雾灵山自然保护区发展生态旅游的探讨

该文在介绍雾灵山自然保护区概况和生态旅游景观资源的基础上，提出了生态旅游的发展策略和生态旅游的保护措施。     

雾灵山森林公园旅游资源评价

先采用定性方法，从直观上描述了雾灵山森林公园的自然资源、人为景观、旅游环境和开发条件；然后根据游客的调查问卷，又对其进行了定量评价。结果表明：雾灵山的生态旅游资源丰富，区位条件良好，适宜扩大开发生态旅游。并根据评价结果，对公园开发生态旅游提出了几点建议。     

泉州湾湿地景观生态规划研究

借助于景观生态规划的概念、原理、方法、程序,分析泉州湾湿地资源、环境与景观生态特征,探讨泉州湾湿地可持续发展的景观生态模式,提出建立景观生态保护区,开展生态旅游,发展绿色生态农业,开发渔业资源,发展港口经济等景观生态规划方案。     

罗平万峰山自然保护区的景观旅游资源及开展生态旅游设想

介绍了罗平万峰山自然保护区的实验区及其周边丰富的景观资源，分析了保护区开展生态旅游的有利条件，并提出了开展生态旅游的设想。     

广西大瑶山自然保护区生态旅游资源及其评价

在分析广西大瑶山自然保护区主要自然景观和景点的基础上，对保护区的体验性美感质量、单因子的技术性、旅游环境生态质量、景观质量等进行评价，认为广西大瑶山自然保护区生态旅游资源丰富，自然景观的美学价值高，生态质量好，区位优势较明显，区域经济背景值较高，具备良好的发展优势，是开展生态旅游和避暑休养的好去所。建议广西大瑶山自然保护区以保护生物多样性为前提，体现特色，以生态旅游养保护，合理有效地利用旅游资源，发展生态旅游。     

雾灵山自然保护区发展生态旅游的探讨

该文在介绍雾灵山自然保护区自然概况和生态旅游景观资源的基础上 ,提出了生态旅游的发展策略和生态旅游的保护措施。     

呼中自然保护区开发生态旅游初探

呼中国家级自然保护区是我国最大的寒温带针叶林生态系统保护区，区内蕴藏着丰富的多彩的旅游资源。在保护区试验区内开展一定规模的生态旅游活动，既能起到向游客宣传保护森林生态系统的重要意义，唤醒人们对在自然的热爱之情，又能为地方部门带来可观的经济收入，针对保护区生态旅游的开发原则、景观资源、项目规划、旅游管理等几个方面进行了阐述。     

雾灵山自然保护区的生态旅游

河北省雾灵山国家级自然保护区于 １９９３年开展生态旅游，经过７ 年的探索和实践，取得了一些经验，也发现了一些问题。为了总结交流经验，进一步把生态旅游搞好，现将本区发展旅游的现状、存在的问题及发展对策论述如下，供同行参考和商榷。１ 雾灵山开展生态旅游的优势１．１ 自然优势雾灵山位于河北省兴隆县境内，东经１１７°１＇～１１７°３５＇，北纬４０°２９＇～４０°３８＇，是燕山顶段，主峰海拔２ １１８ ｈ，保护区面积１４ ２４７ｈｍ２。雾灵山曾是清东陵“风水禁地”，自１６４５～１９１０年“禁民行、居、樵、垦”，…     

贵州草海国家级自然保护区生态旅游开发初步研究

贵州草海国家级自然保护区具有生物多样性丰富、气候资源独特、民族风情浓郁、水城风光优美等旅游资源特征.通过对保护区生态旅游开发的SWOT分析,详细论述了保护区生态旅游的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战,确定了生态旅游的发展目标,将保护区的实验区区划为游览区、景观生态保育区和服务区3个功能区,并分别详细阐述了每个功能区的具体规划.     

雾灵山自然保护区以生态旅游积极推进社会主义新农村建设

雾灵山自然保护区自1993年正式开展旅游以来,以资源,区位优势为依托,立足“燕山主峰”,突出“燕山生态文化”,始终按照“严格保护,积极发展,科学经营,永续利用”方针,不断加强雾灵山自然保护区建设,不断加大生态旅游开发力度,促进生态旅游快速发展。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.