Slash Pile Burning at a Norway Spruce Clear-cut in Southern Sweden

The effect of burning piles of slash on a Norway spruce clear-cut in southern Sweden was followed for 3 years. The vegetation cover, soil chemistry, soil water at a depth of 30–40 cm and runoff water were studied. The burnt plots were without vegetation for several months after burning, while the control plots were almost totally covered by Deschampsia flexuosa and Galium saxatile. The remaining mor horizon of the burnt plots had a pH of 6 compared with pH 4.4 in the control plots. This caused more intense nitrification of the burnt plots that, in turn, caused an acid push with high concentrations of hydrogen ions, nitrate and potassium in the soil water. After 1 year, a cover of D. flexuosa and G. saxatile had also developed on the burnt plots, and the soil water chemistry no longer indicated an elevated leakage of ions. Throughout the study period, no leaching effect was observed in the runoff water. This was explained by nutrient retention of a swamp forest with Betula pubescenson peat soil, surrounding the ditch collecting the runoff water. The increased risk of developing a nutrient imbalance in the next forest generation may strongly outweigh the short-term benefit of reduced competition between tree seedlings and forest floor vegetation, especially if the slash burning is not expected to be of any value for species conservation.     

Lysimeter Study on the Effects of Different Rain Qualities on Element Fluxes from Shallow Mountain Soils in Southern Norway

This study focuses on fluxes of elements from, and changes in the soil properties of shallow organic material rich soil as a result of changes in precipitation acidity. Intact soil columns including natural vegetation from two areas (one exposed to acidic precipitation and one unpolluted) were used in a lysimeter experiment. The lysimeters were watered with simulated normal rain (pH 5.3) or simulated acidic rain (pH 4.3) for four years. Sulphuric acid and ammonium nitrate were used to regulate the quality of the simulated rain. Significantly more SO₄ ^2? was leached from lysimeters receiving acid rain. Rain acidity had no significant effect on NO₃ ^? leaching. Significantly more Mg²⁺ was leached from lysimeters receiving acid rain, but this only applied for the soils from the unpolluted area. Four years of treatment did not cause any significant effect on the soil acidity and the amounts of base cations in the soil. The more acidic rain did, however, cause a significant lower cation exchange capacity. For the soils from the polluted area the acid precipitation did cause a lowering of the exchangeable K⁺ in the upper 5 cm of the soil. Different quality of the soil organic material indicated by different vegetation types appeared to cause significant differences in the amount of components leached from the soil, but did not cause any difference in response to the different rain qualities.     

Nitrogen and Its Effect on Growth, Nutrient Status and Parasite Attacks in Beech and Norway Spruce

In permanent observation plots across Switzerland, nitrogen (N) concentration in the foliage of mature beech has increased by 15% and phosphorus (P) concentrations in beech and mature Norway spruce decreased by 12 and 13% respectively between 1984 and 1995, leading to increased N:P ratios. Modelled N deposition was correlated with stem increment in both beech and spruce, with indications of P limitation in some beech plots. Experimental application of 0-160 kg N ha^-1> yr^-1> over four to five years caused nutrient imbalances in various afforestation plots comparable to those observed in the permanent observation plots. The changes in the trees caused by N treatment led to increased attacks by parasites such as Apiognomonia errabunda, Phomopsis sp., Phyllaphis fagi in beech and Botrytis cinerea, Sacchiphantes abietis and Cinara pilicornis in Norway spruce. The results suggest current N deposition in Switzerland induces significant changes in the forest ecosystem.     

红河谷不同林分土壤养分状况研究

为了掌握秦岭红河谷森林公园不同林分的土壤养分状况,采用野外调查、土样采集及化学分析相结合的方法,对秦岭红河谷南坡优势树种槲栎、橿子栎、鹅耳栎、辽东栎林下土壤养分状况进行了分析比较。结果表明:鹅耳栎可以显著提高林下土壤有机质的积累量,0—20cm土层有机质含量高达97.45g/kg;橿子栎林下土壤碱解氮含量最高,20—30cm土层碱解氮含量为204.92mg/kg;鹅耳栎林对提高速效磷和速效钾含量有积极的作用;槲栎林的保肥效果、缓冲性能较其他林种好。随土层加深,各种养分含量逐渐降低。     

Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Concentrations and Ratios of Dissolved Organic Carbon to Dissolved Organic Nitrogen in Throughfall and Soil Waters in Norway Spruce and Scots Pine Forest Stands Throughout Norway

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) plays an important ecological role in forest ecosystems, and its concentration is related to that of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We investigated DON concentrations and ratios of DOC to DON in throughfall and soil waters in 16 Norway spruce and two Scots pine forest stands sampled at weekly intervals between 1996 and 2006. The stands are all included in the ICP Forests Level II monitoring program and are located throughout Norway. DON concentrations were significantly and positively related to DOC concentrations in throughfall (r ²?=?0.72, p?<?0.0001) and soil water at 5, 15, and 40 cm (r ²?=?0.86, 0.32, and 0.84 and p?<?0.0001, 0.04, and <0.0001, respectively). At most sites, the annual median DOC/DON ratio in throughfall ranged from 20.3 to 55.5, which is lower than values in soil water, which ranged from 24.5 to 81.3, gradually decreasing with soil depth. DON concentrations varied seasonally in throughfall at many plots and in soil water at 5-cm depth at one plot only, with higher values in the growing season, but there was no noticeable seasonality at greater depth. The ratios of DOC/DON in soil water were significantly positively related to the C/N ratio in soil at the same depth. Above-ground litter input was the main factor having a significant, negative relationship to DOC/DON in soil water at all depths studied. This might reflect the effect of site conditions on both DOC/DON ratios and litter quantity.     

不同施肥对雷竹林径流及渗漏养分流失规律的影响

为探明减量施肥和有机肥的施用对雷竹氮、磷流失的影响,在浙江省临安市雷竹产区,设置对照(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、减量无机施肥(DI)和减量有机无机施肥(DOI)4个施肥处理.通过建立径流场和土壤渗漏水收集装置,研究不同施肥雷竹林的氮、磷流失规律.结果表明,施肥后采集的水样中氮、磷浓度都有所提升,随着时间的推移而有所下降;不同施肥雷竹林径流水中,总氮、总磷浓度分别为5.61～10.22mg/L和0.99～1.93 mg/L,总氮平均浓度为CF＞DOI＞DI＞CK,总磷平均浓度为DOI＞DI＞CF＞CK;渗漏水中氮、磷浓度分别为32.23～111.54 mg/L和1.05～5.06 mg/L,氮平均浓度为CF＞DI＞DOI＞CK,磷平均浓度为DI＞CF＞ DOI＞ CK.渗漏小区中,DI和DOI处理氮流失量相对于CF处理分别减少了58.35,158.96 kg/hm2,即19.14％,52.13％;磷流失量分别减少了22.53％和59.66％;径流小区中,DI和DOI处理全氮流失量相对于CF处理分别减少了2.11,1.04 kg/hm2,即46.85％,23.12％,DOI处理全磷的流失量相对于CF处理增加了0.28 kg/hm2.     

Effect of Chronic Nitrogen Additions on Soil Nitrogen Fractions in Red Spruce Stands

The responses of temperate and boreal forest ecosystems to increased nitrogen (N) inputs have been varied, and the responses of soil N pools have been difficult to measure. In this study, fractions and pool sizes of N were determined in the forest floor of red spruce stands at four sites in the northeastern U.S. to evaluate the effect of increased N inputs on forest floor N. Two of the stands received 100 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 for three years, one stand received 34 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 for six years, and the remaining stand received only ambient N inputs. No differences in total N content or N fractions were measured in samples of the Oie and Oa horizons between treated and control plots in the three sites that received N amendments. The predominant N fraction in these samples was amino acid N (31-45% of total N), followed by hydrolyzable unidentified N (16-31% of total N), acid-soluble N (18-22% of total N), and NH₄ ⁺ (9^-13% of total N). Rates of atmospheric deposition varied greatly among the four stands. Ammonium N and amino acid N concentrations in the Oie horizon were positively related to wet N deposition, with respective r2 values of 0.92 and 0.94 (n = 4, p < 0.05). These relationships were somewhat stronger than that observed between atmospheric wet N deposition and total N content of the forest floor, suggesting that these pools retain atmospherically deposited N. The NH₄ ⁺ pool may represent atmospherically deposited N that is incorporated into organic matter, whereas the amino acid N pool could result from microbial immobilization of atmospheric N inputs. The response of forest floor N pools to applications of N may be masked, possibly by the large soil N pool, which has been increased by the long-term input of N from atmospheric deposition, thereby overwhelming the short-term treatments.     

Variation in Soil Nitrate Concentrations in Two N-Saturated Norway Spruce Forests (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in Southern Bavaria

Persistently high Nitrogen (N) deposition may have caused widespread N saturation in Central Europe’s forests. Simple and inexpensive methods are required for estimating the N status. This study suggests that the current N status of forest ecosystems can be estimated by measuring CaCl₂-extractable nitrate concentrations in the soil below the main rooting zone. We tested this possibility using a large number of samples (135 in total) in a nested sampling design in two homogeneous Norway spruce forests in southern Bavaria. This approach was accompanied by a small scale survey with suction cups (N = 54) in one forest. Nitrate concentrations determined by soil extracts varied widely (coefficients of variance 95 and 125%) and were well comparable with those of the simultaneous investigation of seepage water. Site and stand conditions explained only a small portion (<10%) of the total variation. Mineral soil nitrate concentrations were not spatially dependent at the medium and large scales (about 10 m to several km) in both forests. Therefore the reliability of estimates at these scales depends mainly on the sample size. At the small scale (<about 10 m) large variation in nitrate concentrations and a considerable spatial dependency could be observed. Therefore intensive sampling is necessary at short distances in order to estimate the mean adequately. From our results, we deduct possibilities and limitations of nitrate inventories as a tool for regional assessment of the N status of forests.     

Evidence of Current Soil Acidification in Spruce Stands in the Vosges Mountains,North-Eastern France

To demonstrate directly soil acidification under spruce stands in the Strengbach catchment, soils from two adjacent stands aged 40 and 90 years were sampled intensively in 1990 and resampled in 1996. Soils already were very acid in 1990. Between 1990 and 1996, soils had experienced a significant decrease in exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ at all depths at the two sites except in the 0-10 cm layer, for which base saturation remained constant. Losses of Ca2+ calculated from a budget study at the same sites and from the comparison of exchangeable stores were similar. In contrast, the loss of Mg2+ from the exchange complex was higher than that computed from the field budget. Various reasons, including most probably uncertainties linked to the extremely low levels of Mg in the ecosystem, may explain this discrepancy. Since 1987, a general decrease of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)/Al3+ ratio in soil solution was observed at both sites. These results are consistent with present day acidification of soils poor in weatherable minerals under spruce stands in the Vosges Mountains.     

Crown Condition and Needle Chemistry of Norway Spruce in Relation to Critical Loads of Acidity in South-East Norway

This study shows that it is questionable if critical load modelling can contribute in the search for harmful effects of acid deposition on forest health at present. Critical loads forS and N deposition were calculated using the MAGIC and PROFILE models for more than 100 monitoring plots in Norway spruce forestin south-east Norway. The two models gave different results, likely due to differences in the models, including differences in the time spans applied. The PROFILE model gave considerably more plots with exceedance than the MAGIC model.At plots where the CL was exceeded, calcium/aluminium (Ca/Al) ratios in the soil solutions were low. However, very few of theseplots had possible harmful values of the Ca/Al-ratio. More than 50 yr seems in most cases to be needed to bring Ca/Al ratios below 1.0. Present deposition was better correlated with measured forest condition variables such as crown condition and needle chemistry,than with modelled exceedance according to any of the two methods. The deposition of S and N was weakly, negatively correlated to foliar concentrations of P and Ca, and positivelyto foliar N concentrations and crown density.     

红壤侵蚀区不同生态修复措施对凋落物量及其养分归还的影响

通过野外定位监测和取样分析,探讨在红壤侵蚀区采取4种生态修复模式(马尾松林、修沟种草马尾松林、修竹节沟马尾松林和封禁马尾松林)27年后,其林分凋落物量及其养分归还动态。结果表明,4种修复措施林分的年凋落物总量分别为3 267.30,3 530.58,3 937.67,4 997.88kg/hm2,说明封禁处理对于提高林分凋落物量效果显著。各修复措施凋落物量呈现明显的季节动态,全年凋落物呈现单峰型,峰值均出现在8月份。4种修复措施(马尾松林、修沟种草、修竹节沟和封禁)凋落物的5种元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)归还总量分别33.83,38.90,48.39,64.40kg/hm2,大小顺序为:封禁>修竹节沟>修沟种草>强干扰马尾林,其中N元素的年通量变化为23.33～47.60kg/hm2,P为0.50～0.96kg/hm2,K为5.40～8.62kg/hm2,Ca为4.02～6.33kg/hm2,Mg为0.58～0.89kg/hm2。     

不同年龄木麻黄林地根际土壤养分含量和酶活性动态

在福建省东山县滨海沙地，开展了不同年龄木麻黄林地根际和非根际土壤养分和酶活性的测定，研究结果表明：（1）不同年龄木麻黄林地根际pH小于非根际土壤，随林龄增长根际土壤和非根际土壤pH值均表现为下降趋势；根际土壤有机质、全氮和水解氮含量高于非根际土壤，各土层有机质含量在中龄林时最大；从中龄林阶段至过熟林，水解氮含量下降；全磷和速效磷含量从幼林发育至中龄林、近熟林逐渐减少，至过熟林略有恢复；根际土壤全钾、速效钾含量呈增加趋势。（2）不同年龄木麻黄林地根际CEC值、水解性总酸度、交换性盐基总量、交换性Mg^2＋均大于非根际土壤；幼林龄根际交换性Ca^2＋低于非根际；土壤CEC值在中龄林时最高。（3）不同年龄木麻黄林地根际土壤磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性均大于非根际土壤；随着林木的生长，根际和非根际土壤磷酸酶活性逐渐升高，并且根际与非根际间的差异也呈增大趋势；根际过氧化物酶活性从幼龄林到中龄林下降，随着林木生长至过熟林有所升高；根际多酚氧化酶活性在过熟林阶段高于其它发育阶段。     

Epicuticular Wax of Norway Spruce Needles as Indicator of Traffic Pollutant Deposition

Two-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) seedlings were exposed to trafficemissions along roadsides with three different trafficdensities and speed limits; highway, street and aquiet local road. Deposition of the polyaromatichydrocarbons (PAH) was determined at all sites usingmoss bags as an indicator of organic traffic pollutantdeposition. Short term concentrations of atmosphericnitrogen oxides (NO_x) and aerosol black carbon(BC) were also recorded from the sites. The responsesof the needle epicuticular wax structure of theexposed spruce seedlings were analysed under thescanning electron microscopy (SEM). The epistomatalwax structure of needles was distinctively fused andaggregated along the highway and street withrelatively high traffic densities. Along the localroad, where the traffic density was low, nosignificant degradation of needle epicuticular wax wasobserved. The NO_x and BC data, along with PAHsaccumulated in moss bags indicate significantdeposition of gaseous pollutants and particulateorganic compounds along the highway and street andthese are suggested as cause of the epicuticular waxdegradation. Epistomatal wax structure is thus suggested to be an early indicator of traffic exposure effects.     

太湖流域土地利用变化的营养盐输出响应模拟

通过解译1985年、1995年和2000年3个时段TM／ETM影像，分析太湖流域80年代以来的土地利用变化特征。采用不同土地利用类型产出营养盐实测参数与分布式水文模型相结合的思路，建立基于单元格网的流域营养盐污染估算模型，定量评估太湖流域土地利用变化对氮素输出的影响。研究结果显示，模型模拟径流量及总氮输出量与实测值吻合良好；自1985年到2000年，太湖流域城镇面积扩展了40．38％，增加量占太湖流域总面积的3．88％；在1980～2000年的雨情下，全流域土地利用变化导致产流量平均增加4．11％，TN输出量平均增加5．35％，最高值为21．62％，各年差异与降雨分布和雨情特征有关；受土地利用变化空间差异影响，在城镇快速扩展的苏锡常地区和浦东浦西地区，土地利用变化导致TN输出量平均增加17．11％和10．72％，最高可达60．43％和28．689%。     

小兴安岭不同类型人工林林内积雪特征

为研究小兴安岭林区不同人工林类型林内积雪特征,分别从雪厚度、雪水当量和雪密度指标对3种人工林林内降雪和积雪进行研究。结果表明:不同人工林内积雪厚度和雪水当量受降雪输入率的影响,降雪量越大,积雪厚度和雪水当量越大,且不同林型间有显著差异(P<0.01),其中落叶松人工林内积雪厚度和雪水当量最高,分别达到36.1cm和56.1mm;红松人工林次之,为31.3cm和45.8mm;红皮云杉人工林最小,仅为26.1cm和38.6mm。森林对积雪有明显的保存效应,积雪厚度和雪水当量的保存效率由大到小顺序为原始阔叶红松林(对照)>红松人工林>红皮云杉人工林>落叶松人工林,原始阔叶红松林对积雪厚度和雪水当量的保存率最高,分别达到51%和90.5%;各人工林对积雪厚度和雪水当量的保存率平均值分别为47.2%和84.6%;林外空地的保存率分别仅为38.2%和69.3%。林内积雪的密度小于林外,不同人工林内积雪密度在0.14～0.16g/cm3之间。     

不同年限红柳恢复川西北高寒沙地对土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响

利用土壤大团聚体含量(R_(0.25))、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、团聚体破坏率(PAD)和团聚体对有机碳贡献率(F)指标,研究不同时间尺度红柳恢复川西北高寒沙地对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳分布的影响。结果表明:红柳不同恢复年限土壤机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体都以微团聚体(0.25mm)组成为主,随着恢复年限增加,表层(0—20cm)2,0.5~2mm粒级土壤团聚体含量显著增加,表层(0—20cm)土壤团聚体R_(0.25)、MWD和GMD表现为0年5年10年15年,PAD呈现相反的特征;红柳恢复引起表层(0—20cm)土壤有机碳含量显著增加,随着恢复年限增加,2,0.5~2mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著提高,0.5mm粒级团聚体对土壤有机碳贡献率高达34%~60%;红柳恢复对亚表层(20—40cm)土壤团聚体与有机碳分布特征影响不显著。研究表明土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳指标可作为川西北高寒沙地土壤生态修复适应性指标,红柳恢复对该区沙化土壤改良具有重要作用。     

Atmospheric Mercury Fluxes in a Southern Boreal Forest and Wetland

Total gaseous mercury (TGM) fluxes from the forest floor and a boreal wetland were measured by a flux chamber technique coupled with an automatic mercury vapour analyser. The fluxes were measured at three sampling sites in southern Finland, 61°14′ N, 25°04′ E in summer 2007, with additionally in situ TGM concentrations in the air at one of the sites and mercury bulk deposition at another. Most of the flux data were collected during the daytime. At one of the sites, diurnal flux behaviour was studied, and a clear cycle with an afternoon maximum and a night minimum was observed. The highest emissions (up to 3.5 ng m⁻² h⁻¹) were observed at the forest floor site having a moss and grass cover. At the wetland and litter-rich forest floor sites, the emissions were below 1 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ and sometimes negative (down to −1.0 ng m⁻² h⁻¹), indicating mercury uptake. The measured average fluxes in August were 0.9 ± 1.1 and 0.2 ± 0.3 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ for the forest floor sites and wetland sites, respectively. The flux data were compared with the mercury bulk deposition, which proved to be of the same magnitude, but opposite in sign. At the mossy forest floor site, the extrapolated TGM emissions were 130% of the Hg deposition in August 2007. Comparison with other studies showed that the fluxes in background areas are relatively uniform, regardless of measurement site location and method used. Airborne TGM remained at the background level during the study, with an average value of 1.3 ± 0.2 ng m⁻³; it frequently showed a diurnal cycle pattern.     

辽宁省玉米主产区土壤养分状况调查分析

采用网格取样法采集辽宁省玉米主产区耕层土壤进行有机质、pH和有效养分含量分析。结果表明:辽宁省主要玉米田土壤近中性,有机质含量中等,65%以上的土壤速效K、速效P和有效Zn含量低于临界水平,99%的土壤NH4+-N含量低于临界值;从变异情况看,土壤pH变异最小,速效P变异最大,总变异趋势为速效P>有效Zn>有机质>NH4+-N>速效K>pH;不同土壤类型和不同生态区的土壤有机质、pH和有效养分含量变异也较大。     

Base Cation Fluxes in Mountain Landscapes of Lake Baikal Southern Shore

Abstract

Assessing base cation [calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), potassium (K⁺)] fluxes is necessary for determining ecosystem stability. This study was conducted in the Osinovka River catchment located on the Khamar‐Daban Ridge, South Baikal, which is characterized by high precipitation (more than 1700 mm per annum). The contributions of different ecosystem components such as atmospheric deposition, soil exchange pool, minerals, vegetation, surface water, and groundwater into the total base cations flux were evaluated, combining the strontium isotope approach and budget study. Results show the leading role of atmosphere in ecosystem supply with base cations. The atmosphere contributes 48% of total base cations flux, and its contributions to plant‐available nutrition pools of both organic and mineral horizons are equal to 50%. This makes the vitality of vegetation, to a great extent, dependent on the stability of atmospheric chemistry.     

辽南葡萄主产区土壤养分特征研究

为了给辽南规模化葡萄园的养分管理和科学施肥提供依据,2016年在辽南葡萄主产区采集91个葡萄园土壤样品,分别测定土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,对该葡萄主产区土壤养分状况进行研究。研究结果表明:辽南葡萄主产区土壤pH平均值为6.2;有机质平均含量为11.0 g kg?1,处于缺乏水平的样点占总样点的97.8%;土壤全氮、碱解氮平均含量分别为0.08 g kg?1和73.3 mg kg?1,处于缺乏水平的土壤样点分别占样本总数的85.8%和74.8%;土壤速效磷平均含量为70.4 mg kg?1,90.1%样点属于丰富水平,但变异系数较大;速效钾平均含量为158.0 mg kg?1,总体含量属于中等以上,处于中等以上和缺乏水平的样点占总样点的比例分别为68.2%和31.8%。不同地区、不同树龄和不同产量水平的葡萄园土壤养分状况存在较大差异;李官镇葡萄园养分状况好于许屯镇;随着种植年限的增加,葡萄园土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均呈现显著升高趋势;不同产量葡萄园有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量变化趋势为高产园 > 中产园 > 低产园。建议根据产量和树龄情况,分区域进行葡萄园养分管理,适当减少磷肥和钾肥、增加有机肥用量,以保证养分的高效利用。