水稻根系果胶去甲酯化促进细胞壁磷再利用的机制探究

在缺磷条件下,水稻根系细胞壁中的果胶组分能促进细胞壁磷的再利用,而其中的潜在机制仍有待进一步的研究。选取粳稻品种Nipponbare(Nip)和籼稻品种Kasalath(Kas)作为试验材料,研究了在缺磷条件下,水稻内源磷可利用水平的变化及其差异,并探究了产生这种差异的原因。结果表明:在缺磷处理后,水稻体内的可溶性磷含量迅速降低,而Nip根系和地上部的可溶性磷含量均一直高于Kas。同时Nip根系中释放出了更多的细胞壁磷,说明相对于Kas而言,Nip的内源磷再利用能力更强。缺磷胁迫时,与Kas相比,Nip可通过提高根系中的果胶甲酯酶活性,维持较低的果胶甲酯化度。体外试验又表明,甲酯化度越低的果胶,活化难溶态磷的能力越强。综上,缺磷胁迫下,水稻可通过提高根系果胶甲酯酶活性,将细胞壁的果胶甲酯化度维持在较低水平,从而促进细胞壁磷的释放来增加体内的可溶性磷含量,以供其他部位再利用。     

水稻镉安全材料分蘖期根部镉积累分布特征

【目的】镉 (Cd) 低积累作物的培育和应用是减少土壤中Cd通过食物链危害人体健康的重要途径。通过研究Cd处理下水稻分蘖期根部Cd的积累分布特征,揭示水稻Cd安全材料根部Cd的固持机理,为水稻Cd安全品种的培育提供理论依据。【方法】以水稻Cd安全材料D62B为供试材料,普通材料Luhui17为对照,进行水培试验。水稻秧苗于三叶一心时移栽至盆中 (40 cm × 60 cm × 15 cm),以CdCl₂·2.5H₂O加入营养液,设0 (CK)、0.5 (Cd0.5)、1.0 (Cd1)、2.0 (Cd2) mg/L 4个Cd浓度处理,30天后收获,分为根和地上部测定其Cd全量。采用化学试剂逐步提取法和差速离心法分别测定根部Cd化学形态和亚细胞分布特征,并进一步结合细胞壁多糖,研究其对Cd的响应特征。【结果】1) Cd处理下D62B各部位Cd含量显著低于Luhui17,转移系数较小,其根部Cd向地上部转移较少。2) 随Cd处理浓度升高D62B根部水提取态Cd分配比例降低,盐酸提取态Cd、残渣态Cd分配比例升高,Cd移动性减弱。D62B根部Cd以氯化钠提取态为主 (48.9%～52.1%),高浓度Cd处理 (2.0 mg/L) 下其分配比例是Luhui17的1.11倍,水提取态是Luhui17的82.3%,其根中Cd的移动性弱于普通材料。3) D62B根部Cd主要分布于可溶部分和细胞壁,其中细胞壁Cd分配比例为38.6%～41.8%,高于Luhui17。随Cd处理浓度升高,D62B根细胞壁Cd分配比例降幅小于Luhui17,其细胞壁对Cd的固持作用有限但强于普通材料。4) D62B根细胞壁半纤维素1的Cd含量是果胶的7.74～8.40倍,Cd主要与细胞壁中半纤维素1结合。半纤维素1 Cd含量随Cd处理浓度升高而显著增加,2.0 mg/L Cd处理下D62B和Luhui17半纤维素1单位总糖Cd结合量较1.0 mg/L Cd处理分别增加32.6%、11.2%,D62B根细胞壁半纤维素1的Cd结合能力强于Luhui17。【结论】水稻Cd安全材料D62B各部位Cd含量低于Luhui17,其转移系数较小。D62B根中Cd主要为氯化钠提取态,随Cd处理浓度升高,根部Cd向移动性较弱的化学形态转化。D62B根细胞壁中Cd主要与半纤维素1结合,由于其Cd结合能力较强,D62B根细胞壁对Cd的固持作用强于普通材料。因此,D62B对Cd的转移能力弱于普通材料,是其籽粒Cd安全的重要原因。     

硫化氢促进缺磷条件下水稻根系细胞壁磷的再利用

在缺磷条件下,外源添加10 nmol/L H_2S供体Na HS可以显著提高水稻体内的有效磷含量。进一步研究发现,H_2S主要通过提高水稻根系细胞壁中的果胶含量和果胶甲酯酶的活性来增加水稻细胞壁磷的释放,从而确保水稻在缺磷条件下的存活。添加H_2S的清除剂亚牛磺酸后进一步验证了H_2S对水稻根系细胞壁磷再利用的调控作用。同时,测定3个负责水稻体内磷转运的磷转运子基因的表达,结果显示H_2S主要通过上调磷转运子OsPT6和OsPT8基因的表达来提高水稻体内磷从根部往地上部的转运。     

镉对水稻幼苗根系细胞膜电位和膜透性的影响

镉（Cd）对膜透性、跨膜电势差等膜性质所产生的直接影响是造成Cd胁迫下植物对营养元素吸收异常的重要原因。以对Cd2＋敏感性不同的两个水稻品种（淮稻11号和扬稻6号）作为试验材料,采用玻璃微电极技术原位考察了水稻幼苗根细胞膜电位对Cd2＋胁迫的响应,同时分析了Cd2＋对水稻根系细胞膜透性的影响。结果表明,Cd2＋可使根表皮细胞膜电位在短时间内发生明显的去极化,去极化程度随Cd2＋浓度提高而增加;相同浓度Cd2＋所诱导的膜电位去极化程度与水稻品种有关,扬稻6号幼苗根系膜电位的去极化程度明显高于淮稻11号;在迅速的去极化之后,随后的30 min内是否发生复极化与水稻品种和Cd2＋浓度有关;就更长时间（0-12 h）来看,膜电位在经过了去极化阶段后仍有缓慢的恢复,淮稻11号在1.0 mmo1·L-1 Cd2＋处理6 h后已接近初始的膜电位值,而扬稻6号在处理12 h后仍不能恢复到处理前的水平;Cd2＋处理增大了水稻根细胞膜透性,且扬稻6号比淮稻11号膜透性增加的程度要大。     

豌豆不同耐铝品种根尖细胞壁果胶及其甲基酯化度的差异

【目的】研究豌豆不同品种耐铝性和根尖根段耐铝性与果胶及其甲基酯化间的关系,为进一步揭示植物耐铝机理以及耐铝性状的遗传改良提供依据。【方法】以豌豆品种Hyogo和Alaska为试验材料,采用Hoagland培养方式,测定了不同品种不同根段果胶含量、 果胶甲基酯化度和果胶甲酯酶活性,研究了其差异及原因。【结果】在15和30 μmol/L铝浓度胁迫条件下,豌豆品种Alaska根相对伸长率均显著高于品种Hyogo,同时有根尖0~5 mm和5~10 mm段有更少的胼胝质生成和累积,在30 μmol/L浓度下不同根段间均达到显著差异,同时品种Hyogo根尖0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm段铝含量均显著高于品种Alaska,说明品种Alaska和品种Hyogo间存在耐铝性差异,其中品种Alaska耐铝性高于品种Hyogo,即品种Hyogo为铝敏感品种,品种Alaska是耐铝品种。比较两者不同根段(0~2.5 mm、 2.5~5.0 mm和5.0~10.0 mm)的铝含量与果胶含量、 果胶甲基酯化度、 PME活性间的关系,发现耐铝品种不同根段中的铝含量均小于敏感品种,并且在0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm段间达到显著性差异; 根尖不同根段果胶糖醛酸含量大小依次为0~2.5＞2.5~5.0＞5.0~10.0 mm,耐铝品种Alaska根尖细胞壁果胶和未甲酯化果胶含量均显著低于Hyogo,并且0~2.5 mm根段差异最大。根尖不同根段果胶甲基酯化度从根尖向上逐渐降低,并且耐铝品种Alaska高于铝敏感品种Hyogo,其中0~2.5 mm段间的差异达到显著水平;在对两个品种果胶甲基酯化酶(PME)活性进一步分析发现,PME活性大小依次为0~2.5＞2.5~5.0＞5.0~10.0 mm,两品种0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm根段间均达到显著差异。【结论】铝敏感品种Hyogo在0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm根段具有较高 PME活性和较低果胶甲基酯化程度。豌豆根尖果胶含量和甲基酯化度尤其是0~2.5 mm根段是豌豆耐铝性差异的重要原因;Alaska根尖细胞壁的果胶含量低和果胶甲基酯化度高(尤其是0~2.5 mm段)是其耐铝的重要机制。     

植物根系细胞抑制镉转运过程的研究进展

镉是我国重金属污染土壤中最常见的元素,在酸性土壤中,镉能在水稻和蔬菜等作物根系中大量富集,并转运到地上部,其中可食部分的镉含量直接影响食品的质量安全。植物根系的细胞壁、细胞膜和细胞器对镉具有识别能力,能通过沉淀作用、络合作用和区域化作用等,把大量的镉固定在根系内,抑制其向地上部转运,从而保证地上部各种生理活动的正常进行。本文综述了植物根系细胞各组分的控镉原理,为发掘优异的种质资源和基因资源提供参考。     

酸化土壤铝和镉对水稻幼苗根系生长的复合影响

酸雨和大量施用化肥致使我国土壤酸化日益加重。酸性土壤中,铝（Al）毒被认为是限制作物生长与产量的主要因素。镉（Cd）因被广泛应用于电镀、冶金、染料和电池等领域而大量进入土壤,已成为严重影响农业生产的重金属元素之一。在中国多数农业区,土壤酸化、Al和Cd污染重叠发生。目前,国内外关于单一土壤酸化、Al、Cd胁迫或两两复合胁迫对作物毒害效应及其机理研究,已有报道。然而有关酸化土壤Al和Cd复合胁迫对作物影响研究甚少。水稻是重要粮食作物,全球约13％水稻生长于酸化土壤。     

有机酸对水稻镉吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验,在水稻开花期向土壤添加有机酸类物质,研究有机酸对水稻吸收镉的影响,特别是对水稻籽粒中镉含量的影响。结果表明,添加乙二胺四乙酸处理可明显抑制水稻对镉的吸收,即水稻籽粒中镉含量明显降低;而用柠檬酸和苹果酸处理时,对水稻籽粒中镉含量影响不大。     

硒对镉胁迫下寒地水稻镉含量与分配的影响

【目的】研究施硒对不同镉污染土壤上镉在水稻各器官中的分配及稻米中镉含量的影响,探讨通过施硒降低水稻镉吸收量及在稻米中分配的可行性。【方法】采用盆栽试验,以垦鉴稻6号为材料,研究添加不同浓度镉(0、2、4和8 mg/kg土壤)的条件下,施硒(0、0.07和0.14 mg/kg土壤)对水稻不同器官镉含量和镉分配的影响。成熟期整盆收获,分别测定叶片、叶鞘、茎秆、根系和糙米、精米镉含量、硒含量和干物重,计算镉积累量和分配比例。【结果】1)当土壤镉浓度在0 4 mg/kg时,水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米中镉含量随土壤镉浓度增高而显著增加,但当土壤中镉浓度4 mg/kg时,糙米和精米中镉含量增加不显著。未施硒(Se0)时,Cd2(4 mg/kg)和Cd3(8mg/kg)处理糙米中镉含量分别为0.221 mg/kg和0.234 mg/kg,分别是Cd0处理的15.8和16.7倍,均超过我国国家食品安全标准中稻米镉的限量(0.2 mg/kg),精米镉含量未超过国家食品安全规定的限量,Cd3处理精米中镉含量最高,为0.174 mg/kg。2)相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米的镉含量和镉积累量均显著下降,糙米和精米的镉含量均低于我国国家食品安全规定的稻米镉限量,且Se2(0.14 mg/kg)处理优于Se1(0.07 mg/kg)处理。其中Cd1(2 mg/kg)浓度时,Se2处理的精米镉含量下降幅度最大,比Se0降低31.5%(P0.01)。3)镉在各器官中的分配比例为根系茎鞘稻谷叶片。随着硒浓度的增加,镉在根系中的分配比例增加,在地上部的分配比例减少,在稻壳中的分配比例增加,在精米中的分配比例下降。在Cd1浓度时,根系镉分配比例范围为60.9%67.8%,稻谷镉分配比例为12.6%13.8%;Se2处理稻壳中镉分配比例比Se0增加5.2个百分点,而精米中镉分配比例则下降了6.2个百分点。4)相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,植株各营养器官干物重均增加,Se2处理对干物重的影响优于Se1处理。Cd1、Cd2和Cd3浓度下,Se2处理比Se0处理稻谷干物重分别增加了6.4%(P0.01)、5.2%(P0.05)和11.3%(P0.01)。【结论】施硒可降低镉污染土壤上水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米的镉含量,并能显著降低精米中镉的分配比例,保证稻米的食用安全性,尤其在Cd加入量为2mg/kg土浓度下,施硒效果最显著,以施Se量为0.07 mg/kg处理的效果最好。     

太湖流域典型水稻土对镉吸持特征的初步研究

研究了太湖流域两种典型水稻土黄泥土和板浆白土对镉的吸附和解吸及其pH的影响.发现黄泥土吸附百分数较板浆白土大,而解吸百分数较小,镉吸附前后两个土壤的pH值均有明显差异.     

Characterization of cadmium-tolerant carrot cells in response to cadmium stress

Non-tolerant (CW) and Cd-tolerant (CCdl) carrot (Daucus carota L.) cells were compared for their response to cadmium (Cd). The CCdl cells were induced by selection from the CW cells on a B5 medium containing 100 µM Cd. The CCdl cells were more tolerant to Cd than the CW cells. In an 80 µM Cd treatment, the growth rate (8 d/O d) based on the fresh weight of the CCdl cells and CW cells was 69 and 24%, respectively, compared to the controls. Cd stress led to the decrease of the total glutathione content and to the increase of the contents of non-protein thiols (t-SH, phytochelatins) and Cd in both types of cells. Under Cd stress, the contents of t-SH and Cd of the CW cells were higher than those of the CCdl cells. The CW cells in the 80 and 160 µM Cd treatments accumulated Cd with the increase in time. In contrast, the Cd content in the CCdl cells in all the treatments and in the CW cells in the 40 µM Cd treatment gradually decreased after 1 d. In an additional experiment, both types of cells pretreated with 20–80 µM Cd for 1 d were transferred to a Cd-free medium. The CCdl cells in all the pretreatments continuously excluded Cd over a 4-d period, unlike the CW cells. Therefore, a larger depletion of Cd was found in the CCdl cells, which may be partially attributed to Cd tolerance.     

Oxidative stress response in spinach plants induced by cadmium

In this work we studied the effect of cadmium (Cd) (25 μM), in spinach plants (Spinacea oleracea) growing in nutrient solution, for 1, 2 and 7 days. Spinach growing in the contaminated solution showed a decrease in biomass, chlorophyll content and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, showing that photosynthetic apparatus was affected and lipid peroxidation occurred. The main defence mechanisms against the induced oxidative stress were the activation of catalase, glutathione reductase and guaiacol peroxidase. Glutathione reductase activity suggests that glutathione is involved in the response against Cd toxicity. The uptake of zinc (Zn), potassium (K), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) was affected, mainly at the higher exposition times. Spinach leaves showed no signs of toxicity and looked healthy although containing up to 35 mg kg^?1 dry weight (DW) of Cd. This can present a food security issue as there is no visible indication of the high amounts of Cd in the edible parts of the plant.     

Zinc alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by cadmium in rice

A hydroponic experiment with two rice cultivars differing in cadmium (Cd) tolerance was conducted to investigate the alleviating effect of zinc (Zn) on growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cd. Treatments consisted of all combinations of two Zn concentrations (0.2 and 1 μM), three Cd concentrations (0, 1, and 5 μM), and two rice cultivars (Bing 97252, Cd‐tolerant; Xiushui 63, Cd‐sensitive). Cd toxicity caused a dramatic reduction in plant height and biomass, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic rate, and an increase in Cd concentration in both roots and shoots, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in shoots. The response of all these parameters was much larger for Xiushui 63 than for Bing 97252. Addition of Zn to the medium solution alleviated Cd toxicity, which was reflected in a significant increase in plant height, biomass, chlorophyll concentration, and photosynthetic rate, and a marked decrease in MDA concentration and activity of anti‐oxidative enzymes. However, it was noted that Zn increased shoot Cd concentration at higher Cd supply, probably due to the enhancement of Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Therefore, further studies are necessary to determine the effect of Zn supply on Cd translocation from vegetative organs to grains or grain Cd accumulation before Zn fertilizer is applied to Cd‐contaminated soils to alleviate Cd toxicity in rice.     

Physiological characteristics of selenite uptake by maize roots in response to different pH levels

In selenite solutions, H₂SeO₃, HSeO , and SeO<$>_3^{2‐}<$> are in equilibrium in proportions that vary with solution pH. The physiological characteristics of selenite uptake were studied with excised roots of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings at pH 3.0, 5.0, and 8.0. The results showed that 0.10 mM 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP), 1.0 mM sodium fluoride (NaF), and a temperature of 4°C inhibited selenite uptake by maize roots by 16%, 20%, and 23% at pH 3.0, by up to 80%, 79%, and 78% at pH 5.0, and by 5%, 9%, and 16% at pH 8.0. Hence, selenite may enter roots at pH 5.0 in an energy‐dependent manner, in contrast to pH 3.0 and 8.0. The uptake kinetics for selenite were determined for excised roots of maize, and the curves were linear at pH 3.0 and 8.0, but saturated at pH 5.0, showing that carrier‐mediated uptake of selenite occurred at pH 5.0, but not at pH 3.0 or 8.0. Further studies showed that HgCl₂ and AgNO₃ inhibited selenite uptake separately by 81% and 76% at pH 3.0 and indicated that selenite was absorbed by maize roots through aquaporins at pH 3.0. At pH 8.0, anion‐channel inhibitors only inhibited a small fraction of selenite uptake, indicating that the major absorption pathway of SeO<$>_3^{2‐}<$> species into roots was not absorbed passively through anion channels, but might involve other processes. According to these results, it is proposed that selenite uptake occurs via different mechanisms depending on its species in solution in response to pH levels.     

盐胁迫下粪产碱菌在水稻根表的定殖(英文)

粪产碱菌A1 5 0 1能在氯化钠浓度高达 4%的固体和液体介质中良好生长 ,合成IAA和固定空气中的氮素。当氯化钠浓度超过 3 %时 ,A1 5 0 1丧失运动和趋化能力。一定盐浓度胁迫下A1 5 0 1能定殖在水稻根表和根毛区和侧根伸出部位 ,表现出较高的联合固氮活性。0 5 %的氯化钠能促进A1 5 0 1在水稻根表的定殖能力。A1 5 0 1能通过侧根伸出部位侵入根内。     

盐胁迫下三角叶滨藜根系超滤特性的分析

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为了探索不同磷形态处理下土壤、水稻根际和根内环境中细菌群落组成、结构、多样性,从而挖掘不同磷形态下水稻根际中介导植物-微生物相互作用的细菌群落特征.以籼稻(kasalath)为试验材料,采集南京的低磷土壤进行为期8周的水稻盆栽试验,采用高通量测序方法(16S rDNA Illumina测序),并结合土壤有效磷浓度和水稻...