Hydrology and Chemistry of the Choptank River Basin

The Choptank River basin is a coastal plain catchment dominated by agriculture (52% of land use). We summarize an 11 year data set of discharge and chemistry from a gauged subbasin. Discharge exhibited seasonal variations driven by seasonal evapotranspiration. There were double seasonal maxima of pH, NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^-, total N, Fe, and total P concentrations in late spring and fall as the saturated zone rose and fell within the soil. Significant interannual variability in discharge was the result of rainfall variation. There were positive nterannual trends in NO₃ ^- concentrations and negative interannual trends in NH₄ ⁺ and PO₄ ^3- concentrations. These data were combined to estimate N and P export coefficients of 3^-11 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 and 0.14-0.66 kg P ha^-1 yr^-1, driven primarily by interannual variations in discharge. These export coefficients are low compared to other coastal plain watersheds dominated by agriculture and may be responsible for the small anthropogenic effects in the Choptank estuary compared to other Chesapeake drainages.     

曹娥江干流水质的时空变异

通过对浙江省绍兴地区的曹娥江干流上7个取水断面的多次、多参数水质监测,从电导、pH值、水温、溶解氧(DO)、浊度、高锰酸钾指数、总氮(TN)以及总磷(TP)8项水质参数,分析了曹娥江干流水质的时空变异。结果表明:(1)悬浮颗粒态污染物对TN,尤其是对TP有明显的贡献作用;(2)在一定程度上,海潮对pH值和高锰酸钾指数有影响;(3)在一定程度上,降雨对水体中的TN有较明显的影响;(4)整体上曹娥江干流的水质属于 类或是劣于 类的水质。     

Effects of Changing Land Use from Agriculture to Forest on Stream Water Quality in a Small Basin in NW Spain

Monitoring was conducted in a basin with a history of agricultural pollution (mainly due to the spreading of livestock slurry) to evaluate the response of stream water ion concentrations to the change from agricultural land use to forest. We measured pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and major dissolved elements [phosphate (PO₄) phosphorus (P), nitrite (NO₂) nitrogen (N), nitrate (NO₃) N, ammonium (NH₄) N, silicon (Si), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfate (SO₄), and chloride (Cl)] in the stream water during the period 1997–2002 at irregular time intervals. Median values were significantly greater in the agricultural period than in the forest period (P < 0.05). Median pH values remained slightly acidic (5.8–6) for both land uses. NO₃-N was the dominant form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) under both land uses (agricultural use: 80 percent; forest use: 98 percent. In the forest period, the median PO₄-P and NH₄-N concentrations were reduced by 95 percent compared to the agricultural period. The median NO₂-N and K concentrations decreased by 83 percent and 70 percent, respectively, whereas NO₃-N, Cl, Na, and Si showed minor differences (decreases of 15–20 percent). These findings are consistent with the poor agricultural management practices that have been developed in the basin, especially as regards the application of slurry.     

浑太河流域水环境质量综合分析与评价

以浑太河流域为研究对象,选取流域88个监测站点,在2009,2010,2012年对河流高锰酸盐指数、总氮、氨氮、总磷等9项指标进行监测,并对河流水质的时空异质性进行了分析。选择高锰酸盐指数、总氮、氨氮和总磷作为主要评价因子,采用单因子和综合水质标识指数法对该地区主要河流水污染特征进行分析及评价。结果表明,水质因子具有明显的时空异质性。单因子评价结果表明,非汛期总氮和氨氮为主要污染物,汛期总磷和总氮为主要污染物,非汛期的水质状况较汛期好,说明非点源是造成其污染的主要原因。河流水质综合评价中,小汤河上游、太子河南支、太子河北支所有点位的水质评价结果均为最好。所有站点中,海城河的支流（五道里河、运梁河、南沙河下游）区域的水质最差,达到劣Ⅴ类水质,且出现黑臭现象。研究结果对指导浑太河流域水污染防治及水资源管理具有重要意义。     

海河流域水质评价与预测

以海河流域为例,选择灰色关联分析法对其水质进行了评价。由于传统的灰色关联分析存在一定缺陷,故选择两种改进的灰色关联分析法进行水质评价,并比较了这两种方法的优缺点。采用对应分析法,将采样点与变量有机地结合起来进行了分析。最后使用灰色预测模型对海河流域水质情况进行了预测。结果表明:(1)将基于改进AHP法权重的灰色关联分析法与对应分析法联用可以全面认识流域水质状况,给出科学合理的评价结果;(2)海河流域污染来源主要为农业面源污染与生活污水污染。     

森林溪流水质的研究进展

从森林水质的研究进展,影响森林溪流水质的各因子角度介绍了国内外森林溪流水质的研究进展,从世界各国的研究来看,森林在对溪流中悬移质泥沙、水温、溶解氧的影响形成了定论,对溪流中的病原体和各种化学成分的研究取得了一定的成果,对森林溪流水质的研究成果,也为人类的生产活动起到了积极的指导作用。     

Water Quality Modeling of Rice-Irrigated Obina River Basin,Uzo-Uwani

Obina-river basin, 1000 hectares in areal extent in Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area (LGA), Enugu state, Nigeria featuring rice-irrigated farming has been studied for river pollution modeling. Effects of fertilizer and pesticide applications plus wastes due to animal husbandry in the area accounted for the chemical and microbial pollution of Obina river through irrigation return flows. Data analysis and mathematical modeling of water quality constituents at the downstream points of Obina river, 7.5 km stretch; and the irrigation canal, 6.6 km stretch, respectively, indicate the following: (i) consistent time-trends in degree of pollution; (ii) linear relationship for models of chemical constituents against chlorides, and models of water-related diseases against microbial constituents; and (iii) non-linear relationship for chemical constituents against total dissolved solids, TDS. Application of computer program on multiple regression to the data yielded values of models' coefficients and those of correlation coefficients in the range of 0.63 to 0.99. Also, the plots of the regression models helped to confirm positive relationships between variables. Models are of great utility in the area of water quality monitoring and forecasting.     

黑河流域水资源开发对生态环境的影响

河西走廊中部黑河流域是我国重要的商品粮、蔬菜和经济作物生产基地之一,也是我国内陆河流域近30a来受人为经济活动影响最强烈的地区之一。黑河中游水土资源过度开发,导致黑河下游出现了严重生态环境问题,已威胁到整个流域的生态安全和国防建设的环境保障。主要表现在河道断流加剧,湖泊干渴,地下水位下降;天然林面积大幅度减少;草地严重退化;土地沙漠化和沙尘暴危害加剧等。黑河流域水资源开发对生态环境影响问题已经受到了国家的高度重视和全社会的广泛关注,黑河流域当前实施的节约用水和合理分配水资源,是保护黑河流域生态环境的根本性措施之一。     

青海省湟水河流域不同退耕还林模式土壤效应

基于野外采样、定点观测和室内实验,研究了青海省湟水河流域不同退耕还林模式土壤效应。结果表明,青海省湟水河流域相同林龄（8a）的不同退耕还林模式（5种）的土壤有机质含量、总孔隙度和微生物总量大小顺序为：云杉桦树混交〉桦树〉云杉沙棘混交〉云杉〉沙棘〉农田;土壤容重和pH值大小顺序为：云杉桦树混交〈桦树〈云杉沙棘混交〈云杉〈沙棘〈农田;土壤持水性大小顺序为：云杉桦树混交〉沙棘〉桦树〉云杉〉农田;土壤可蚀性K因子大小顺序为：沙棘〈云杉桦树混交〈云杉沙棘混交〈桦树〈云杉〈农田;缓解日温变化效应顺序为：云杉桦树混交〉桦树〉云杉沙棘混交〉沙棘〉云杉〉农田,土壤微生物总量中细菌〉放线菌〉真菌,其中细菌占95%以上。     

Variation in Stream Water Quality in an Urban Headwater Stream in the Southern Appalachians

We examined the influence of a forested landscape on the quality of water in a stream originating on an urban landscape and flowing through National Forest lands. Sample sites included an urban stream (URB), a site on the same stream but within a National Forest (FOR) and 2 km downstream from the URB site, and a small, undisturbed, forested reference tributary of the main stream (REF). We monitored stream water quality from March 2002 through June 2003. Average base flows for the three stream sites were URB = 184 L s^?1, FOR = 420 L s^?1, and REF = 17 L s^?1. We analyzed weekly stream water samples for NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, PO₄ ⁺, Cl^?, K, Ca, Mg, SO₄, SiO₂, pH, conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), and bacteria on a monthly basis. Most solutes were higher in concentration at the URB site, as were conductivity, TSS, and bacteria counts. Reductions in NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, and PO₄ ⁺ concentrations between the URB and FOR sites were inferred from changes in nutrient:chloride ratios. Bacteria populations were greater and more responsive to stream temperature at the URB site. Water quality responses to changes in stream discharge varied among sites but were greater at the URB site. By all measures, water quality was consistently higher at the FOR site than at the URB site.     

属性识别理论在闽江沙溪段水质评价中的应用

应用属性识别理论和属性识别准则,对闽江沙溪段支流水中11个典型断面的水质进行监测并建立属性识别模型.模型评价结果为,8个断面水质均达到国家Ⅲ类标准,可作为饮用水源,而另3个断面水质均超标.评价结果与模糊隶属函数法评价结果一致,说明属性识别模型评价方法具有可行性.同时,通过11个断面水样在254 nm波长下的吸光度值分析可知,其主要污染物均为无机物.     

Mining Impacts on Trace Metal Content of Water,Soil, and Stream Sediments in the Hei River Basin,China

The impacts of mining to watersheds are highly variabledepending on the type of mining, processing of ores, andenvironmental factors. This study examined the Hei River incentral China, for impacts of gold and iron mining onconcentrations of metals in river water, river sediments andstream-channel soils. No production processing of ores occurson-site at either mine. Total metal content and extractablemetals using DTPA were determined. Total concentrations of Cd,Cu, Pb and Zn were high in some stream sediments and soils nearthe mine sites; metal concentrations ranged from 4–24, 11–100,11–380, and 33–1600 μg g^-1 for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn,respectively, in soil. Total cadmium was high in all soilsand sediments. Extractable metals were low, with the exceptionof Pb and Cu. At the gold mine, extractable Pb ranged from 8 to33%; extractable Cu ranged from 3 to 21% of total metalconcentration. Chromium and Ni were not above typicalconcentrations in either soils or river sediments. An abundance of carbonates, high river water pH, and high water flow rates all appear to contribute to limiting quantities of metals in the river water. If mining activities are not changed, impacts of mining on downstream metal concentrations in river water should be nominal.     

基于水质-水量的淮河流域生态补偿框架研究

淮河流域呈现水质型和水量型缺水状况。针对该流域现行生态补偿政策在实施过程中存在概念界定不清,区域局限性及补偿方式单一性的问题,在分析淮河流域水污染生态补偿政策实施现状的基础上,提出了基于水质-水量的生态补偿框架,并从核算标准、组织方式和补偿形式3个方面进行了分析和探索。分析结果表明,与淮河流域现行的生态补偿方式相比,该框架能够全面反映跨省、跨地区的水质和水量差异,可操作性和适用性更强、覆盖面更广。     

拉萨河流域高寒湿地水质影响因子分析

西藏高寒湿地在生态平衡、生态建设和经济社会发展中发挥着重要作用。本文以西藏拉萨河流域内各个典型高寒湿地为研究对象,通过系统聚类法和综合污染指数法,对流域内各项水质指标进行综合分析和评价。结果表明:各个湿地的总N、Cu元素含量都超出了Ⅰ类水质标准;总P、Zn没有超标;Mn元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标3倍外,其他均小于国家标准;Fe元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标7倍外,其他均小于标准。总N、总P、pH值、Cu、Fe等因子对拉萨河流域内各个高寒湿地水质污染贡献最大。拉萨河水体有机污染较重,其余各个湿地有水体富营养化的趋势,同时流域内湿地独特的自然因素造成该流域内重金属污染偏高。对策建议包括应加大对城市污水的治理,加强流域内及周边矿藏资源的开发管理等。     

北江干流及主要支流水质及其时空变化特征

[目的]分析2020年北江干流及主要支流监测断面的水质情况,为北江水环境监控及保护提供参考依据。[方法]采用单因子评价法和主成分分析法,研究北江水质时空变化趋势及驱动因素。[结果] 2020年北江监测断面整体水质良好,仅水车头、漫水河河口、黄浪水桥、龙归断面水质为Ⅲ—Ⅳ类,其他断面均为Ⅱ类。北江水温和溶解氧受季节影响较大,水体全年基本保持弱碱性,下游营养盐和有机物污染程度高于上、中游。[结论]由空间分析结果可知,下游水质劣于上、中游,其主要的影响因素是营养盐和溶解氧,pH值单独作用不会对水质产生明显影响。季节污染程度排序为：夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,其中全河段的水质主导因素为溶解氧,而下游河段的主导因素为营养盐和有机物。     

生态环境建设对湟水河流域水土流失的影响

选择湟水河流域为研究区,以2000年与2009年的Landsat TM/ETM数据为信息源提取土地覆盖以及植被覆盖度信息,结合Aster DEM数据,在地理信息系统技术的空间分析功能的支持下,依据水利行业《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》(SL190-2007),通过叠加分析研究区近10 a生态环境建设工程的水土保持效应.结果表明,10 a中湟水河流域坡面侵蚀有所减弱,2009年微度以上侵蚀相比2000年少了309.11 km2,但沟谷侵蚀强度趋于增强,10 a净增加706.87 km2.研究表明目前工程措施对于治理面蚀效果明显,对于沟蚀作用不明显.     

沱江流域地表水水质的模糊综合评价

沱江是长江上游的一个重要支流,其水质安全对维持成都平原及周边地区正常的生产生活起着至关重要的作用。采用模糊综合评价的方法,对沱江流域15个地表水监测断面的水质状况进行了综合评价,结果表明：在15个监测断面中,处于清洁状态的有6个,占40%;处于未污染的有4个,约占26.7%;处于轻污染和中污染的各有1个,分别约占6.7%;处于重污染的有3个,占20%。处于清洁和未污染的断面主要位于沱江流域的中游,其水质状况较好;处于中污染和重污染的断面主要位于沱江流域的上游和下游,水质状况较差。需要加强流域综合治理尤其是对沱江上游和下游的治理,以确保沱江流域的水质安全。     

Whole Catchment Land Cover Effects on Water Quality in the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution - Agricultural runoff is a major non-point source pollutant and is the leading impairment of streams and rivers in the USA. This study examined the effects of...     

黑河流域水循环特征研究

为了系统地研究黑河流域的水量平衡,该文应用Penman-Monteith模型和波文比公式估算黑河流域的蒸散发量,并结合流域的流量观测与已有的研究成果,首次将流域的大气输送水量与地面水循环结合起来研究分析:黑河流域上空大气水汽输送净收入量约288亿m³;上游山区为多降水中心,成为河流的发源地,降水总量约有141.68亿m³;中下游内陆盆地成为低降水极值中心,降水总量约有55.13亿m³;黑河流域总蒸散量约为195.6亿m³,其中在上游山区蒸散约95.44亿m³的水分,中下游蒸散损失的水量达到100.16亿m³。结合黑河流域水资源量的时空变化情况,从分析内陆河水循环主要环节出发,揭示了黑河流域水循环在山区形成水资源、在中下游内陆盆地散失水资源的特征。     

中国黑河流域与澳大利亚墨累-达令河流域水管理对比研究

水管理问题是中国西北内陆河流域社会经济发展及生态环境建设的关键问题之一,而有效的水管理,是中国各大河流尤其是西北内陆流域面临的重要问题。在对中国西北黑河流域与澳大利亚东部墨累-达令河流域概况分析的基础上,探讨了两流域水管理的相关问题,在借鉴墨累-达令河流域管理的成功经验基础上,提出了优化黑河流域水管理的对策:(1)优化用水结构,提高经济效益;(2)重视统一管理,实现水资源优化配置;(3)强化组织管理,制定流域管理法;(4)鼓励公众参与,进一步深化水权制度改革。