甘南合作和肃南马蹄中国沙棘群落的物种多样性和生态优势度

对甘南合作和肃南马蹄９个沙棘群落的物种多样性指数，均匀度及生态优势度进行了测定，结果表明分布于低纬度的沙棘群落的多样性较高纬度的为高，并且群落的多样性随海拔的升高而降低；马蹄沙棘群落的生态优势度较高，对多样性，均匀度和生态优势度三者比较表明，物种多样性和均匀度两者之间是正相关，而多样性和均匀度在生态优势度之间的负相关。     

森林生态采伐与森林生物多样性保护

本文论述了森林生态采伐对森林生物多样性保护的重要性和必要性。森林生态采伐有利于森林生态系统的平衡；有利于保护森林生物的多样性；有利于森林生态资源的可持续发展。     

卧龙自然保护区山地暗针叶林不同生态恢复过程中群落α多样性的比较研究

本文以人工林和天然次生林两类群落类型为研究对象，按生态恢复所经历的时间，把群落年龄归为A1、A2、A3和A4四个阶段。通过对两种生态恢复过程中群落α多样性动态变化规律的研究发现；(1)自然演替状态下，乔木层多样性变化不大，A1～A3阶段的灌木层多样性大于A4阶段。A1和A4阶段，草本层的多样性明显比A2～A3阶段大；A1～A3阶段人工林灌木层和草本层多样性有逐渐增大的趋势，到A3阶段人工林群落还没有达到稳定状态；(2)A1阶段天然林灌木层物种多样性大于人工林，随着演替的进行两者逐渐趋于一致；A1阶段天然次生林草本层多样性远大于人工林，从A2阶段开始人工林草本层多样性反而超过天然次生林。     

世界森林观念的发展变化与我国沙棘资源开发利用

加强生态建设，维护生态安全，是21世纪人类面临的共同主题，也是我国经济社会可持续发展的重要基础。20年来，我国大规模沙棘资源开发利用形成了符合中国生态经济发展要求的特点：以生态效益为主，与治理水土流失紧密结合；重视经济效益，狠抓加工利用；注重长远效益，努力培育和推广优良品种。建议近期应结合西部开发和生态治理，进一步扩大种植区域；结合农村产业结构调整和增加农民收入，以沙棘作为“第二农业”，进一步加强良种推广；注重生物多样性原则，提高沙棘种植的科学性。     

云南省生物多样性与生态安全形势研究

指出了当前外来物种的入侵，使云南省的生物多样性遭到了严重的破坏，也威胁到国家的生态安全。基于此，探讨了云南省生物多样性的特点出发，探讨了生物多样性与生态安全之间的关系。     

朱家山自然保护区生态评价

朱家山自然保护区位于贵州省黔南州瓮安县，1998年对保护区进行了综合考察。其生态评价为：丰富的生物多样性；珍稀动植物的荟萃地；罕见的固体水库；泥沙及坡积物的潜在产出区；动植物区系的过渡区域；各演替阶段并存的森林群落；科研教学的理想场所。并对今后开发提出了建议。     

生态多样性及其应用研究

本文介绍了生态多样性的度量及意义,并对多样性在群落生态学中的应用研究状况进行了回顾和讨论。     

小五台山西台夏季鸟类群落结构研究

在小五台山自然保护区西台，通过路线调查法研究了该地区夏季鸟类群落的物种多样性及群落间的相似性，并对鸟类群落的物种多样性随空间的变化模式及物种生态位的关系进行了分析。结果表明，该地区不同鸟类群落物种多样性的排列顺序为：针阔混交林＞阔叶林＞针叶林＞溪涧＞灌丛＞亚高山草甸＞亚高山灌丛。鸟类的物种多样性随栖位而变化，并在不同的鸟类群落中表现出不同的模式。群落物种多样性随着生态位重叠的增大而减小。     

湖南生物多样性保护现状及对策

生物多样性是生物及其与环境形成的生态复合体以及与此相关的各种生态过程的总和,包括基因多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性。湖南省生物多样性保护工作始于上个世纪80年代,特别是党的十八大以来,湖南省委省政府高度重视生物多样性保护工作,将其作为生态强省战略的重要基础性工作,出台了一系列的政策,推行了一系列的措施,成效显著。     

住宅区绿化建设初探

生态住宅是城市生态建设中的主要内容。本文根据国内外研究现状和发展趋势，提出了住宅区绿化植物多样性选择和生态优化配置模式，以期对人居环境绿化建设提供指导性的建议．     

广州公共园林中地方风情表现研究

地方风情的表现是园林建设的重要方面之一,不仅能使园林具有独特地域特色,而且有助于展现和弘扬地域文化,带来良好社会效应。广泛调查广州公共园林场所的地方风情表现,在明确地方风情概念及资源范畴基础上,系统梳理当地风情资源的内容及其在园林场所运用情况,总结出存在4个方面的问题:1)基于自然环境条件的风情表达不尽如人意;2)风情资源挖掘、整理不够;3)园林建设中体现地方风情的意识不强;4)地方风情表达的设计创新较为缺乏。在此基础上提出相应对策,并探讨了园林设计和建设中强化风情表现的思路。     

Effect of local stand density on reproductive processes of the sub-boreal conifer Picea jezoensis Carr. (Pinaceae)

The effect of local pollen donor density (conspecific) and local total tree density (all species) on pollen pool diversity, outcrossing rate, and filled seed ratio were examined in a natural stand of the sub-boreal conifer Picea jezoensis Carr. Seed cones were collected from 17 mother trees, and the percentage of filled seed were calculated for five cones per tree. In addition, local stand density of pollen donors and total trees were investigated within r<30 m from the focal mother trees. Using four polymorphic microsatellite markers, the average pairwise kinship coefficient F_S and multilocus outcrossing rate t_m were estimated on germinated seedlings sampled from 14 mother trees. F_S showed significant positive correlation to local total tree density (r=0.541, p=0.046). Since F_S is inversely proportional to the effective number of pollen donors N_ep, genetic diversity of pollen pool was decreased in mother trees with higher local total tree density. Applying a generalized linear mixed model to filled seed ratio and local stand density of pollen donors and total trees, a negative impact of local pollen donors on filled seed ratio was found. We conclude that both local stand density as well as global stand density are important in the management of a natural stand of P. jezoensis.     

Local factors and time‐variable parameters in tactical planning models: A tool for adaptive timber procurement planning

In solving a wood procurement problem using linear programming, one obtains a static solution that is found simultaneously, for instance, by the Simplex technique. Therefore, general linear programming is useful when dealing with large‐scale and strategical problems. By using the formulations of dynamic linear programming presented in this study, local decision makers are provided with the advantages of an approximation tool for tactical planning situations. The models were used (1) to implement a local approach to tactical planning; and (2) to consider local and time‐variable aspects of wood procurement. In particular, as an example, a local seasonal cost effect is investigated; the results obtained are compared with results obtained by conventional higher level models. Both model structures (conventional and local) covered the same wood procurement system and the same planning horizon, but the procedure developed was more flexible and suitable for multi‐stage planning at the local level. The procedure was not as efficient computationally as the conventional procedure, but future developments in the computer industry can be expected to provide more computational capacity for processing and increasing number of variables. Using the following local procedure developed, the same tactical problem could be solved with higher precision because the system is closer to reality; the magnitude of the dynamic inconsistency was diminished.     

Social capital in small-scale forestry: A local case study in Southern Sweden

Small-scale forestry builds upon interactions among local stakeholders. Forest management entails multiple social situations such as consultations or cooperative engagements between owners and forest professionals. Successful social endeavours rest on positive social capital as operationalised via trust. Based on qualitative in-depth interviews with forest owners, managers and other forestry stakeholders, this study explores how trust influences the social relationships in a local context of Southern Swedish forestry. Most strikingly, the analysis reveals large differences in owners' trust towards two major actors: the Swedish Forest Agency (SFA) and the forest owner association (FOA) Södra. Permanence of personnel, a client-based approach, and personal features of SFA's local forest officer lead to strong local anchoring and high trust towards SFA. Södra proved to be a trustful partner in the aftermath of calamities; however its industrial priorities seem to erode owners' trust. The empirical findings of this study demonstrate the importance of recognising personal relationships and the catalysing role of bonding social capital in order to understand the local forest management situations. Our results are useful for forestry organisations and policy-makers willing to comprehend the local context and implement best practices in small-scale forestry.     

An empirical comparison of two subject-specific approaches to dominant heights modeling: The dummy variable method and the mixed model method

The varying (local) parameter(s) in site index models can be treated as fixed or random. Two primary subject-specific approaches to height modeling, the dummy variable method (fixed individual effects) and the mixed model method (random individual effects), were compared using Chapman–Richards type models fitted to second-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) data from a designed experiment. For height prediction of new growth series, tested on our validation subset data, the mixed model provides a new (local) parameter prediction method (termed as mixed predictor), which generally performed better than the traditional method of recovering local parameters (the least squares (LS) predictor we used). However, using the LS predictor, both the dummy variable estimation method and mixed model estimation showed almost identical prediction results. With multiple pairs of height–age measurements, no big difference was found in empirical site index prediction between the LS and mixed predictor. Theoretically, one main advantage of the mixed model approach is the ability of its mixed predictor to predict several local parameters using a single height–age pair. However, our empirical results failed to support this point.     

Integrating traditional and local ecological knowledge into forest biodiversity conservation in the Pacific Northwest

The potential for traditional and local ecological knowledge to contribute to biodiversity conservation has been widely recognized, but the actual application of this knowledge to biodiversity conservation is not easy. This paper synthesizes literature about traditional and local ecological knowledge and forest management in the Pacific Northwest to evaluate what is needed to accomplish this goal. We address three topics: (1) views and values people have relating to biodiversity; (2) the resource use and management practices of local forest users, and their effects on biodiversity; (3) models for integrating traditional and local ecological knowledge into biodiversity conservation on public and private lands. We focus on the ecological knowledge of forest users belonging to three groups who inhabit the region: American Indians, family forest owners, and commercial nontimber forest product harvesters.     

How we improved a landscape study of species richness of beetles in woodland key habitats, and how model output can be improved

In an earlier study (Franc et al., 2007), local species richness of saproxylic oak beetles (including red-listed beetles) in forests was predicted mainly by the landscape (area of woodland key habitat within 1 km of plots). Such results are important for conservation work, but need to be backed up well, for reliable advice. We tested a two-stage method that improved our earlier models and our advice for conservation planning. We studied temperate mixed forest, rich in oaks Quercus robur/Quercus petraea, in a large landscape in Sweden. Franc et al. (2007) analysed 21 forests. Here we selected the significant explanatory variables (predictors) and other biologically relevant predictors, used the earlier 21 forests and sampled 11 new forests such that we expanded the range on the axes of the predictors. We collected in total 320 species of saproxylic oak beetles (23,137 individuals) of which 65 and 38 were red-listed (IUCN criteria, Swedish list 2000 and 2005, respectively). We partly confirmed our original results, but the results also changed in important ways: local species richness is now predicted by a combination of local, landscape and regional factors. Moreover, a local variable (dead wood) was the main predictor of saproxylic oak beetles (all species included), while for red-listed saproxylic oak beetles the landscape (woodland key habitat within 1 km of plots) was the main predictor, of local species richness. Thus, species richness of red-listed saproxylic oak beetles seems to depend mainly on landscapes factors, while total species richness of saproxylic oak beetles seems to depend more on local stand factors. We conclude that a two-stage research design can be useful in landscape and conservation studies, especially for species-rich taxa that require large samples per site.     

Inter-crown versus under-crown area: contribution of local configuration of trees to variation in topsoil morphology, pH and moisture in Abies alba Mill. forests

This investigation of three Abies alba stands differing in stem density (338–715 per ha) and vertical structure (one-storeyed or multi-layered) explored the relations between distance from neighbouring tree stems and local canopy openness and selected topsoil properties. The null hypothesis was that in relatively densely stocked forests of close–random stem distribution topsoil morphology, pH and moisture do not differ in inter-crown and under-crown patches. In three plots 1.1 ha in area, soil samples were taken in a square grid 5.0 × 5.0 m and analysed using semivariogram estimation and spatial autocorrelation. The local configuration of trees around the sampled locations was characterised using hemispheral photography and a local stand density index based on tree locations and diameters. The largest portion of the total variation in the soil variables analysed (68–100%) was attributable to small-scale variation in scales <5 m. In all stands, irrespective of density and vertical structure, local stand density/canopy openness correlated positively/negatively with ectohumus layer thickness but negatively/positively with upper soil pH and moisture. Variation in the local configuration of trees explained up to 17% of the total variation in organic horizon thickness, up to 22–29% in topsoil pH (depending on the horizon) and up to 19–27% in topsoil moisture. The results indicate that even in stands of random tree patterning, stem neighbourhood and small-scale variation in canopy density may contribute significantly to topsoil heterogeneity and potentially affect the functioning and structure of forest floor vegetation.     

A Geographical Analysis of the Swedish Woodfuel Market

The geographical variation in Swedish woodfuel market characteristics for the district heating sector has been studied using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and cross - sectional Tobit analysis. The results indicate that local availability and competition for woodfuels influence the woodfuel consumption at inland heating plants. The factors affecting the decision to use woodfuel at heating plants close to seaports, however, were not captured by the model, suggesting that coastal location reduces dependency on the local woodfuel market. The effects of changes in local woodfuel availability on woodfuel use by an inland heating plant are presented and discussed.     

Fengshui forest management by the Buyi ethnic minority in China

Fengshui forests, very popular among the ethnic minorities in the rural areas in Guizhou Province of China, have spiritual symbolic meanings and are strictly managed. This paper examines the nature, history, local perceptions and management of fengshui forests in two Buyi villages in the Guizhou Province. With their long history, the fengshui forests are perceived to provide good wishes, security, unity, fortune, wealth and health to the local communities. Fengshui forests act as a form of “community based nature reserve” which maintains the health of natural forests, especially hydrological features and prevention of soil erosion. Cunguimingyue (Folk Regulation and Customs) is the primary local normative mechanism that maintains the fengshui forests in a good condition. The lessons learnt from local fengshui forest management needs to be incorporated in for contemporary China's forest policy formulation as these forests play an important role in rural livelihoods.