中国土壤侵蚀与水土保持学的特点及展望

以中国的自然和社经情况为基础,综合论述了中国土壤侵蚀与水土保持的特点。重点分析了人为活动影响下土壤侵蚀发展的严重性及其防治特点;水土保持与农业持续发展及大江大河治理的紧密联合。讨论了土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究的重大问题及学科发展。     

现代空间信息技术在中国水土保持中的应用

1970年来，遥感和地理信息系统技术主要应用于土壤侵蚀调查、基于GIS的土壤侵蚀评价与制图研究、土壤侵蚀与水土保持信息系统建立等方面。今后一个时期内，现代空间信息技术在中国水土保持中的应用，主要表现在4个方面：(1)实施国家水土流失与水土保持动态监测；(2)中国水土流失定量评价模型系统；(3)定期快速清查区域水土流失与水土保持状况；(4)建立国家水土保持管理信息系统。     

土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学重点研究领域与问题

进入新世纪,我国土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学研究迎来了新的发展机遇和挑战。在分析我国土壤侵蚀与水土保持学科研究的社会需求、科学需求及其特殊性的基础上,指出了我国土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学研究中存在的主要问题,提出了该领域亟待解决的前沿科学问题,如土壤侵蚀过程与机理,土壤侵蚀预报模型,水土保持措施防蚀机理及其适用性,流域生态过程和水土保持措施配置,大尺度土壤侵蚀与水土保持的格局及其变化规律,土壤侵蚀与水土保持环境效应评价,土壤侵蚀研究新技术与方法等。     

全国土壤侵蚀与水土保持研讨会在安徽省召开

全国土壤侵蚀与水土保持研讨会在安徽省召开全国土壤侵蚀与水土保持研讨会暨中国土壤学会土壤侵蚀与水土保持专业委员会第三次会议和安徽省水土保持学会第一次学术研讨会于1994年10月24日至27日在安徽省黄山市歙县胜利召开。会议共收到论文。     

现代空间信息技术在中国水土保持中的应用

７０年代以来,遥感和地理信息技术主要应用于土壤侵蚀遥感调查,基于ＧＩＳ的土壤侵蚀评价与制图研究,土壤侵蚀与水土保持信息系统建立等方面。今后一个时期内,现代空间信息技术在中国水土保持中的应用,主要表现为４个方面：（１）实施国家水土流失与水土保持动态监测;（２）中国水土流失定量评价模型系统;（３）定期快速清查区域水土流失与水土保持状况;（４）建立国家水土保持管理信息系统。     

书讯

《中国土壤侵蚀与环境》一书出版发行 由中国科学院地理科学与资源环境研究所景可研究员和中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所王万忠研究员、郑粉莉研究员合作撰写的《中国土壤侵蚀与环境》一书已于2005年2月由科学出版社出版发行。该书是论述土壤侵蚀、泥沙输移和水土保持体系与中国区域地理环境关系的专著。 全书共分为10章,第一章讨论了与土壤侵蚀相关的几个有争议的基本概念;第二章至第六章以翔实资料和鲜明的观点论述了侵蚀环境背景和特点、区域侵蚀影响因素、侵蚀类型的区域组合、侵蚀强度及水蚀预报模型的研究现状和模型的应用;第七章论述了泥沙输移比、流域输沙模数与流域面积的关系:第八章探讨了土壤侵蚀分区原则、指标及分区方案;第九章介绍与讨论了土壤侵蚀防治、水土保持规划和水土保持对地表径流的影响;第十章论述了我国土壤侵蚀学科发展战略。     

我国水土保持宏观规划初探

通过对土壤侵蚀环境及侵蚀类型空间特征的分析，划分了我国水土保持类型区，依据土壤侵蚀强度、危害性及水保效益等进行了水土保持评价并编制了《１：１５００万中国水土保持图》，在些基础上对我国水土保持的宏观规划进行了讨论。     

土壤侵蚀模型在水土保持实践中的应用

土壤侵蚀模型是土壤侵蚀理论研究的成果,也是指导水土保持实践的重要工具。本文回顾了美国经验模型USLE、中国经验模型CSLE、美国机理模型WEPP和几个代表性应用模型的发展历程,介绍了土壤侵蚀模型的应用案例,提出几方面启示:土壤侵蚀模型已经成功地应用于区域土壤侵蚀调查与水土保持措施效益评价,还会继续在水土保持措施设计与规划、径流泥沙输移与面源污染、大暴雨事件和重大工程的水土保持效益等生态与环境监测与评估方面发挥更大作用;长期高质量监测与试验是土壤侵蚀模型建立的基础;顶层设计并以管理用户需求为导向建立模型,是实现模型应用的前提;多学科交叉合作和长期坚持,不断与新技术和研究成果融合更新模型,是保持模型有长期生命力的条件。     

从土壤侵蚀起因看我国水土保持工作的重要性

本文通过土壤侵蚀起因和加速侵蚀的发生、发展分析,认为不合理的人为活动是引起土壤侵蚀的主要因素,人为的合理活动可以防止土壤侵蚀,而防止土壤侵蚀的有效方法和途径则是水土保持。因此,只要正确认识水土保持工作,重视和加强水土保持工作,就能够步调一致地把土壤侵蚀的防治工作搞好。     

欢迎订阅2009年《水土保持学报》

《水土保持学报》创刊于1987年,中国科学院主管,中国土壤学会和中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所共同主办,是我国水土保持与土壤侵蚀领域具有一定影响的学术性期刊。《水土保持学报》主要刊登有关水土保持、土壤侵蚀方面的基础研究和应用研究——水土流失和荒漠化防治,土壤侵蚀（水蚀、风蚀等）过程及模型,水土流失预防监督与管理,流域植被修复与生态环境建设,区域水土保持与农业可持续发展,土地利用、退化（荒漠化、沙化、石化）与评价,土壤水分与养分的变化特征,水土保持生物、工程措施及其综合治理效益与评价,泥石流、滑坡、洪涝等灾害的防治与监测,以及与之有关的交叉、边缘学科和高新技术（RS,GIS,GPS等）在水土保持方面的最新研究成果。     

关于我国水土保持科学的内涵与研究领域问题

 根据《中国大百科全书·农业》及《中国大百科全书·水利》中水土保持条目的定义说明中国水土保持科学的内涵及范畴。指出:水土保持的内涵是山丘区及风沙区水土资源的保护、改良与合理利用;水土保持科学的研究范畴包括水土流失规律、水土保持规划、水土流失综合治理技术措施、水土保持管理、水土保持效益评价等。还提出了近期需要特别重视的研究课题。     

Participatory soil and water conservation planning using a financial analysis tool in the West Usambara highlands of Tanzania

Despite decades of soil and water conservation (SWC) efforts in Tanzania, the adoption of the recommended SWC measures by farmers is minimal. In the past, SWC plans did not incorporate farmers' knowledge, and the economics of SWC was not given much attention at the planning stage. This research evaluated the applicability of two tools for participatory soil erosion mapping using farmers' indicators of soil erosion and financial analysis of SWC measures at the planning stage. The two tools were evaluated in Kwalei catchment in the West Usambara highlands, Tanzania. The participatory soil erosion‐mapping tool uses farmers' indicators of soil erosion to identify, classify and map soil erosion at the catchment level. The financial analysis tool involves farmers in a stepwise analysis of the costs and benefits of SWC measures before the implementation. The erosion‐mapping tool increased farmers' awareness on the severity of soil erosion problems, and they realised the need for SWC plans at both field and catchment scales. With the financial analysis tool farmers participated in the cost and benefits analysis and were able to select SWC options that were feasible under their socio‐economic situation. The two tools were able to demonstrate that farmers' participation in SWC planning increases the acceptance of SWC measures because they solve problems that are perceived by themselves. The financial analysis tool demonstrated how farmers could make selection of SWC measures that are feasible under their biophysical and economic condition if they are informed about the costs and benefits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

美国水土保持的特点及对我国的启示

 介绍美国水土流失概况以及水土保持的发展阶段、措施、近期效益、投资变化、从业人员变化趋势和未来水土保持发展方向等。对照美国的情况,对我国水土流失和水土保持现状以及所处的发展阶段进行分析评价,提出了我国水土保持发展的建议和设想。     

Farmers' knowledge and perceptions of soil erosion and conservation measures in the Central Highlands,Kenya

A lack of appreciation of Kenyan farmers' knowledge and their perceptions of soil erosion and soil conservation measures was the reason for low adoption of recommended technologies. This research was carried out to identify the criteria that farmers used to distinguish farm‐types and to use these types to evaluate different knowledge levels and perceptions of soil erosion and existing soil and water conservation (SWC) measures in the Central Highlands of Kenya. Community meetings and semi‐structured household surveys were carried out in a small catchment, with 120 households. Results partly support the idea of using farmer‐developed criteria to distinguish among land managers with reference to a farm‐type classification. Criteria distinguishing three classes of land managers (good, moderate and poor) were significant with regard to the following land husbandry practices: use of hybrid or recycled seed and use of organic and/or inorganic fertilizers. Farmers were aware of on‐going soil erosion and of several erosion control measures. Whereas a majority of farmers preferred grass‐strips as a SWC measures, they did not recognize agroforestry as a form of SWC measure. Farmers perceived that SWC measures could successfully increase crop yields and soil‐water retention, and increase land value. In general, farmers did not perceive that SWC measures successfully prevented erosion phenomena, given the evidence of on‐site erosion indicators. They attributed the continued erosion to high rainfall, steep slopes, lack of maintenance and poorly designed SWC measures. They did not consider poor soil‐cover, up‐down tillage and tall trees to be the causes of erosion. Farmers faced several constraints in adopting SWC measures: lack of labour, tools, capital and know‐how to construct the measures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Social and economic factors affecting the adoption of soil and water conservation in West Usambara highlands,Tanzania

Accelerated soil erosion is one of the major constraints to agricultural production in many parts of the Tanzanian highlands. Although several soil and water conservation technologies have been developed and promoted, the adoption of many recommended measures is minimal and soil erosion continues to be a problem. This research was conducted in order to determine the social and economic factors that influence adoption of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures in the West Usambara highlands, Tanzania. For this research a household survey, group discussions and transect walks were undertaken. A total of 104 households were interviewed and several fields were visited during the transect walks. Data was analysed with the use of cross‐tabulation, cluster analysis, factor analysis and chi‐squared methods. The results obtained indicate that involvement in off‐farm activities, insecure land tenure, location of fields and a lack of short‐term benefits from SWC are among the major factors that negatively influence adoption of SWC measures. Membership in farmer groups, level of education, contacts with extension agents and SWC programmes were found to be positively influencing the adoption of SWC measures. Recommendations to facilitate adoption of different SWC measures include: integration of social and economic factors into SWC plans; the creation of more awareness among farmers of soil‐erosion effects and long‐term benefits of SWC; the development of flexible SWC measures to cater for different farm patterns and a participatory approach to SWC at catchment level rather than at individual farmers' fields. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A pragmatic approach to modelling soil and water conservation measures with a catchment scale erosion model

To reduce soil erosion, soil and water conservation (SWC) methods are often used. However, no method exists to model beforehand how implementing such measures will affect erosion at catchment scale. A method was developed to simulate the effects of SWC measures with catchment scale erosion models. The method was implemented by applying the LISEM model to an agricultural catchment on the slopes of Mt. Kenya. The method consisted of a field scale calibration based on P-factors, followed by application at catchment scale. This calibration included factors such as saturated conductivity, Manning's n, roughness and slope angle. It was found that using data on P-factors, such models can be calibrated to give acceptable predictions at pixel scale. However, P-factors were also found to vary with land use type and storm size. Besides, more data on the physical effectiveness of SWC measures are needed. At catchment scale, the effect of SWC was found to be different from that at pixel scale. Most SWC were simulated to be more effective at catchment scale, indicating additional infiltration during transport through the catchment to the outlet. However, slope corrections in case of terraces were found to be less effective at this scale. Nevertheless, a simulation for current land use with current SWC measures indicated that these SWC measures decrease runoff by 28% and erosion by 60%.     

西北地区水土保持投资及其对农村经济的影响分析

黄土高原沟壑区王东沟小流域25户农户监测资料表明,经过20 a 水土保持综合治理,小流域土地利用结构趋于合理,农业产业结构得到优化,农户的经营行为促进了农村经济的快速发展,农民人均纯收入不断增加,初步建立起了高效、稳定的农业生态经济系统.根据25户农户经济发展过程的分析,建议黄土高原沟壑区同类型地区发展中需注意如下问题:加大科学技术投入,包括合理利用资源,发展特色产业;加强农民文化素质培养;发挥政府职能作用等.     

Factors influencing adoption of soil and water conservation measures in southern Mali

A soil and water conservation (SWC) extension programme, promoting erosion control measures and soil fertility measures, has been going on in southern Mali since 1986. Five factors that influence farmer adoption of SWC measures were analysed: land pressure, cotton‐growing area, possession of ploughing equipment, possession of a donkey cart and farmer training in SWC. Interviews were carried out with 298 farmers and two to three fields per farmer were visited, in 30 representative villages and 30 villages with high SWC adoption. Correlation, regression and factor analysis led to the following conclusions:

• (1) Farmers in the high land‐pressure area adopt more soil fertility measures.
• (2) Farmers in the cotton‐growing area adopt less SWC measures.
• (3) Farmers with more ploughing equipment adopt more SWC measures.
• (4) Farmers with a donkey cart adopt more soil fertility measures.
• (5) Trained farmers adopt more erosion control measures.

There is a strong correlation between the adoption of erosion control measures and soil fertility measures that could not be explained by these five factors only. This suggests that there are additional factors that trigger the adoption of SWC measures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西南地区水土保持投资及其对农村经济影响分析

西南地区是我国水土流失严重地区之一,依据1988-2005年的统计与调查资料,对该区水土保持投资来源、使用方向与效果以及对农村经济发展的影响进行初步分析。结果表明:①该区水土保持投资总体呈上升趋势,政府对该区水土保持累计投资61.4亿元,群众投劳折资54.5亿元;②水土保持投资主要用于造林、种草与基本农田建设等,投入经济林建设资金由17.7%上升到21.3%,以粮食为主的单一种植结构转变为以粮、果、林、茶、草的多元结构。③新增水土保持措施累计增加农业产值达537.6亿元,农民纯收入也随之增长1 909.6元。     

Participatory soil and water conservation planning using an erosion mapping tool in the central highlands of Kenya

Despite several approaches that aimed at mobilising East African farmers to embrace soil and water conservation (SWC) activities, farmers hardly responded since they were seldom involved in the planning of SWC activities. Two tools that employ farmers' participation were developed and applied at Gikuuri catchment in Kenya. The first tool involved farmers to map soil erosion using their own indicators and determine the soil erosion status at catchment scale. This formed the basis upon which they undertook to plan for SWC measures at catchment scale. Farmers also predicted crop yield losses based on the soil erosion status. Farmers widely approved the soil erosion status map since their own indicators and perceptions were used. The second tool provided cash flow trends for a variety of SWC activities and farmer situations. Farmers can use land with a high, moderate or low erosion status and often have rather different socio‐economic settings. The net benefits over 5 yr for bench terraces, fanya juu terraces and grass strips were illustrated to assist farmers in making informed decisions on SWC adoption. The two tools increased awareness on the need for collective actions among farmers and showed fields that cause run‐on on downslope fields. The improved awareness of erosion problems and the related financial consequences increased farmers' willingness to share the investment costs for cut‐off drains. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.