鱼类胚胎干细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞是存在于早期胚胎或原始生殖嵴,具有发育全能性和无限增殖能力的一类细胞.作为实验材料,该类细胞已广泛应用于基因的表达与调控、细胞分化的机制、动物克隆及转基因动物生产等研究领域.与其他哺乳动物胚胎干细胞的研究相比,虽然鱼类胚胎干细胞的研究起步较晚,但近年来该领域的研究进展迅速.本文综述了鱼类胚胎干细胞的分离培养、生物学特性、体外分化能力及嵌合体形成等方面的研究进展.     

胚胎干细胞的研究进展及其应用

胚胎干细胞 (ES细胞 )是一类从早期胚胎内细胞团或原始生殖细胞分离和克隆出的、具有发育全能性和多能性的细胞。ES细胞在动物克隆、转基因动物生产、细胞工程、组织工程、临床克隆治疗和发育生物学、遗传学以及制作动物疾病模型等的研究应用中起着重要的作用。文章介绍了胚胎干细胞及其生物学特性 ,国内外研究进展和新动态。阐述了建立干细胞系的技术要点、ES细胞的应用及发展前景     

动物胚胎干细胞的研究概况

胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）是从早期胚胎内细胞团（ICM）或原始生殖细胞（PGCs）经体外分化抑制培养分离克隆的,ES细胞在动物克隆、转基因动物生产、细胞工程、组织工程、临床克隆治疗和发育生物学等的研究应用中起着重要的作用.为此,介绍胚胎干细胞的生物学特性,国内外研究进展和研究动态,阐明建立ES细胞系的技术要点以及ES细胞的应用及发展前景.     

胚胎干细胞及其应用

胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)是从动物早期胚胎的内细胞团或原始生殖细胞分离出来的具有发育全能性的一种未分化的无限增殖细胞系.ES细胞在动物克隆、转基因动物生产、细胞工程、组织工程、临床克隆治疗和发育生物学等方面的研究应用中起着重要的作用.文章介绍了胚胎干细胞的生物学特性,国内外研究进展和研究动态.阐明了建立ES细胞系的技术要点以及ES细胞的应用及发展前景.     

动物胚胎干细胞在动物科学中的应用

自Ｅｖａｎｓ等从延迟着床胚胎中分离出小鼠胚胎干细胞 (ＥＳ)以来 ,包括小鼠在内的各种动物ＥＳ细胞的分离受到国内外科学家的关注[1] 。ＥＳ细胞在克隆动物 ,生产转基因动物 ,创建人类遗传疾病动物模型 ,研究细胞分化 ,细胞与细胞的相互关系以及用人类ＥＳ细胞定向分化制造用于器官移植的组织器官等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文对动物ＥＳ细胞克隆及其遗传操作技术在动物遗传育种、胚胎学及发育生物学领域的应用前景作一评述和展望。1　生产克隆动物1 1　利用ＥＳ细胞生产克隆动物的优势　近年来的研究表明 ,动物早期胚胎细胞、动物胚胎…     

哺乳动物胚胎干细胞研究进展

胚胎性干细胞包括从动物早期胚胎的卵裂球、囊胚内细胞团细胞分离建系的胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cell,ESC）、从胚胎生殖嵴原始生殖细胞（primordial germ cell,PGC）分离建系的胚胎生殖细胞（embryonic germ cell,EGC）和来源于畸胎瘤中的胚胎性癌细胞（embryonic carcinoma cell,ECC）。ESC具有发育分化的多潜能性和无限的自我更新能力,能在体外长期培养并具有向机体各种组织细胞分化的潜能。所以,被广泛应用于胚胎发育与细胞分化调控的研究,作为修复器官与器官移植的种子细胞,并可用于转基因动物的生产。作者主要综述了干细胞的最新研究进展,ESC培养扩增诱导机制,定向分化方法。     

MEF两种制备方法比较及接种密度的筛选

正胚胎生物技术在畜牧生产、培育新品种和基础医学研究上具有重要的理论和商业价值。胚胎干细胞技术则是胚胎分割、胚胎克隆、体细胞克隆、胚胎嵌合、转基因动物生产等生物技术的枢纽。目前,胚胎干细胞技术已成为个体和器官发生发育、细胞分化和信号转导、新基因发现及其功能表达调控、肿瘤发生等研究领域不可或缺的模型材料和工具。同时,在细胞及基因治疗、转基因动物、药物开发等方面也显示了潜力。胚胎干细胞(ESCs)是具有发     

ES细胞在遗传育种中的应用

胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell．ES细胞)是从早期胚胎内细胞团(inner cell mass．ICM)或原始生殖细胞(primordial germ cells．PGGs)分离和克隆的具有全能性的细胞。ES细胞作为一种新型的实验材料,广泛应用于动物克隆、转因动物的生产、真核细胞基因的表达与调控、人类遗传病动物模型的创建,人类器官移植材料的生产以及细胞分化机制的研究等领域。ES细胞分离、克隆技术与遗传工程和胚胎工程相结合,对于阐明动物生长发育的基本规律、抢救和保护濒危动物遗传资源、建立先进的动物育种技术体系具有重大的理论意义和实践价值。本文将结合胚胎干细胞的生物学特性,综述其在动物遗传育种中的应用及在当前技术水平下存在的问题。     

动物胚胎干细胞遗传操作研究进展

自Ｅｖａｎｓ和Ｋａｕｆｍａｎ从延迟着床胚胎中分离出小鼠胚胎干细胞 (Ｅｍｂｒｙｏｎｉｃｓｔｅｍｃｅｌｌ,简称ＥＳ细胞)以来 ,包括小鼠在内的各种动物ＥＳ细胞的分离受到国内外科学家的关注。动物ＥＳ细胞在克隆动物、生产转基因动物、创建人类遗传疾病动物模型、研究细胞分化、细胞与细胞的相互关系以及用人类ＥＳ细胞定向分化制造用于人器官移植的组织器官等领域具有较为广阔的应用前景。动物ＥＳ细胞的应用前景是建立在利用分子生物学方法对胚胎干细胞进行遗传操作的基础上。本文对动物ＥＳ细胞遗传操作技术的方法及其在动物遗传育种…     

不同培养方式对昆明小鼠类ES细胞分离及培养的影响

胚胎干细胞（Embryonic stem cell,ES细胞）是从早期哺乳类动物胚胎或原始生殖细胞分离的具有全能性的细胞系。在体外分化抑制培养条件下,具有保持未分化的状态及无限增殖的能力。自Evans和Kaufman首次建立小鼠ES细胞系以来,各种动物ES细胞分离与克隆成为国际生物科学领域的热点课题之一。ES细胞可广泛应用于嵌合体的制备和克隆动物的生产。利用ES细胞遗传操作,可生产转基因动物,进行细胞基因结构与功能的关系以及细胞分化机制的研究。本研究采用不同培养方式对昆明小鼠类ES细胞进行分离及培养,供相关研究者参考。     

Male Germ Cell Transplantation

Transplantation of male germ line stem cells from a donor animal to the testes of an infertile recipient was first described in 1994. Donor germ cells colonize the recipient's testis and produce donor-derived sperm, such that the recipient male can distribute the genetic material of the germ cell donor. Germ cell transplantation represents a functional reconstitution assay for male germ line stem cells and as such has vastly increased our ability to study the biology of stem cells in the testis and define phenotypes of infertility. First developed in rodents, the technique has now been used in a number of animal species, including domestic mammals, chicken and fish. There are three major applications for this technology in animals: first, to study fundamental aspects of male germ line stem cell biology and male fertility; second, to preserve the reproductive potential of genetically valuable individuals by male germ cell transplantation within or between species; third, to produce transgenic sperm by genetic manipulation of isolated germ line stem cells and subsequent transplantation. Transgenesis through the male germ line has tremendous potential in species in which embryonic stem cells are not available and somatic cell nuclear transfer has limited success. Therefore, transplantation of male germ cells is a uniquely valuable approach for the study, preservation and manipulation of male fertility in animals.     

家畜胚胎干细胞的分离培养和鉴定

家畜胚胎干细胞的分离培养和鉴定工作对于研究和利用家畜胚胎干细胞具有重大意义。本文对文献中报道的各种分离、培养和鉴定方法进行了综述 ,并介绍了几种主要家畜的胚胎干细胞在近十余年间的研究进展情况。     

Isolation and culture of rabbit primordial germ cells

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are embryonic precursors of the gametes of adult animals and are considered stem cells of the germline. Since their proliferation in vitro correlates well with the schedule of developmental changes in vivo, they might be interesting research tools for genomic imprinting, germ-cell tumors and fertility. Furthermore, once primordial germ cells are separated and placed on a feeder layer with cytokines, they become cultured pluripotent cell lines called embryonic germ (EG) cells. EG cells share several important characteristics with embryonic stem (ES) cells as they can also contribute to the germ line of chimeras. To investigate the characteristics of PGCs and establish rabbit EG (rEG) cells, we cultured rabbit PGCs (rPGCs) in vitro with various combinations of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and forskolin on inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder layers. The present study found PGC proliferation in early cultures and induction of rEG-like colonies. These cells expressed pluripotent markers, such as alkaline phosphatase activity, OCT-4, Sox-2 and SSEA-1, in the undifferentiated state; however, the cells did not develop into a teratoma when injected into the kidney capsules of SCID mice, although the restricted differentiation potentials to neural cells were determined via embryoid body formation. From these characteristics and further characterization of the germ stem cell markers Vasa, SCP-1 and SCP-3, we suggested that these were hybrid cells with characteristics somewhere between PGC and EG cells.     

Pluripotency network in porcine embryos and derived cell lines

Huge amounts of work have been dedicated to the establishment of embryonic stem cell lines from farm animal species since the successful isolation of embryonic stem cells from the mouse and from the human. However, no conclusive results have been obtained so far, and validated lines have yet to be established in domestic animals. Many limiting factors have been suggested and need to be studied further to isolate truly pluripotent cell lines from livestock. In this review, we will discuss the difficulties in deriving and maintaining embryonic stem cell lines from farm animal embryos and how can this lack of success be explained. We will summarize results obtained in our laboratory regarding derivation of pluripotent cells in the pigs. Problems related to the identification of standard methods for derivation, maintenance and characterization of cell lines will also be examined. We will focus our attention on the need for appropriate stemness-related marker molecules that can be used to reliably investigate pluripotency in domestic species. Finally, we will review data presently available on functional key pluripotency-maintaining pathways in farm animals.     

小鼠胚胎干细胞向骨骼肌细胞分化的研究进展

近年来,胚胎干细胞的应用越来越广泛,在体外将小鼠胚胎干细胞诱导分化为肌肉细胞,并且利用这些分化得来的肌肉细胞治疗肌肉退行性疾病,一直是胚胎干细胞研究领域的热点,而胚胎干细胞的分化机制更是其中的难点。目前,用于诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为骨骼肌细胞的方法很多,但分化的效率并不是很高,所以研究胚胎干细胞向骨骼肌细胞方向分化的机制显得尤为重要。文章仅就最近几年对小鼠胚胎干细胞向骨骼肌细胞方向分化的一些方法及其机制作一综述。     

Livestock induced pluripotent stem cells

Chimeric animals generated from livestock-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have opened the door of opportunity to genetically manipulate species for the production of biomedical models, improving traits of agricultural importance and potentially providing a system to test novel iPSC therapies. The potential of pluripotent stem cells in livestock has long been recognized, with many attempts being chronicled to isolate, culture and characterize pluripotent cells from embryos. However, in most cases, livestock stem cells derived from embryonic sources have failed to reach a pluripotent state marked by the inability to form chimeric animals. The in-depth understanding of core pluripotency factors and the realization of how these factors can be harnessed to reprogram adult cells into an induced pluripotent state has changed the paradigm of livestock stem cells. In this review, we will examine the advancements in iPSC technology in mammalian and avian livestock species.     

Recent advances in stem and germ cell research: implications for the derivation of pig pluripotent cells

Pluripotent stem cells have the unique capacity to contribute to all the tissues of an adult animal after transfer into a host embryo. How pluripotency is acquired during early development and how it is maintained in stem cells have attracted the interest of many scientists for over three decades. Much progress in our understanding of how stem cells arise in culture and the signals required for homoeostasis has enabled the derivation of pluripotent cells in multiple species. Here, we discuss recent developments in stem cell biology that will impact the generation of pluripotent cells from different embryonic origins and will contribute to increase our capacity for generating transgenic animals.     

Extramedullary hematopoiesis: a new look at the underlying stem cell niche, theories of development, and occurrence in animals

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is the formation and development of blood cells outside the medullary spaces of the bone marrow. Although widely considered an epiphenomenon, secondary to underlying primary disease and lacking serious clinical or diagnostic implications, the presence of EMH is far from incidental on a molecular basis; rather, it reflects a well-choreographed suite of changes involving stem cells and their microenvironment (the stem cell niche). The goals of this review are to reconsider the molecular basis of EMH based on current knowledge of stem cell niches and to examine its role in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of EMH in animals. The ability of blood cells to home, proliferate, and mature in extramedullary tissues of adult animals reflects embryonic patterns of hematopoiesis and establishment or reactivation of a stem cell niche. This involves pathophysiologic alterations in hematopoietic stem cells, extracellular matrix, stromal cells, and local and systemic chemokines. Four major theories involving changes in stem cells and/or their microenvironment can explain the development of most occurrences of EMH: (1) severe bone marrow failure; (2) myelostimulation; (3) tissue inflammation, injury, and repair; and (4) abnormal chemokine production. EMH has also been reported within many types of neoplasms. Understanding the concepts and factors involved in stem cell niches enhances our understanding of the occurrence of EMH in animals and its relationship to underlying disease. In turn, a better understanding of the prevalence and distribution of EMH in animals and its molecular basis could further inform our understanding of the hematopoietic stem cell niche.     

Twenty years of embryonic stem cell research in farm animals

Notable distinctions between an embryonic stem cell (ESC) and somatic cell are that an ESC can maintain an undifferentiated state indefinitely, self-renew, and is pluripotent, meaning that the ESC can potentially generate cells representing all the three primordial germ layers and contribute to the terminally differentiated cells of a conceptus. These attributes make the ESC an ideal source for genome editing for both agricultural and biomedical applications. Although, ESC lines have been successfully established from rodents and primates, authentic ungulate stem cell lines on the contrary are still not available. Outstanding issues including but not limited to differences in pluripotency characteristics among the existing ESC lines, pre-implantation embryo development, pluripotency pathways, and culture conditions plague our efforts to establish authentic ESC lines from farm animals. In this review, we highlight some of these issues and discuss how the recent derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) might augur the establishment of robust authentic ESC lines from farm animals.