Effect of Biosolids and Cd/Pb Interaction on the Growth and Cd Accumulation of Brassica rapa Grown in Cd-Contaminated Soils

Mixed metals in the cropped lands in central Taiwan contaminated about 230 ha. According to the Soil and Groundwater Protection Remediation Act (SGWR Act) of Taiwan, these lands were restored. However, some grains of paddy rice grown in these remediated soils still contained more than 0.5 mg Cd kg^?1, which the Department of Health of Taiwan notified as the maximum allowable Cd content in rice. The suitability of planting edible crops in these soils is now in doubt. Brassica rapa is the crop most often sold in Taiwan's market and is planted in the interval between the first and second stages of planting of paddy rice, especially in central Taiwan where this experiment was conducted. A pot experiment was conducted using soils contaminated artificially with Cd or both Cd and Pb. The soil was then amended with 5% of biosolid and followed by planting of B. rapa. The objectives were to study the effect of biosolid amendment on the soil and the interaction between Cd and Pb on the growth of and Cd accumulation in B. rapa. Experimental result showed that the biomass and the accumulation of Cd by B. rapa were significantly increased in the biosolid-amended soils compared with the control. Lead has a synergistic effect on enhancing the accumulation of Cd by B. rapa grown in artificially Cd-contaminated soils.     

Effect of Zero-Valent Iron Application on Cadmium Uptake in Rice Plants Grown in Cadmium-Contaminated Soils

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soils is a serious problem for crop production in the world. Zero-valent iron [Fe (0)] is a reactive material with reducing power capable of stabilizing toxic elements in a solution. In the present study, we examined the effect of zero-valent iron [Fe (0)] application on Cd accumulation in rice plants growing in Cd-contaminated paddy soils. The application of 1.0 and 0.5 mg Fe (0) per 100 g soils significantly reduced the Cd concentration in seeds and leaves by less than 10% and 20% of those without Fe (0) application, respectively. The form of Cd in soil was determined by sequential extraction. The Fe (0) application increased the free-oxides-occluded (less available) Cd content, and decreased the exchangeable and iron-manganese-oxides-bound (more available) Cd content, in Cd-contaminated soils. Thus, this study clearly showed that the application of Fe (0) is a promising approach for remediation of Cd-contaminated paddy soils.     

Effects of Soil Amendments on Growth and Metal Uptake by Ocimum gratissimum Grown in Cd/Zn-Contaminated Soil

Hydroponic and pot experiments were conducted to assess the uptake of heavy metals (Cd and Zn) by a common crop plant, African basil, Ocimum gratissimum. In addition, the effects of soil amendments, hydroxyapatite (HA) and cow manure on plant growth and metal accumulations were compared. In the hydroponic study, plants were exposed to various concentrations of Cd (2.5 and 5 mg L^?1) and Zn (10 and 20 mg L^?1) for 15 days. O. gratissimum was shown to be a Cd accumulator more than a Zn accumulator. Cadmium concentration in its shoots exceeded 100 mg kg^?1. In the pot experiments, soils from a heavily Cd-contaminated site (Cd 67.9 mg kg^?1 and Zn 2,886.8 mg kg^?1) were treated with cow manure and HA at the rates of 10% and 20% (w/w), and 0.75 and 1.5% (w/w), respectively. Plants were grown in the greenhouse for 3 months. The addition of cow manure resulted in the highest biomass production and the lowest accumulations of Cd in plant parts, while HA was more efficient than cow manure in reducing Zn uptake. Leaves of African basil showed a decreased Cd concentration from 1.5 to 0.3 mg kg^?1 (cow manure) and decreased Zn concentration from 69.3 to 34 mg kg^?1 (HA). This clearly demonstrates the efficiency of HA and cow manure in reducing metal content in leaves of plants grown on high metal-contaminated soil to acceptable or close to acceptable values (0.2 mg kg^?1 for Cd, 99.4 mg kg^?1 for Zn).     

Growth and Heavy-Metal Uptake by Lettuce Grown in Soils Applied with Sewage Sludge Compost

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sewage sludge compost (SSC) alone and applied with chemical fertilizer on growth and heavy-metal accumulations in lettuce grown on two soils, a Xanthi-Udic Ferralosol and a Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosol. The treatments included control; nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) fertilizer; sewage sludge compost applied at the rates of 27.54 (SSC), 82.62 (3SSC), 165.24 (6SSC) t hm^–2; and coapplication treatment (1/2 SSC + 1/2 NPK), where the N, P, and K inputs from NPK fertilizer, SSC, and coapplication treatments were normalized to the local recommend rates. The SSC application increased the biomass; copper, zinc, and lead contents in lettuce; and soil total and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable metals. However, SSC alone at the recommended rate caused less plant biomass than NPK fertilizer alone. Coapplication treatment obtained greater or similar biomass to NPK fertilizer alone and did not increase heavy-metal accumulation in soils and plants. The results demonstrated that SSC should be applied to soils with chemical fertilizers.     

不同钝化剂和培养时间对Cd污染土壤中可交换态Cd的影响

原位化学钝化技术是修复重金属污染土壤的重要途径之一,通过施入一些钝化剂以降低土壤中重金属有效态含量,从而减少其迁移及对植物的毒害。选取羟基磷灰石（HA）、磷矿粉（PRX和PRH）、沸石、赤泥、新鲜植物残体、玉米秸秆粉末以及相应的处理共21种钝化剂,在同一培养条件和添加浓度下,比较其对人工Cd污染土壤中可交换态Cd含量的影响,并分析了其在不同培养时间对钝化效果的时间效应,试验的结果对于筛选Cd污染土壤钝化剂有着重要的意义。结果表明,纳米化赤泥、羟基磷灰石和纳米化酸洗赤泥可显著降低土壤中可交换态Cd含量,钝化比例高达35%-55%;赤泥、酸洗赤泥、沸石达15%-25%;富含巯基植物蒜苗、油菜、大葱植物残体也可达20%-25%。磷矿粉、大葱粉末、玉米秸秆和巯基化玉米秸秆的钝化效果相对较差;HA、铵型沸石、纳米赤泥、酸洗纳米赤泥、干油菜粉末、酸洗赤泥对可交换态Cd的钝化效果的时间效应不明显;赤泥、大葱残体、特别是玉米秸秆和巯基玉米秸秆随时间增长钝化效果增加显著,在8周和16周时段钝化效果较好。     

田间条件下不同钝化材料对玉米吸收镉的影响研究

选取4种钝化材料（赤泥、海泡石、钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉）开展田间试验,研究它们对玉米吸收镉与土壤有效态镉的影响。结果表明,除海泡石外,施用其他3种钝化材料均能促进玉米生长,增加玉米叶、茎与籽粒的重量。4种钝化材料都能降低玉米对镉的吸收,其中：高量赤泥（用量1.5%）能明显降低玉米茎、叶片及籽粒中镉的含量,较对照分别降低60.6%、33.6%与49.3%;高量钙镁磷肥（用量900kg·hm-2）明显降低玉米籽粒中镉含量,较对照降低57.4%。4种钝化剂明显降低土壤EDTA提取态镉、DGT提取态镉的含量。其中,高量海泡石处理的EDTA提取态镉含量最低,高量赤泥次之;高量赤泥处理的DGT提取态镉含量最低。本试验结果表明,1.5%用量的赤泥是最佳的功能钝化材料。     

赤泥对Cd污染稻田水稻生长及吸收累积Cd的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了不同赤泥施用量对酸性Cd污染稻田（潮泥田）水稻生长及吸收累积Cd的影响。结果表明,赤泥施用量为4 948 kg·hm-2时水稻产量达到最高,其主要作用是促进了水稻有效穗的形成。同时施用赤泥能显著提高土壤pH,降低土壤有效态Cd含量和减少水稻Cd累积。与不施赤泥的对照相比,施用赤泥3 000 kg·hm-2的处理水稻增产12.4%（P〈0.05）,水稻根Cd降低22.0%（P〈0.05）,糙米Cd（0.14 mg·kg-1）降低40.8%（P〈0.01）,并达到国家粮食卫生标准（GB2715—2005）;当赤泥施用量增至9 000 kg·hm-2时,土壤pH提高12.0%（P〈0.01）,有效态Cd含量降低24.9%（P〈0.05）,水稻根系、茎叶和糙米Cd分别降低55.7%（P〈0.01）、54.5%（P〈0.01）和69.9%（P〈0.01）。表明利用赤泥修复中轻度酸性Cd污染土壤是可行的,并能起到改良土壤和促进水稻增产的效果。试验所用赤泥重金属含量很低,不会造成二次污染。但将赤泥大面积应用于酸性Cd污染稻田还需要系统研究应用参数,并采取农机配套和激励机制来鼓励农民自发行动的积极性。     

In-Situ Immobilization of Cadmium and Lead by Different Amendments in Two Contaminated Soils

Different soil amendments, including 1% zeolite, 1% bentonite,5% Penghu soil (PHS), 5% Penghu soil + 1% manganese oxide (PHS + MO), 1% MO, and 1.5% silicate slag (SS), were used to immobilize Cd and Pb in two contaminated soils evaluated by single and sequential extractions and by uptake of Chinese cabbage (Brassica Chinensis L.). Results indicated that the PHS and MO significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the 0.1 M HCl extractable Cd and Pb in the two contaminated soils. Allamendment treatments did not change the organic and residual amounts of Cd and Pb in soils A and B, but the PHS andPHS + MOtreatments significantly reduced the exchangeable amounts of Cdand Pb in the two soils as measured by sequential extraction. Thecombination of PHS and MO amendments was associated with ahigh pH value and negative soil surface charge showed the best immobilizing efficiency of Cd and Pb in this study. All soil amendments investigated did not increase the dry matter weight of the plant, and most of them decreased the uptake of Cd and Pb, especially for the PHS and MO. The PHS and MO treatments reduced the extractability of Cd and Pb in two soils and theiruptake by the plant, but only the Pb content in Chinese cabbagefrom the amended soils was less than the background levels of heavy metals in leaf vegetables of Taiwan.     

Remediation of Copper and Cadmium in Contaminated Soils using Compost with Inorganic Amendments

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Compost enriched with inorganic amendments has been evaluated in laboratory-based experiments for its effectiveness to immobilise heavy metals in contaminated...     

土壤改良剂与叶面喷硒联合阻控对小白菜吸收镉的影响

为探究改良剂与叶面喷硒（Se）联合阻控减轻农产品受镉（Cd）毒害的效果,采用土壤培养及盆栽试验的方法,筛选不同用量的牛粪（7.5、15 g kg?1）与石灰（1、2、3、4、5 g kg?1）配施钝化土壤Cd有效性的最优处理,并探讨改良剂与叶面喷Se（1、2、4、8 mg L?1）联合阻控对不同程度Cd污染土壤（0.5、3、6 mg kg?1）中小白菜吸收Cd的影响。结果表明:（1）与未施改良剂处理相比,7.5 g kg?1牛粪与 5 g kg?1石灰配施对土壤Cd的钝化效果最显著,土壤有效Cd含量降低了37.9%。（2）与单施改良剂相比,施用改良剂与叶面喷Se显著抑制了小白菜对Cd的吸收,其中在中轻度污染土壤中（0.5 和 3 mg kg?1 Cd）叶面喷施 4 mg L?1 Se使小白菜Cd含量分别降低了 12.9% 和 78.7%,丙二醛含量分别降低了29.9% 和 60.6%;在重度污染土壤中（6 mg kg?1 Cd）叶面喷施 8 mg L?1 Se使小白菜Cd含量降低了 81.4%,丙二醛含量降低了71.9%;叶面喷Se使小白菜的抗氧化酶活性和谷胱甘肽含量均有不同程度的增加。     

Plant Availability of Cadmium in Soils: II. Factors Related to the Extractability and Plant Uptake of Cadmium in Cultivated Soils

Abstract

Eighty four soil samples collected from southeastern Norway were analyzed for Cd by extraction with NH₄OAc, DTPA, NH₄OAc-EDTA, NH₄NO₃, HCl and CaCl₂. The total Cd, pH, exchangeable K and Ca, dithionite-extractable Mn, available P and fine sand (0.2–0.02 mm) contents were the principal factors related to the extractable Cd, with some inter-extractant variations. Cadmium extracted by NH₄NO₃, NH₄OAc, HCl and CaCl₂ decreased with increasing soil pH, but the Cd extracted by all the extractants increased with increasing total Cd, exchangeable K and Ca, available P, and Mn-oxide contents in the soils. The Cd concentrations in plants were significantly related to the extractable Cd, exchangeable Ca and Mg, pH, Mn-oxides and organic matter content.     

Effect of Zinc Application on Cadmium Uptake of Maize Grown in Alkaline Soil

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) application on cadmium (Cd) uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in alkaline soil. Four doses of cadmium (Cd; 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 ppm) in the form of cadmium chloride and four doses of Zn (0, 10, 20, and 40 ppm) in the form of zinc sulfate were applied to the soils. Plants were harvested at the 45th day of their developments. The Cd amounts in shoots and roots were analyzed separately. Significant differences between Cd amounts in shoots and roots are obtained with the application of different Zn doses (P < 0.01). In all Cd levels, Zn application increases Cd in both shoots and roots relative to Cd contents of plants grown in the pots that not applied Zn. It is also found that Cd content of the roots is greater than that of shoots.     

Remediation of Cadmium Pollution in Soils by Different Amendments: A Column Study

Abstract

A column study was conducted to determine the effect of city compost, lime, gypsum, and phosphate on cadmium (Cd) mobility in three well‐recognized benchmark soils of India [viz., (Islamnagar) Vertisol, (Amarpur) Inceptisol, and (Khala) Alfisol]. Columns made of PVC were filled with soil treated with different treatment doses [viz., 0.5% city compost, 1% city compost, 2% city compost, 2.5 t lime/ha, 5 t lime/ha, 2.5 t lime/ha+0.5% city compost, 2.5 t gypsum/ha, 2.5 t gypsum/ha+0.5% city compost, and 100 kg P₂O₅/ha as potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄). The columns were leached with 100 mg L^?1 Cd under saturated condition. The amount of water moving through the soils was measured as the pore volume. A delayed breakthrough curve (BTC) of Cd in the presence of lime has been observed in all the studied benchmark soil series. Among the treatments, lime application reduced the movement of Cd from surface soil to lower depth of soil to a large extent resulted in 9, 25, and 45% more retention of Cd in surface soil of the Islamnagar, Amarpur, and Khala series respectively. Explanation for reduced Cd mobility in limed soil can be derived from pH changes of soils. In comparison to control soil, phosphate application caused 6, 21, and 30% more retention of Cd in surface soil in the Islamnagar, Amarpur, and Khala series, respectively. Combined application of lime and city compost reduced the movement of Cd in the soil profile. It appears that organic matter controls the sorption of Cd in soils. The amount of Cd sorbed increased with increasing organic carbon content, but gypsum application may leach Cd beyond the root‐zone depth. A rapid breakthrough curve was observed under gypsum‐treated soils. Retardation factor revealed that a somewhat lower degree of Cd retention occurred in the Khala series, which might possibly be attributed to less clay content and low pH. Overall, the column study indicated that total Cd accumulation occurred up to depths of 5–7.5 cm, 7.5–10 cm, and 10–15 cm in soils of Islamnagar, Amarpur, and Khala series, respectively.     

Effects of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and N Source on Plant Growth and N and P Uptake by Tomato Grown on Calcareous Soils

Introducing specific microorganisms into the soil ecological system is an important strategy for improving nutrient use efficiency. Two pot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse from December 3, 2012 to January 25, 2013 (Experiment 1) and March 11 to April 23, 2013 (Experiment 2) to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) source and inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on plant growth and N and phosphorus (P) uptake in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown on calcareous soils from South Florida, USA. Treatments included urea, controlled release urea (a controlled release fertilizer, CRF) each at low and high N rates and with or without inoculation of PGPR. A mixture of PGPR strains Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IN937a and Bacillus pumilus T4 was applied to the soil during growing periods of tomato. Treatments with PGPR inoculation increased plant height compared to treatments without PGPR in both experiments. Inoculation with PGPR increased shoot dry weight and shoot N uptake for the same N rate and N source. In both experiments, only at high N rate, CRF and urea treatments with PGPR had significantly (P < 0.05) greater shoot biomass than those without PGPR. Only at high N rate, CRF treatment with PGPR significantly increased shoot N uptake by 39.0% and 10.3% compared to that without PGPR in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Meanwhile, presence of PGPR in the soil increased shoot P uptake for all treatments in Experiment 1 and for most treatments in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, only at low N rate, CRF treatment with PGPR significantly increased shoot P uptake compared with that without PGPR. In Experiment 2, a significant increase in shoot P uptake by inoculation of PGPR was only observed in CRF treatment at high N rate. Results from this study indicate that inoculation with PGPR may increase plant growth and N and P uptake by tomato grown on calcareous soils. However, the effect of PGPR varied and was influenced by many factors such as N source, N rate, and soil fertility. Further investigations are warranted to confirm the effect of PGPR under different soil conditions.     

Phytotoxicity of Cadmium in Radish and Its Effects on Growth,Yield, and Cadmium Uptake

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of cadmium (Cd) on growth, biomass yield, and Cd uptake in three radish (Raphanus sativus L.) varieties at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India, during 2008–2009. Plants were subjected to different Cd levels by application of cadmium nitrate [Cd (NO₃)₂] at the rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg Cd kg^?1 soil. Length and fresh and dry biomass yields of shoots and roots decreased because of the phytotoxic effect of Cd. Among three varieties, Japanese White Long showed the greatest sensitivity to Cd toxicity. The accumulation of Cd in shoots and roots was greatest in Japanese White Long, which had greater bioconcentration factor values. Variety Arka Nishanth recorded lower bioconcentration factor values and greater transfer coefficient values, indicating lower Cd accumulation in root tubers in this variety. Hence, variety Arka Nishanth can be preferred in Cd-contaminated soils.     

Effect of Elemental Sulfur Supply on Cadmium Uptake into Rice Seedlings When Cultivated in Low and Excess Cadmium Soils

Effects of sulfur (S) (0, 30 mg S kg^?1 soil) supply on cadmium (Cd) uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil [38.8 μg kg^?1 for diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Cd] and in excessive-Cd soil (748.7 μg kg^?1 for DTPA-extractable Cd) were investigated in a combined soil–sand culture experiment. The significant difference in the Cd uptake into rice between –S and +S treatments were observed in relation to soil Cd levels. When rice was exposed to excessive Cd soil, application of S restrained the uptake of Cd into rice, the S supply tended to increase Cd uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil. The possible mechanisms explaining the interactions among soil Cd level, S supply, and Cd accumulation in rice are proposed. These results suggest that S fertilization may be important for the development approaches to reducing Cd accumulation in rice when cultivated Cd-contaminated soils.     

生物炭对不同镉污染土壤钝化效果和小白菜镉吸收的影响

目前生物炭用量对不同镉污染水平土壤的钝化效果缺乏进一步认识,利用外源添加试验研究了不同土壤镉污染水平、不同生物炭添加量对小白菜镉吸收和土壤镉有效性的影响。结果表明,添加生物炭能降低土壤有效态镉含量和小白菜地上部镉吸收量,且随着生物炭量的增加钝化效果更明显,其中以4%的生物炭添加量的效果最佳,小白菜地上部镉含量降低了55.9%～76.0%。生物炭添加提高土壤pH值,降低了土壤有效态镉含量2.4%～62.3%,其中较低镉水平土壤有效态镉含量降幅高于较高镉水平的土壤。     

Influence of Redox Potential and Plant Species on the Uptake of Nickel and Cadmium from Soils

The influence of soil redox potential on the uptake of nickel and cadmium from three soils was studied in a pot experiment with oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Pirol) and rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L. cv. Lema). The soils used were a Luvisol (naturally low in Ni and Cd), a sewage-sludge amended Luvisol (anthropogenic enrichment of Ni and Cd) and a Cambisol (naturally high in Ni and Cd). Nickel and Cd supplied in sewage-sludge amendments were several times more available for plant uptake than those present naturally in the soil. Short term decreases in soil redox potential, as a result of soil flooding, had little effect on the availability of Ni and Cd from sludge amended soils, but resulted in a substantial increase in Ni and Cd availability in the soil naturally high in Ni and Cd. In general, increases in soil solution concentrations of Ni and Cd, due to sludge amendment or changes in soil redox potential, resulted in increased Ni and Cd concentrations in the aerial parts of plants. Nickel concentrations in the grain of oat increased with increasing Ni concentration in the soil solution, whereas grain Cd concentrations did not. In contrast, Cd concentrations in vegetative parts of both oat and rye-grass were strongly affected by soil type and sludge-amendment. In all treatments Ni concentrations in the grain were much higher than in the vegetative parts, whereas Cd concentrations were always higher in vegetative parts than in the grain. Tissue Ni concentrations correlated well with DTPA extractable soil Ni but only poorly with total soil Ni. Differences in the availability and uptake of Ni and Cd in response to soil type, environmental conditions and plant species suggest that the use of total soil-metal content to regulate the use of sewage sludge on agricultural land is inappropriate.     

Effects of Chronic Nitrogen Amendments on Production of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Forest Soils

Chronic N deposition has been hypothesized to affect DOC production in forest soils due to the carbon demand exerted by microbial immobilization of inorganic N. We tested this hypothesis in field experiments at the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts, USA. During four years of sampling soil solution collected beneath the forest floor in zero-tension lysimeters, we observed little change in DOC concentrations (10-30% increase, not statistically significant) associated with elevated N inputs, but did observe significant increases in DON concentrations. Both DOC and DON varied seasonally with highest concentrations in summer and autumn. Mean DON concentrations increased 200-300 % with the highest rate of inorganic N fertilization, and concentrations of DON were highest in samples with high inorganic N concentrations. We conclude that the organic chemistry of soil solution undergoes qualitative changes as a result of long-term N amendment at this site, with small changes in DOC, large increases in DON, and a decline in the C:N ratio of dissolved organic matter.     

Genotypic Variation in Shoot Cadmium Concentration in Rice and Soybean in Soils with Different Levels of Cadmium Contamination

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate whether the shoot cadmium (Cd) concentration in 11 rice and 10 soybean cultivars varied among 4 soils with different levels of Cd contamination. Significant differences in shoot Cd concentration were found among rice or soybean cultivars grown in the 4 soils. The ranking of the rice cultivars for the shoot Cd concentration varied considerably among the soils. On the other hand, the soybean cultivars were ranked similarly in terms of shoot Cd concentration in the 4 soils. Significant and positive correlations were found between the Cd and Zn concentrations and between the Cd and Mn concentrations in the shoot of rice cultivars, when they were grown in 2 soils with relatively moderate levels of Cd contamination. The shoot Cd concentration in the soybean cultivars, however, was not correlated with the concentrations determined for any of the metals (Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe) across the 4 soils. Significant and positive correlations between the concentrations of Cd in younger shoots and mature seeds were detected among the soybean cultivars in 2 soils used, unlike among the rice cultivars, indicating that it may be difficult to evaluate the genotypic variation in seed Cd concentration using relatively younger shoots in the case of rice. These results revealed that genotypic differences in shoot Cd concentration in rice or soybean are variable or invariable among soils, respectively.