝分叉处的缝隙中结茧越冬。4月上旬,越冬幼虫陆续开始化蛹,5月中旬为越冬代成虫羽化高峰期,5月中下旬1代幼虫蛀果为害,7月中下旬为1代成虫羽化高峰期,7月中下旬至8月上旬为2代幼虫为害高峰期,9月中下旬出现不完整第3代幼虫。在甘肃张掖地区,6月中旬至7月上旬越冬代成虫和第1代成虫之间有一段明显的间断期,说明第1代苹果蠹蛾发生的趋势相对较为独立,世代重叠现象发生不重。     

新疆库尔勒市苹果蠹蛾发生消长动态调查

通过生活史观察和成虫动态监测发现,苹果蠹蛾在新疆库尔勒市1年发生2代和一个不完整的第3代。以老熟幼虫在枝干或树干翘皮、裂缝和树洞中越冬。越冬代老熟幼虫在4月上旬开始化蛹,5月中旬为越冬代成虫羽化高峰期,6月上、中旬为1代幼虫蛀果为害期,7月上旬为1代成虫羽化高峰期,7月下旬至8月中旬为2代幼虫为害高峰期,9月中、下旬出现第3代幼虫。6月上旬至7月上旬,一直能够诱到苹果蠹蛾成虫。在越冬代成虫和第1代成虫之间没有间断期。说明其世代重叠现象较明显。根据当地苹果蠹蛾的发生消长动态,提出了相应的防控措施。     

苹果蠹蛾在甘肃敦煌的生物学特性及综合防治技术

苹果蠹蛾是危害苹果、梨、桃、杏等果树的毁灭性蛀果害虫,主要以幼虫蛀食苹果、梨、桃、杏等果实,造成大量落果,苹果和梨的蛀果率普遍在50%以上,严重的可达70%～100%,1996年被列入全国森林植物检疫对象名单.1987年由新疆传入甘肃省敦煌市,目前已向东扩散,并有继续向东扩展的势头.本文在阐明苹果蠹蛾的生物学特性的基础上,提出了综合防治技术.     

敦煌棉区棉铃虫生物学特性和消长规律研究

室内饲养和田间调查表明,棉铃虫在甘肃敦煌棉区年发生3～4代,第4代为不完全代。明确了各世代的盛发期和主要寄主作物。阐明了棉铃虫在本棉区可以安全越冬。越冬蛹主要分布在0～5cm的土层内,且四周地埂是棉铃虫越冬的主要场所,冬灌可显著降低越冬蛹的存活率。结合多方面调查资料分析,初步认为本市棉铃虫虫源以本地虫源为主。同时,还在变温条件下,饲养观察了本地区棉铃虫各代、各虫态的发育历期。     

浙南地区豆野螟生物学特性和消长规律研究

经室内饲养和田间调查明确,豆野螟在浙南地区一年发生7～8代,第8代为不完全代。一年中在6月下旬、7月中下旬、8月上中旬、9月中旬、10月上中旬均有明显的发生高峰,呈现波浪多峰型的发生特点,世代重叠严重,2、3、4、5各主害代之间危害程度相差不大。豆野螟在自然变温条件下卵的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为10.84℃和53.17日度,幼虫的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为7.84℃和214.90日度,蛹的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为9.48℃和124.41日度。     

台湾稻暝的生物学特性及防治研究

台湾稻暝在南宁市郊区一年发生５￣６个世代，主要以第二代，第四代（或第五代）危害早晚稻。卵历期４．５￣８天，幼虫期１８￣３０天，蛹历期５￣１０天，成虫寿命２￣６天，在幼虫孵化始盛期用化学农药进行防治，防治效果可达８５％以上。     

外来入侵生物烟粉虱的生物学特性及种群数量消长规律研究

根据2005～2010年应用塑料黄板涂抹机油系统诱集烟粉虱成虫以及烟粉虱的饲养观察结果表明,烟粉虱在临海地区年可发生11代;其越冬的临界温度为旬平均气温8.5℃。随着寄主植物的生长,成虫逐渐向上部叶片转移,并形成植株自上而下为成虫(初产卵)、若虫和蛹壳(伪蛹)的虫态垂直分布状态。其全年种群数量消长主要呈双峰型曲线变化,其中夏峰期一般在5月中旬至9月上旬;秋峰期一般在10月中旬至11月下旬。影响种群数量消长的主要因素有种群基数、气候条件、耕作制度和洪涝淹没等。其中关键在于气温条件,即烟粉虱虫口密度(M)随气温(T℃)的变化而变化,其线性关系模型为M=0.607T-4.064 5,n=36;r=0.682 6**;其曲线关系模型为M=0.007 1T2+0.351 3T-2.218 8,n=36;r=0.684 6**。当旬平均气温在8～10℃时种群处存活临界状态;当旬平均气温在10～20℃时种群数量处低密度状态,并呈低位运行;当旬平均气温处20℃以上种群数量增速较快,并随气温升高而升高;当旬平均气温处30℃以上时种群数量有所回落,并出现相对低谷期。随后种群数量又回升成峰,并对秋季蔬菜产生较重为害。     

柠条鞘蛾的生物学特性及生活史初报

柠条鞘蛾是一种中国新记录种柠条种实害虫。该虫在西宁地区1年发生1代,以幼虫被鞘在土壤表层覆盖物下越冬,每年4月初进入化蛹期,4月底开始羽化,5月进入羽化高峰期。5月底产卵,6月中旬孵化,7月下旬出现老熟幼虫,被鞘越冬。     

微孢子虫的生物学特性及其应用

微孢子虫的生物学特性及其应用陈建业，宁玉霞（河南省许昌林科所，许昌４６１０００）宁玉亭（许昌市森防站）人们一般把属于微孢子虫门（Ｍｉｃｒｏｓｐｏｒａ）微孢子虫纲（Ｍｉｃｒｏｓｐｏｒｅａ）的原生动物（Ｐｒｏｔｏｚｏａ）称为微孢子虫类（Ｍｉｃｒｏｓｐｏｒ...     

甘肃张掖地区苹果蠹蛾发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

为了明确温度对苹果蠹蛾生长发育的影响,在室内15、20、25、28、31、34 ℃条件下,测定了苹果蠹蛾各发育阶段的历期,利用Marquardt法拟合推导出苹果蠹蛾的发育起点温度与有效积温。结果表明,在15~31 ℃范围内,苹果蠹蛾各阶段发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,但是当温度达34 ℃时,苹果蠹蛾发育速率变慢,各阶段发育历期出现较为明显的延长现象,各虫态死亡率大幅增加,已接近苹果蠹蛾存活的上限;苹果蠹蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和整个未成熟期的发育起点温度分别为10.64、10.68、9.33、10.41 ℃,有效积温分别为75.46、293.57、147.63、508.86日•度。说明温度对苹果蠹蛾生长发育有显著的影响,高温对苹果蠹蛾的生长发育具有明显的抑制作用。     

苹果蠹蛾在中国的适生性分析

苹果蠹蛾是严重危害全球水果生产的一种重要害虫。本研究根据中国760个气象站点的气象数据和苹果蠹蛾生物学数据,综合运用CLMEX模型和ArcGIS分析相结合的方法,对苹果蠹蛾在中国的适生性进行分析。分析结果表明:苹果蠹蛾在我国的适生区域较为广泛。中高度适生区主要包括黑龙江、内蒙古、山西、宁夏、甘肃,吉林、北京、陕西、新疆、西藏的大部分地区,辽宁西部、河北西部和北部、青海北部、云南北部、四川西部、贵州西部及山东沿海地区。     

Modelling the interactions between phenology and insecticide resistance genes in the codling moth Cydia pomonella

In the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L), insecticide resistance genes have been associated with pleiotropic effects affecting phenology. In this paper, we investigated whether an increase in the frequency of insecticide resistance in field populations of C pomonella was likely to entail significant divergences in the temporal occurrence of both susceptible and insecticide-resistant individuals. For this purpose, we built a phenological model that provided suitable predictions of the distinct and diverging seasonal evolutions of populations of a susceptible and two insecticide-resistant (at two and three loci) homozygous genotypes of C pomonella. Model simulations for each genotype were further compared with pheromone trap catches recorded in a field insecticide-treated population over an 8-year period (from 1992 to 2000), which reflected the progressive annual increase in the frequency of resistance in southeastern France. We found a significant delay in field adult emergence relative to those predicted by the homozygous susceptible model, and the magnitude of such a delay was positively correlated with increasing frequencies of insecticide resistance in the sampled field population of C pomonella. Adult emergence predicted in the theoretical population that was homozygous for resistance at two loci converged with those recorded in the field during the investigated 8-year period. This suggested that the pleiotropic effects of resistance were likely to result in a significant phenological segregation of insecticide-resistant alleles in the field. The results of this study emphasized the potential for pest populations exposed to chemical selection to evolve qualitatively with respect to phenology. This may raise critical questions regarding the use of phenological modelling as a forecasting tool for appropriate resistance management strategies that would take into account the diverging seasonal evolutions of both insecticide resistance and susceptibility.     

Factors affecting the field performance of an attracticide against the codling moth Cydia pomonella

Factors affecting the efficacy of an attracticide strategy for the control of the codling moth Cydia pomonella L (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were investigated using laboratory and field experiments. The sex-pheromone-based insect-control strategy utilises 100-microliters droplets of a sticky, paste-like formulation containing 1 mg g-1 (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) as an attractant for male moths and 40 mg g-1 cyfluthrin, a contact insecticide, applied to branches in the upper parts of the tree crown. The longevity of the treatment under field conditions was assessed in the laboratory by biological testing of variously aged samples of the attracticide formulation which had been applied to the bark of apple trees growing in commercial orchards. Electroantennogram responses of male moth antennae were used to compare codlemone release from the attracticide after different lengths of environmental exposure. Changes in insecticidal efficacy of the same samples were assessed with reference to the speed of knockdown (KT50) and the mortalities after 48 h among populations of male moths confined in cages containing samples of fresh and field-aged formulations. Gradual declines in both the amount of pheromone released and insecticidal activity were observed over the 10-week period of the experiments. Various factors associated with the behaviour of codling moths in the field which might influence the attracticide strategy were also investigated. Although the vertical position of attracticide sources within apple trees had a strong influence on their attractiveness, their horizontal position had none. Results of field trials showed that efficacy of the attracticide depends on the population density of the pest. Under the conditions of the current study a density of three or more sources per tree (= 4500 sources per ha) was required to attain satisfactory levels of codling moth control.     

Diversity of insecticide resistance mechanisms and spectrum in European populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella

Only a few of the registered insecticides against Cydia pomonella L. are still effective in areas where insecticide resistance has emerged in this pest. Resistance mechanisms are multiple, and their lone or cumulative effects in a single population are not completely understood. A detailed estimation of resistance spectrum is still required to define the suitable insecticides to use against a given population. The efficacy of ten insecticides was therefore investigated together with the resistance mechanisms expressed in four laboratory strains and 47 field populations of C. pomonella from five countries. Bioassays were performed using topical applications of diagnostic concentrations on diapausing larvae, and resistance mechanisms were analysed on adults emerging from control insects. All populations exhibited a reduced susceptibility to at least one insecticide when compared with the susceptible laboratory strain. Cross-resistances were observed between azinphos-methyl or phosalone and more recent compounds such as spinosad and thiacloprid. Resistances to azinphos-methyl, diflubenzuron, spinosad, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were significantly correlated with mixed-function oxidase activity, while increased glutathione-S-transferase and reduced non-specific esterase activities were correlated with resistance to azinphos-methyl and emamectin, respectively. Conversely, resistances to azinphos-methyl, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were negatively correlated with increased esterase activity. None of the observed mechanisms explained the loss of susceptibility of populations to chlorpyrifos-ethyl, and no significant correlation was detected between resistance to deltamethrin and the presence of the kdr mutation. The suitability of such non-target instars to monitor insecticide resistance in field populations is discussed.     

Toxicity of azinphos-methyl to various development stages of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The response to azinphos-methyl of different life-stages of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) was studied. A similarity in response to azinphos-methyl (LC(50), LC(90)) was observed in neonate larvae obtained from the first and second generations of field populations. Mortality rates for neonate larvae of a field population cross-bred with a laboratory colony were lower (by a factor of 1.2-2.2) in comparison with field neonate larvae. The mortality rate of larvae from a laboratory colony exposed to artificial diet containing azinphos-methyl gradually decreased at older instars. The mortality rates of fifth-instar larvae were remarkably low when exposed to artificial diet mixed with azinphos-methyl or when topically treated with the insecticide. One- to three-day-old females were more sensitive than males of the same age, whereas the opposite was observed in 14-to 17-day-old adults. Mortality rates of 14- to 17-day-old adults were higher than those under 10 days old. No significant difference in sensitivity to the organophosphorus compound was noticed between the sexes of 7- to 10-day-old adults. Neonate larvae of the codling moth can serve as a target life-stage for various groups of pesticides, and the importance of using such a stage as a standardized methodology for monitoring resistance in the codling moth is discussed.     

不同食料对苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内研究了红玉苹果、红元帅苹果、张掖2号苹果、沙果、苹果梨、早酥梨、杏对苹果蠹蛾［Cydia pomonella (L.)］生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,不同食料对苹果蠹蛾幼虫和蛹的发育历期、存活率、蛹重、雌成虫寿命、雌成虫产卵量等有显著影响。幼虫取食沙果、早酥梨、红玉苹果最有利于其生长发育和繁殖;取食红元帅苹果和张掖2号苹果的影响居中;而取食杏和苹果梨对其生长发育和繁殖表现出明显的不利性,主要表现为幼虫死亡率增加,幼虫期延长,蛹期延长,蛹重减轻,雌成虫寿命缩短,单雌产卵量降低。     

Effectiveness of twelve insecticides applied topically to diapausing larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L

Dose-mortality curves were established for 12 insecticides administered by topical application to diapausing larvae from a susceptible codling moth strain. Toxicity varied greatly among the insecticides tested. LC50 values ranged from 0.1 mg kg(-1) for fenoxycarb to over 2800 mg kg(-1) for diflubenzuron and indoxacarb. Discriminating dose levels were determined from dose-mortality reference curves for the detection of resistance in field-collected diapausing larvae.     

Monitoring resistance to diflubenzuron and deltamethrin in French codling moth populations (Cydia pomonella)

French populations of codling moth have developed resistance to several insecticide classes. The susceptibility of susceptible and resistant laboratory strains to diflubenzuron and deltamethrin was evaluated using different exposure methods against various life stages. The tarsal contact method for adults was found to be an appropriate method for testing neurotoxic compounds such as deltamethrin. Insect growth inhibitors, like diflubenzuron, need to be analysed on juvenile instars. Monitoring methodologies were developed and evaluated (a) on neonates obtained by crossing field‐collected males with virgin females from the susceptible laboratory strain so as to overcome the problem of reduced fertility of wild females and (b) on diapausing larvae. All 36 populations analysed exhibited significant levels of resistance to both diflubenzuron and deltamethrin. Resistance to the two compounds was linked, regardless of the cultivation methods used in the monitored area. The monitoring methodologies will be implemented to evaluate the evolution of resistance according to the resistance management strategies that have been adopted. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry