美研究认为甲型流感从西班牙流感进化而来

6月30日,浙江省开化县畜牧兽医局举办动物标识溯源系统培训班,对全县部分乡镇畜牧兽医管理员、动物防疫员、检疫员和规模养猪场兽医30余人进行了培训。     

Motic数码显微互动系统在动物医学专业实验教学中的应用

Motic数码显微互动系统以其数码一体化显微镜系统、图像处理系统、语音系统和软件系统4个部分的强大示教功能,显著提升了动物医学形态学实验教学中显微观察、数码摄像、师生交流和多媒体教学的能力,优化了动物组织与胚胎学、兽医病理学、家畜寄生虫学和兽医微生物学等学科实验教学的教学方法,使动物医学形态学实验教学变得更加生动、丰富和新颖。     

养殖场饮用水的净化与消毒

近期,部分养殖场动物饮用水水源中检测出致病性大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和梭菌等病原菌。需要加强对动物饮用水水源的净化和消毒工作,同时对养殖场污水的排放按规定处理。本文系统总结了如何进行水源的净化与消毒,并对发病养殖场提出了几点建议。     

犬灌注标本的制作

动物标本制作是为了长期保存动物的特征,采取物理或化学手段,对动物整体或部分进行制作处理。通常动物标本制作方法有浸制和剥制两大类。浸制法是将采到的动物标本如内脏和病变典型的组织器官等,直接浸存于70%的酒精或10%甲醛液或二     

畜牧养殖中动物易感染疾病类型及预防

畜牧业养殖过程中,因地区自然环境、气候等因素影响,经常会发生一些动物易感疾病,部分动物疫病还具有人畜共患的特征。这些疾病严重危害着地方养殖业的健康发展和人的身体健康。根据地方动物疫病流行特征有针对性的采取预防措施,可减少动物易感疾病的发生,提高综合防治的效果。本文就以湖南衡阳地区为例,探讨该地区的畜牧业养殖中动物易感疾病类型,并提出地区性动物易感疾病预防策略。旨在为常动物易感疾病的有效防治提供一些参考。     

四川省动物源常见细菌耐药性现状

近年来由于兽用抗生素的大量使用,动物源尤其是食品动物中常见病原菌耐药性水平逐渐增高,并可在人、动物和环境中传播。尽管国内外已有动物源细菌耐药菌株的大量报道,但是聚焦局部地区仍缺少系统的总结。因此,论文针对四川地区动物源常见的大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌和肠球菌的耐药性进行总结,介绍以上3种细菌的耐药水平、分布及重要耐药基因的传播特征,以期为公共卫生安全提供预警,为省级层面开展动物源细菌耐药性监测提供基础数据。     

猪肠道微生物及其营养调控

传统动物营养学主要关注营养物质在肠道中被直接消化、吸收和利用的部分,但忽视了肠道微生物的作用。近年来,四川农业大学动物营养研究所猪营养团队在此领域做了系统研究,文章将对此作一综述,以期为健康、高效、安全的动物生产提供新思路。     

动物寄生性线虫线粒体基因组研究进展

动物寄生性线虫是动物寄生虫中种类最多、数量最大的群体之一,可对人和家养及野生动物健康构成严重威胁。线粒体基因组是动物寄生性线虫唯一的核外遗传物质,是进行线虫虫种鉴定、遗传进化、系统发生以及防控研究重要的信息载体。随着高通量测序与生物信息学技术的不断发展,近年来,越来越多的动物寄生性线虫线粒体基因被破译,截止2022年2月28日,NCBI的GenBank中收录的动物寄生性线虫线粒体基因组已累计达283条,涉及213个物种,隶属尾感器和无尾感器2个亚纲。尽管如此,目前有关动物寄生性线虫线粒体基因组信息及其应用仍缺乏系统、全面的归纳、分析和总结。为此,作者总结了现有动物寄生性线虫线粒体基因组的结构与组成、碱基偏好、tRNA/AT富集区变化等特征,提出了动物寄生性线虫线粒体基因新的排列划分(即39种),并在此基础上对动物寄生性线虫线粒体基因组在线虫种群遗传、系统进化、分子流行病学与诊断等方面的应用进行概述,以期为动物寄生性线虫病防控研究提供信息参考。     

动物机体自我营养调控功能及其实践意义

激发、调动和强化动物机体自我营养调控功能正是笔者所提出的动物系统整体营养调控理论和技术最鲜明的特征之一。本文对笔者在动物营养学领域首次提出的动物机体的自我营养调控功能这一新的科学概念进行了初步论述,同时还对它在畜牧生产中的应用前景作了展望。     

21世纪中国饲料工业面临的挑战与机遇

动物营养与饲料科学经历了一个多世纪的发展,已从静态营养需要发展为考虑动物品种、生理特点、生产性能和环境因素的动态营养需要,从孤立的动物体走向了动物——环境系统,标志着以系统和量化为特征的现     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.