构建动物医学专业“三二三”人才培养模式,培养服务现代畜牧业的应用型人才

动物医学专业原有人才培养模式已经不能完全适应现代畜牧业对应用型人才的新要求,为了适应动物医学专业新的培养目标"厚基础、强能力、高素质、广适应"的兽医师,需构建"三二三"人才分类培养模式,改革课程教学体系,培养具有系统而深入的专业知识,具有较为宽广的自然科学和人文科学知识,具有创新意识和发展潜力,适应性强的现代动物医学专业人才。     

动物医学专业高素质应用型人才培养模式的探索

为培养动物医学专业高素质应用型本科人才,四川农业大学动物医学院通过在学生培养和师资力量培养与提升中下功夫,通过近5年实践与总结,探索出一条"充分利用校内外资源优势,强化实践教学环节,培养基础理论扎实、专业技能过硬、经营管理熟悉的动物医学专业高素质应用型人才"的培养模式,为其他高校创办高素质应用型本科人才培养模式提供借鉴。     

叙事医学对动物医学人才人文素质培养的启示

本文对动物医学人才人文素质培养中面临的问题进行了分析,结合现代叙事医学的引入、发展和本土化模式的研究进展,提出了我国动物医学人才人文素质培养应从顶层设计开始,建设动物医学人才人文素质培养的适宜化模式,探索动物医学专业课程的人文素质教育方案。     

动物医学专业课程教学内容和方式的改革

文章通过深入开展教学内容与方式改革活动的实施,对动物医学专业的教学现状进行了简要分析,从动物医学专业培养目标定位、特色学科建设、教学培养模式革新、教学实习基地和师资队伍建设方面着手,对动物医学专业教学内容和方式的改革进行了初步探索,旨在为提高教学水平,培养适应社会发展的合格人才。     

动物医学专业“3+1”培养模式下生产实习教学环节的探索

随着动物医学专业教学质量国家标准以及专业认证标准建议稿的出台,培养高素质应用型动物医学专业人才已成为今后发展的必然趋势。动物医学专业"3+1"培养模式的实施有助于应用型人才的培养,而其中的"1"即生产实习则成为重中之重。因此,为保障相应的生产实习教学质量,必须确立"3+1"培养模式下动物医学专业生产实习教学培养体系和生产实习教学评价考核体系。同时,建立适应"3+1"培养模式下的教学生产实习基地及管理模式。通过加强生产实习教学环节的建设和管理,既提高了学生实践能力,又顺应了社会变革需要和教育部相关要求,极大地增强了毕业生就业能力。     

新形势下的动物医学人才培养

动物医学专业一直是农业院校的基础专业,主要培养医治畜禽和伴侣动物疾病的人才,随着社会的发展和就业领域的拓宽等新形势,对动物医学人才的培养提出了新的要求。本文主要从人才培养模式、课程设置和模块化培养等方面进行相关阐述。     

本科动物医学专业学生信息素养的培养研究

信息素养是培养大学生能力的普及标准,是国家进行素质教育的一种手段。为树立动物医学专业学生"终生学习"理念,培养信息处理能力和解决问题的综合能力,以及为国家培养可持续发展人才和有竞争力的人才,笔者通过分析动物医学专业学生的特点,从信息意识、信息能力、信息道德三个维度建立了《动物医学专业学生信息素养培养标准》,并依据该标准给出了培养途径和方法。     

动物医学专业“3+1”培养模式下生产实习教学环节的探索

随着动物医学专业教学质量国家标准以及专业认证标准建议稿的出台,培养高素质应用型动物医学专业人才已成为今后发展的必然趋势。动物医学专业“3+1”培养模式的实施有助于应用型人才的培养,而其中的“1”即生产实习则成为重中之重。因此,为保障相应的生产实习教学质量,必须确立“3+1”培养模式下动物医学专业生产实习教学培养体系和生产实习教学评价考核体系。同时,建立适应“3+1”培养模式下的教学生产实习基地及管理模式。通过加强生产实习教学环节的建设和管理,既提高了学生实践能力,又顺应了社会变革需要和教育部相关要求,极大地增强了毕业生就业能力。     

动物医学专业复合应用型人才培养过程中实践教学的改革与应用

为了满足不同用人单位对动物医学专业技术人才实践能力的需求,高等农业院校应通过多种途径提高动物医学人才培养的质量,不断提高学生实践技能,为社会输送合格人才。内蒙古农业大学兽医学院在动物医学专业实践教学体系建设、实验条件建设、校内外实习基地建设,以及实践教学方法等方面进行了全面的改革与实践,建立了一套适用于动物医学专业的复合应用型专业人才培养模式,提高了学生的实践动手能力和创新能力,取得了较好的教学效果。     

地方高水平农业院校卓越兽医师人才培养的实践与探讨

对地方高水平农业院校动物医学专业培养卓越兽医师的人才培养模式设置与实施进行初步探讨。分别从准确理解和定位卓越兽医师的人才培养目标、改革与优化专业人才培养方案、制定科学的卓越兽医师人才培养质量评价机制、卓越兽医师人才培养的师资队伍建设要跟上等四个要素进行论述,讨论地方高水平农业院校动物医学专业培养卓越兽医师人才的革新要素,以期与兄弟院校在动物医学专业建设方面相互交流,互相借鉴。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.