Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus intermedius Isolated from Cases of Pyoderma in the Dog

Abstract— A study was made of the microbial flora of pyoderma in dogs to determine microbial species and, for staphylococci, the antibiotic resistance patterns in relation to therapy. Samples from 120 cases of canine pyoderma yielded 96 isolates of Staphylococcus intermedius, 17 samples yielded only Gram-negative bacilli and seven gave no aerobic bacterial growth. Multiresistant staphylococci and Gram-negative bacilli were more common in samples from referred cases than from primary consultations and from deep rather than from superficial lesions. Prior antibiotic therapy had been more extensive in animals from which multi-resistant staphylococci or Gram-negative bacteria were recovered. Few plasmids mediating antibiotic resistance were carried by the S. intermedius isolates suggesting that resistance is chromosomally located. Résumé— Une étude de la flore microbienne des pyodermites chez la chien a éte entreprise pour déterminer les espèces microbiennes présentes et, pour les Staphylocoques, l'antibiorésistance en fonction des traitements. Les échantillons provenants de 120 cas de pyodermites canines ont permis d'isoler 96 fois un Staphylococcus intermedius, 17 fois uniquement des Gram négatifs en 7 fois aucune bactérie aérobie. Les staphylocoques multirésistants et les bacilles Gram négatifs étaient plus fréquents dan les cas référés que dans les cas vus pour la premiére fois et plus souvent lors de pyodermite profande que lors de pyodermite superficielle. L'antibiothérapie avait été plus importante chez les animaux chez lesquels des bactéries Gram négatives et des Staphylocoques multirésistants ont été isolées. Quelques plasmides médiateurs d'une antibiorésistance ont été isolés, suggérant que celle-ci est d'origine chromosomique. Zausammenfassung— Bei 120 Proben von kaniner Pyodermie wurde in 96 Fällen Staphylococcus intermedius und in 17 Fällen ausschließlich Gram-negative Bacillus-Arten isoliert. Bei 7 Proben trat kein Wachstum aerober Bakterien ein. Multiresistente Staphylokokken und Gram-negative Bacillus-Arten waren in den Proben von öberweisungsfällen häufiger als in denen von Erstkonsultationen, ebenso kamen sie in tiefen Läsionen öfter vor als in oberflächlichen. Tiere, bei denen multiresistente Staphylokokken oder Gram-negative Bakterien entdeckt wurden, hatten eine umfassendere vorausgegangene antibiotische Therapie erhalten. Da Isolate von S. intermedius einige Plasmide enthielten, die die Antibiotikaresistenz übermitteln, ist anzunehmen, daß die Resistenz in den Chromsomen lokalisiert ist. Resumen Un estudio de la flora microbiana del pioderma canino fué llevado a cabo para determinar las especies microbianas, y la resistencia a antibióticos de los stafilococos en relación con la terapia utilizada. En 120 muestras de pioderma canino se aislaron 96 Staphylococcus intermedius; en 17 muestras, solamente bacilos gran negativos; y en 7, no se logró el cultivo de bacterias aeróbicas. También se observó que los stafilococos multiresistentes y los bacilos gram negativos eran mucho más comunes en muestras de casos referidos, que aquellos procedentes de primera consulta, y también más frecuentemente de lesiones profundas, que de lesiones superficiales. La terapia con antibióticos instaurada previamente había sido más extensiva en muestras de donde se aislaron stafilococos con multiresistencia o bacilos gram negativos. Los S. intermedius aislados contenían unos plásmidos mediadores de resistencia, lo cual sugirió la posibilidad de la ubicación cromosómica de la resistencia bacteriana.     

江苏地区奶牛源葡萄球菌耐药性分析与红霉素诱导的克林霉素耐药检测

为指导江苏地区奶牛场奶牛乳房炎的临床用药,本研究对2015-2018年江苏地区部分奶牛场的牛奶样品进行细菌分离,使用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOFMS)方法和纸片法对分离菌株进行鉴定和药物敏感性分析,对分离得到的葡萄球菌进行了葡萄球菌D环实验,并且使用PCR技术检测了D环实验阳性菌株携带的耐药基因...     

宠物源性大肠杆菌耐药性调查

本试验采用微量肉汤稀释法对120株宠物医院分离的大肠杆菌进行头孢噻呋、恩诺沙星等13种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值测定,并利用WHONET 5.4软件对数据进行处理,以了解广州市宠物源性大肠杆菌的耐药情况。通过对其耐药谱型的调查,为指导宠物临床用药和耐药性及耐药性监测提供理论依据。     

广东省宠物源伪中间型葡萄球菌的耐药性调查研究

为调查广东省宠物源伪中间型葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus pseudintermedius)的携带和耐药情况,从小动物临床采集皮肤、耳部和鼻腔等部位的样品,分离鉴定伪中间型葡萄球菌,并采用琼脂稀释法和纸片扩散法对伪中间型葡萄球菌进行抗菌药物敏感性检测,采用PCR方法检测mecA基因。结果表明,从898个样品中共分离到144株伪中间型葡萄球菌,检出率为16.0%,皮肤、耳部和鼻腔的伪中间型葡萄球菌检出率分别为20%(64/319)、17.8%(64/359)和7.5%(3/40)。抗菌药物敏感性检测和mecA基因检测结果显示有89株(61.8%)为耐甲氧西林伪中间型葡萄球菌(MRSP)。伪中间型葡萄球菌对氨苄西林、红霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素和四环素的耐药率均在80%以上,对利福平和阿米卡星的耐药率低于8%,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、喹奴普汀/达福普汀和替考拉宁均敏感。大部分(>69%)MRSP对红霉素、克林霉素、泰乐菌素、阿奇霉素、复方新诺明、四环素、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星等抗菌药物表现耐药。本研究结果表明宠物源伪中间型葡萄球菌的耐药情况严重且MRSP的检出率高,应高度重视宠物源细菌耐药问题。     

不同动物源大肠杆菌的耐药性调查

为了解畜禽源大肠杆菌的耐药状况,2011—2012年从患病和健康食品动物中分离鉴定大肠杆菌935株,包括健康猪源606株、患病猪源114株、患病鸡源51株、患病水禽源(鸭和鹅)164株。试验采用琼脂稀释法测定了不同动物来源的大肠杆菌对15种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果发现,大肠杆菌耐药严重,对大部分药物的耐药率超过70.0%,其中氨苄西林、复方新诺明和四环素的耐药率均达到了80.0%以上;仅对头孢西丁、黏菌素和阿米卡星较敏感,但患病水禽源大肠杆菌对阿米卡星的耐药率达到了52.4%,明显高于其他动物。健康畜禽源大肠杆菌对多数抗菌药的耐药率低于患病畜禽源大肠杆菌,表明抗菌药物的使用增加了病原菌对第3代头孢类药物和氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药率,势必增加临床治疗难度。     

奶牛乳房炎病原菌金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为研究江苏某奶牛场金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药特点,本试验通过MALDIBiotyper系统对8株金黄色葡萄球菌疑似株进行鉴定和耐药性试验。结果显示,8株金黄色葡萄球菌疑似株均为金黄色葡萄球菌,其对青霉素、链霉素、环丙沙星的耐药率均为100%;其次,对阿莫西林的耐药率为75%;极少数对头孢氨苄、庆大霉素、丁胺卡那、卡那霉素耐药;而对四环素、多西环素、克林霉素均敏感。结果表明,该奶牛场金黄色葡萄球菌的分离率为14.55%(8/55),且均呈现多重耐药。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌耐氟喹诺酮类基因的检测

为了解宁夏地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌携带氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药基因的情况,采用PCR对临床分离鉴定的220株金黄色葡萄球菌的gyrA、norA和grlA基因进行了检测,并对PCR产物进行测序和分析。结果显示,gyrA基因、grlA基因和norA基因的检出率分别为80%、78.64%和78.18%。测序结果显示,grlA、norA基因的同源性为99%,gyrA基因的同源性为100%。这表明在宁夏地区gyrA、norA和grlA基因已广泛存在。     

牛肉源大肠杆菌的耐药性检测及相关耐药基因分布

为了解牛肉源大肠杆菌的耐药性并检测其相关耐药基因分布,本研究选取了117株牛肉源大肠杆菌,经药敏纸片法对11种抗菌药物进行了药敏检测,并根据耐药表型利用普通和(或)多重PCR技术对耐四环素菌中tet(A)、tet(B)和tet(C)基因,耐氨苄西林菌中blaTEM1、blaPSE1和blaOXA1基因,耐链霉素菌中strA-strB、aadA1基因,耐磺胺类药菌中sul1、sul2和sul3基因进行了调查分析。结果显示,117株大肠杆菌对四环素、氨苄西林、链霉素和磺胺异恶唑的耐药率较高,分别为89%、42%、38%和22%。tet(A)基因是所有四环素耐药基因中最为流行的一种基因(55%);在检测的3个β-内酰胺类药物耐药基因中,最流行的为blaTEM1基因(73%);链霉素的耐药性主要由strA-strB基因(38%)编码;sul2基因在耐磺胺异恶唑菌中的检出率最高(77%)。结果表明本次分离的牛肉源大肠杆菌耐药非常严重,进一步肯定了肉牛业生产中抗菌药的使用对大肠杆菌耐药性的产生和发展所发挥的重要作用,提示食品动物养殖应严格控制饲料中抗菌药的滥用。     

我国18个省份猪源肠球菌耐药调查及分析

为研究我国猪源肠球菌的耐药情况,本研究采集18个省市猪养殖场的粪便样品836份进行了肠球菌的分离鉴定,并通过琼脂稀释法测定11种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度.结果 显示:从836份样品中共分离出225株肠球菌,其中屎肠球菌106株,粪肠球菌56株,小肠肠球菌34株,鹑鸡肠球菌17株,铅黄肠球菌7株,坚忍肠球菌4株,Enter...     

Antimicrobial resistance of feline staphylococci in south-eastern England

Staphylococcus aureus is reported as the predominant feline staphylococcal pathogen. There is concern that cats may transfer resistant staphylococci to humans. In this study, staphylococci were obtained from skin and mucosae of 20 domestic cats, 9 with lesions, and 10 healthy feral cats. Species were identified by DNase and API ID32 Staph tests. Of 187 isolates, 21.4% were coagulase-positive and predominately from lesional cats; 90% of these were Staphylococcus intermedius . Coagulase-negative species were isolated equally in all three groups. All isolates were susceptible to coamoxiclav, cephalexin and bacitracin. Twenty-two, including 18 coagulase-negative isolates, showed some resistance to cotrimoxazole, lincomycin, enrofloxacin or oxytetracycline. Two isolates were resistant to more than one antibiotic. More resistant isolates were obtained from feral cats ( P < 0.01). The results suggest that S. intermedius is the principal coagulase-positive species. Antibiotic resistance is generally low amongst feline staphylococci. Higher resistance amongst feral cats suggests exposure to environmental antibiotics.     

新疆、内蒙古部分地区乳房炎奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性与耐药性分析

为确定患乳房炎奶牛乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性和耐药性状况,试验自2018年4月至2018年5月采集了新疆地区70例和内蒙古地区50例患乳房炎奶牛生鲜乳样。通过对奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌进行增菌培养、分离纯化,KB纸片扩散法药敏试验及PCR耐药基因检测发现,新疆和内蒙古地区奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌分离率分别为28.6%和54.0%;新疆地区分离的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株对青霉素G的耐药性最高(75.0%),其次是磺胺异噁唑(60.0%)、林可霉素(55.0%);内蒙古地区的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株同样对青霉素G高度耐受,耐药率为70.4%,其次为林可霉素(63.0%)、克林霉素(51.9%);两地区所分离菌株中,88.9%以上携带多种耐药基因,呈现多重耐药性;两地区所检出的高频耐药基因分别是新疆地区的ermA(30.0%)、dfrS1(30.0%)基因和内蒙古地区的lnuA(46.2%)基因。     

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Pigeons from Public Parks in Costa Rica

Antimicrobial resistance is known to be an emerging problem, but the extent of the issue remains incomplete. The aim of this study was to determine the presence or absence of nine resistance genes (bla_TEM, catI, mecA, qnrS, sulI, sulII, tet(A), tet(Q), vanA) in the faeces of 141 pigeons from four urban parks in Alajuela, Guadalupe, Tres Ríos and San José in Costa Rica. The genes were identified by real‐time PCR directly from enema samples. About 30% of the samples were positive for genes catI and sulI; between 13% and 17% were positive for qnrS, sulII, tet(A) and tet(Q); and 4% were positive for bla_TEM. The mecA and vanA genes were not detected. The average of antimicrobial resistance genes detected per pigeon was 2. Eight different patterns of resistance were identified, without differences in the sampling areas, being the most common pattern 2 (sulII positive samples). During rainy season, the genes more frequently found were sulI and tet(A). In conclusion, the urban inhabiting pigeons tested are currently carrying antimicrobial resistance genes, potentially acting as reservoirs of resistant bacteria and vectors to humans. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study carried out on direct detection of resistance genes in the digestive metagenomes of pigeons.     

Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella Isolated from Tegus (Tupinambis spp.)

In recent years, an increase in human clinical cases of reptile-associated salmonellosis has been identified, and it has been attributed to the increased popularity of these animals as pets. Limited information is available regarding the distribution of Salmonella spp. serotypes in different reptile species and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp. isolated from pet reptiles. This article describes the prevalence of Salmonella spp., distribution of serotypes, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns from isolates cultured from cloacal swabs obtained from 14 tegu lizards (Tupinambis spp.). Eighteen strains of Salmonella belonging to different serotypes were obtained from the 14 tegu lizards. Of the 18 Salmonella spp. isolates, 8 (44.4%) were from Salmonella subspecies I, with a majority of isolates belonging to the Eastbourne serotype (3 strains), Nottingham serotype (2 strains), and Brancaster serotype (2 strains), and only 1 belonging to the Apapa serotype. Less common serotypes were detected in 5 isolates, including 2 each belonging to Salmonella subspecies II and IIIb, respectively, and 1 to Salmonella subspecies IIIa. The serotype of 5 other Salmonella isolates could not be determined. All 18 isolates were resistant to at least 6 of the antimicrobial drugs tested. These results confirm the potential zoonotic risk from handling reptiles, suggesting that measures to educate the reptile-owning public are necessary.     

Antimicrobial activity of enrofloxacin against Staphylococcus intermedius strains isolated from canine pyodermas

This study examined and compared the minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) of enrofloxacin against 393 Staphylococcus intermedius strains isolated in France from canine pyodermas during three different years, 1995 (174 isolates), 1997 (101 isolates) and 1999 (118 isolates). The MICs of enrofloxacin against these strains ranged from 0.063 to 64 mg L^?1, with MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ equal to 0.125 and 0.25 mg L^?1, respectively. Two resistant strains were found, but only among isolates collected in 1999. The data show that resistance to enrofloxacin among S. intermedius strains is still rare in dogs, but the selection in vitro of variants in which the MICs were increased 4–16‐fold after 10 serial passages in subinhibitory concentrations of enrofloxacin suggests that inappropriate use might favour the development of resistant strains in vivo.     

泰国进口鳄鱼霍乱弧菌药敏试验

在某鳄鱼养殖场抽检的60份泰国进口鳄鱼肛拭子样品中,有12份检出霍乱弧菌。通过生化试验和血清学分型等鉴定,确认12株霍乱弧菌均为非O₁非O₁₃₉群霍乱弧菌。采用18种抗菌药物进行药敏试验,结果显示所有菌株对大多数抗菌药物高度敏感,对四环素等药物中度敏感,对氨苄青霉素和氧呱嗪青霉素不敏感。     

Fluoroquinolone resistance in Staphylococcus intermedius

Four canine isolates of S. intermedius resistant to enrofloxacin were isolated amongst a total of 429 screened. Two of these were shown to exhibit resistance also to marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Whilst molecular studies have shown the mechanism of resistance to these quinolone antibiotics to be similar in a number of staphylococcal species, it was not possible to confirm this mechanism in Staphylococcus intermedius .     

Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Milk

The aim of this study was to identify methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains gathered from 2002 to 2006 from milk samples in Aydin region in Turkey. Among 93 S. aureus strains isolated from bovine milk with mastitis, 16 were resistant to methicillin. Methicillin‐resistant S. aureus strains were studied further for their staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types, pulsotypes, spa and MLST types, antimicrobial susceptibilities, mechanisms of resistance and presence of Panton–Valentine leucocidin (PVL) toxin gene. The MRSA strains were multi‐drug resistant. The susceptibility rates to antimicrobials tested were 0%, 0%, 0%, 0%, 6.25%, 16.25% and 56.25% for erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracyclin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin, respectively. All tetracycline and gentamicin resistant strains carried tet(M) and aac(6)‐aph(2) gene, respectively. Among macrolide‐resistant isolates, nine had erm(A), and seven had both erm(A) and erm(B) genes. The molecular characterization by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis showed presence of three pulsotypes with their variants. The pulsotype B strains were type IV with SCCmec typing, and representative of pulsotype B was t190 by spa typing and ST8 by MLST typing. The strains with pulsotype A and C were SCCmec III, and representative of these pulsotypes was t030 by spa typing. The MLST type of pulsotype A was ST239 and pulsotype C was one allele variant of ST239. None of the isolates harboured the PVL gene. Presence of hospital‐related MRSA strains may indicate transmission of these strains between human and animals. In case of clonal spread beside the infected animals’ treatment of MRSA carrier, farm workers should also be considered. Hygienic measures and rational antibiotic use may avoid resistance selection, clonal dissemination of resistant strains and decrease losses because of mastitis in dairy herds.     

土鸡屠宰过程中大肠杆菌毒力基因检测及耐药性分析

为了解土鸡屠宰过程中大肠杆菌污染、毒力基因携带及耐药情况，2018年9月-2019年1月在重庆万州、开州、巫溪、奉节4个区县的12个土鸡屠宰地点采集了319份样品，通过菌落形态及显微镜观察、生化鉴定、PCR、药敏试验等方法鉴定分离的大肠杆菌，检测其毒力基因携带和耐药性情况。结果表明：大肠杆菌分离率为22.57%（72/319），其中餐馆、活禽宰杀铺和定点屠宰点分离率依次为29.73%（22/74）、25.00%（24/96）和17.45%（26/149），污水、地面、羽毛、用具和胴体分离率依次为75.00%（18/24）、21.62%（8/37）、20.54%（23/112）、17.65%（6/34）和15.18%（17/112）；11种毒力基因中除estA、estB、elt外均被检出，检出率为58.33%（42/72），共检出14种组合型，有4株分离株4种毒力基因同时存在；分离株对阿米卡星、头孢噻肟最敏感，多重耐药比为90.28%（65/72），以7~10重耐药居多。土鸡屠宰过程中致病性大肠杆菌污染风险高，多重耐药现象严重，应重视养殖合理用药及屠宰卫生环境。