鄱阳湖不同水文期浮游生物群落结构特征和影响因素及水质评价

为掌握鄱阳湖鱼类群落特征,课题组于2020年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(11月)和2021年冬季(1月)4个季度,在鄱阳湖10个区域5种生境开展鱼类资源调查研究,同步采集水环境样品。研究共采集鉴定鱼类67种,隶属于8目14科47属,其中鲤科鱼类物种数最多(41种),占比为61.19%。基于不同分组,鱼类生态类型分别以定居性鱼类(67.16%)、杂食性鱼类(44.78%)、中下层鱼类(35.82%)占据优势。该群落以小型鱼类为优势类群,数量占比为68.70%;鱼类优势种共有6种,第一优势种为似鳊。鱼类群落结构在季节上存在显著性差异,春季鱼类物种多样性指数高于冬季。非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)显示,空间上鱼类可划分为2个类群,分别为湖口区类群和草型湖区-湖汊区-湖心区-沿岸带类群。冗余分析(RDA)显示,总磷、叶绿素a和透明度是影响鱼类物种时空分布的关键环境因子。丰度/生物量比较曲线 (ABC曲线) 分析表明,鱼类群落受到严重干扰(W=−0.091)。本研究成果可为鄱阳湖禁渔效果评估和鱼类多样性保护提供科学依据。     

禁捕前鄱阳湖鱼类群落多样性及环境影响因子研究

为掌握鄱阳湖鱼类群落特征，课题组于2020年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(11月)和2021年冬季(1月)4个季度，在鄱阳湖10个区域5种生境开展鱼类资源调查研究，同步采集水环境样品。研究共采集鉴定鱼类67种，隶属于8目14科47属，其中鲤科鱼类物种数最多(41种)，占比为61.19%。基于不同分组，鱼类生态类型分别以定居性鱼类(67.16%)、杂食性鱼类(44.78%)、中下层鱼类(35.82%)占据优势。该群落以小型鱼类为优势类群，数量占比为68.70%；鱼类优势种共有6种，第一优势种为似鳊。鱼类群落结构在季节上存在显著性差异，春季鱼类物种多样性指数高于冬季。非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)显示，空间上鱼类可划分为2个类群，分别为湖口区类群和草型湖区-湖汊区-湖心区-沿岸带类群。冗余分析(RDA)显示，总磷、叶绿素a和透明度是影响鱼类物种时空分布的关键环境因子。丰度/生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析表明，鱼类群落受到严重干扰(W=-0.091)。本研究成果可为鄱阳湖禁渔效果评估和鱼类多样性保护提供科学依据。     

丰、枯水期济南地区地表水系鱼类群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解济南地区地表水系鱼类群落结构特征,于2015年丰水期(5月)和枯水期(8月)对济南地区24个采样点的鱼类群落和水环境理化因子进行了野外调查,利用多样性指数以及典范对应分析等方法,对鱼类群落结构及其与水环境因子的关系进行了分析。结果表明:丰水期和枯水期分别采集到鱼类5目33种和5目28种,其中丰水期采集到鱼类1209尾,枯水期采集到鱼类1 616尾。各采样点鱼类个体数量平均值分别为50.54尾和67.42尾,香农威纳指数(H’)平均值分别为2.13和1.89,均匀度指数(J)平均值分别为0.77和0.75。典范对应分析表明,丰水期影响鱼类群落的主要环境因子是总磷和总氮,枯水期影响鱼类群落的主要环境因子是总磷和总氮。综合分析结果表明,济南地区水体为中度污染。     

南昌市13个湖泊的鱼类群落结构及其物种多样性特征

为了解南昌市面积1 km2以上湖泊的鱼类群落结构及其物种多样性特征,探究影响湖泊鱼类群落结构空间分布的环境因子,于2019-2020年在南昌市13个湖泊进行了鱼类资源调查。结果显示,采集到的39种鱼类隶属5目、9科、33属;优势种以鲫（Carassius auratus）、?（Hemiculter leucisclus）为主;不同湖泊的鱼类群落结构被划分为3个类群,与湖泊功能定位密切相关。鱼类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数值平均值为2.15,丰富度指数平均值为2.97,均匀度指数平均值为0.92,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、丰富度指数与湖泊面积、水深、pH和透明度存在显著的相关性。冗余分析（RDA）表明,水深、pH、总氮和氨氮是引起鱼类群落结构在南昌市不同湖泊间差异的主要影响因子,人为活动干扰可能对调查区域内湖泊的鱼类群落结构和生物多样性特征施加影响。     

鄱阳湖丰水期氮素分布特征及其与藻类的响应关系

为了探讨湖泊富营养化过程中水体氮浓度时空分布格局及其与藻类的关系,以鄱阳湖实测数据为基础,对丰水期鄱阳湖主湖区氮素的分布及其与藻类的关系进行了分析。结果表明：丰水期鄱阳湖主湖区各采样点的总氮、硝酸盐氮、氨氮的平均浓度范围分别为0.54～1.26、0.06～1.01、0.08～0.30 mg.L_^-1,外源输入及环境条件对氮素浓度分布产生了一定的影响;藻类数量与氨氮浓度相关性不明显,与总氮、硝酸盐氮浓度表现为显著负相关性,南部湖区内总氮、硝酸盐氮浓度较高,平均浓度依次为1.10 mg.L_^-1、0.75 mg.L_^-1,藻类数量较低,为1.0×10_⁶ 个/L左右;西部湖区内,氮素浓度较低,藻类生长最高值为3.5×10_⁶ 个/L左右。湖泊“中营养型”水平占主湖区的44%,“富营养型”水平占主湖区的56%,东部湖区、西部湖区是鄱阳湖富营养化风险较高区域。     

现代海洋牧场建设之我见

为探究筏式贻贝养殖生境鱼类资源养护功能,于2020年9－12月对枸杞岛筏式贻贝养殖生境(分表层区和底层区)及周边岩礁生境的鱼类进行了多网目组合刺网采样。应用相对重要性指数IRI、多样性指数并结合等级聚类、非度量多维标度排序(nMDS)分析鱼类组成和群落结构。结果显示,在2种生境中共采集鱼类55 种,隶属于10目34科47属,其中贻贝养殖生境采集到37种(底层和表层分别为29和20种);岩礁生境共采集到40种。在鱼类组成上,中国花鲈和鲻是贻贝养殖生境表层区的典型优势种,而黄姑鱼和褐菖鲉是贻贝养殖生境底层区的典型优势种;褐菖鲉同时也是岩礁生境的典型优势种。多样性分析表明,贻贝养殖生境的总体鱼类多样性要高于岩礁生境,但尚不显著。多元分析显示,各月份2种生境中的鱼类群落格局均可分为3种类型,虽与养殖表层区、养殖底层区和岩礁区并非严格一致,但各群落间差异依然显著。研究表明,大规模筏式养殖设施的存在吸引了众多中上层鱼类及底层鱼类,也为岩礁生境优势鱼类提供了额外的栖息环境,发挥了近似于浮鱼礁系统的资源养护作用。研究结果可为岛礁海域海洋牧场目标种的选择和人工生境构建模式的应用提供重要参考。

     

枸杞岛筏式贻贝养殖海域鱼类群聚特征

为探究筏式贻贝养殖生境鱼类资源养护功能,于2020年9－12月对枸杞岛筏式贻贝养殖生境(分表层区和底层区)及周边岩礁生境的鱼类进行了多网目组合刺网采样。应用相对重要性指数IRI、多样性指数并结合等级聚类、非度量多维标度排序(nMDS)分析鱼类组成和群落结构。结果显示,在2种生境中共采集鱼类55 种,隶属于10目34科47属,其中贻贝养殖生境采集到37种(底层和表层分别为29和20种);岩礁生境共采集到40种。在鱼类组成上,中国花鲈和鲻是贻贝养殖生境表层区的典型优势种,而黄姑鱼和褐菖鲉是贻贝养殖生境底层区的典型优势种;褐菖鲉同时也是岩礁生境的典型优势种。多样性分析表明,贻贝养殖生境的总体鱼类多样性要高于岩礁生境,但尚不显著。多元分析显示,各月份2种生境中的鱼类群落格局均可分为3种类型,虽与养殖表层区、养殖底层区和岩礁区并非严格一致,但各群落间差异依然显著。研究表明,大规模筏式养殖设施的存在吸引了众多中上层鱼类及底层鱼类,也为岩礁生境优势鱼类提供了额外的栖息环境,发挥了近似于浮鱼礁系统的资源养护作用。研究结果可为岛礁海域海洋牧场目标种的选择和人工生境构建模式的应用提供重要参考。     

藻渡河大型底栖动物群落结构与功能摄食类群

于2016年8月(丰水期)、11月(平水期)和2017年2月(枯水期)对藻渡河流域大型底栖动物群落结构和功能摄食类群进行了调查研究。结果显示:共采集大型底栖动物34种(属),隶属4门14目27科,扁蜉(Heptagenia sp.)、二尾蜉(siph1onurus sp.)、二翼蜉(Cloeon dipterum)、泉膀胱螺(Physa fontinalis)和狭萝卜螺(Radix lagotis)为该地区的优势类群。不同季节Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou丰富度指数和Marglef均匀度差异显著,且枯水期>平水期>丰水期。CCA分析显示丰水期水温、透明度和海拔等是影响藻渡河大型底栖动物空间分布的主要因素。该流域大型底栖动物功能摄食群落以捕食者和刮食者为其优势功能类群,其次是撕食者、收集者和滤食者。     

金沙江干流攀枝花江段鱼类种类组成和群落结构研究

根据2009-2012年在金沙江干流攀枝花雅砻江河口至格里坪镇江段的渔获物调查,对该区域的鱼类种类组成和群落结构进行了分析。共收集到鱼类60种,隶属于3目10科37属,各年种类数呈逐年减少的趋势。聚类分析方法对各年间的种类组成的分析结果表明:4年的鱼类种类组成可以分为2个类群:类群I包括2009年和2010年,类群II包括2011年和2012年;单因素的相似性分析表明2个类群之间在统计学上无显著性差异(R=1,P=33.3%0.05)。生物多样性分析结果表明,2010年后攀枝花江段鱼类的Margalef丰富度指数、ShannonWiener多样性指数以及Pielou均匀度指数均有所下降。CA方法对4年间的鱼类群落结构的时空分布格局的分析结果表明:4年的鱼类群落结构分为2个类群:类群I包括2009年和2010年,类群II包括2011年和2012年,但one-way ANOSIM分析表明2个类群之间在统计学上无显著性差异(R=0.92,P=27.6%0.05)。SIMPER分析的结果表明,4年间丰度减少的种类多为喜流水性的鳅科鱼类和大型冷水性鱼类,而丰度增加的种类为喜流水的2种鮈亚科鱼类以及喜静、缓流生境的2种小型鱼类。     

乌伦古湖水质污染的空间分布特征

评价湖泊水质并探究其空间分布规律对于湖泊管理具有重要意义。通过对乌伦古湖2017年7-8月采样点(S1~S8)的8个水质指标(矿化度、pH值、透明度、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧、五日生化需氧量)监测,运用主成分分析法(PCA)评价乌伦古湖水质现状,采用空间插值法分析其空间分布特征,并基于聚类分析法(CA)识别水质污染驱动因素。结果表明,乌伦古湖水体呈弱碱性,水质污染以氮、磷有机污染为主;8个采样点主成分综合得分排序结果为:骆驼脖子>小海子>码头>中海子>农十师渔政点>湖中心>吉力湖中心>吉力湖入水口,呈现出小湖区水质优于大湖区、湖中心区水质优于湖岸区、距离进水口越远水质越差的显著空间差异特征。骆驼脖子采样点(S1)水质污染最严重,吉力湖采样点(S7、S8)水质相对最好;基于湖区水质空间分布特征将乌伦古湖湖区分为3类,Ⅰ类湖区水质最差,Ⅱ类湖区水体呈咸化趋势,Ⅲ类湖区水质相对最好;水体矿化度、营养盐与有机污染物是乌伦古湖污染的主要来源,主要原因可归结为自2000年来乌伦古河常态化断流以及湖区渔业养殖、周边农业面源污染导致的盐分与营养成分及有机污染物由河道不断向湖泊的迁移富集。     

Damming and seasonality as modulators of fish community structure in a small tributary

River damming alters the physical–chemical variables of water and often causes compartmentalisation of aquatic habitats. Seasonality can add complexity to the longitudinal compartmentalisation. The spatial and temporal effects of these two phenomena on the structure of ichthyofauna from a tributary under the influence of damming were evaluated, based on the following hypotheses: (1) transition habitats have the greatest species richness; (2) community similarity decreases with increasing distance between sites; (3) conservation of free‐flowing areas upstream reservoir contributes to the maintenance of migratory species. To evaluate the effects of these two phenomena, twelve monthly fish samples (September/12 to August/13) were performed with gillnets in three sample areas distributed longitudinally in the tributary. Limnological variables were measured in the same sample areas to confirm compartmentalisation. We observed three distinct limnological compartments (lotic, transition and lentic), with increase differentiation during the rainy season. This compartmentalisation influenced fish fauna where localised communities exhibited different compositions among the three sampled habitats. During the rainy season, these differences become pronounced, with transition habitat showing greater species richness than the others. More pronounced differences in species composition and structure in extremes sampling sites were also observed. Migratory fish presented higher proportion of fish composition in lotic habitat. In conclusion, damming and seasonality acted concomitantly as modulators of fish fauna in a tributary influenced by damming. However, compartmentalisation of habitats was the primary driver of ichthyofauna community structure with the rainy season increasing differences in community composition.     

Analysis of the population genetics of the Yangtze finless porpoise population in the Poyang Lake Basin: Insight of conservation recommendations

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Fish assemblage structure in relation to seasonal environmental variation in sub‐lakes of the Poyang Lake floodplain,China

The Yangtze River and its watershed have undergone vast changes resulting from centuries of human impacts, yet ecological knowledge of the system is limited. The seasonal variation and spatial variation of three sub‐lakes of Poyang Lake, a huge wetland in the middle Yangtze Basin, were investigated to examine how fish assemblages respond to seasonal hydrology and associated environmental conditions. In all three sub‐lakes, fish assemblage structure revealed strong variations associated with seasonal water level fluctuation. Fish species richness in all sub‐lakes was highest during the middle of the monsoon season and lowest during the dry season. Fish numerical abundance and biomass varied significantly, with several of the most common species having inconsistent patterns of seasonal variation among sub‐lakes. Fish assemblage structure was significantly associated with environmental gradients defined by water level, aquatic macrophyte coverage, conductivity and dissolved oxygen concentration. Assemblage composition in all three sub‐lakes underwent strongest shifts between December and April, the period when water levels were lowest and fishing has the greatest impact on fish stocks. Future impacts that change the hydrology of the middle Yangtze would alter the dynamics of habitat connectivity and affect environmental conditions and fish assemblages of the Poyang Lake wetland system.     

The role of environmental filtering in the functional structure of fish communities in tropical wetlands

Understanding the mechanisms that structure communities has been a major challenge in ecological theory. In wetlands with a clear seasonal hydroperiod (wet and dry seasons), such as Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve (SKBR), Mexico, fish communities experience successive habitat contraction/expansion, with a high mortality rate during the dry season. In this study, we tested the role of environmental filtering in structuring fish communities along an environmental gradient in permanent pools, during three consecutive stages of the dry season. We analysed fish communities using a functional dispersion index weighted by the relative abundance compared against a null model. While the concentration of dissolved oxygen remained low throughout the season, depth and temperature showed a gradient as the season progressed. Independently of their starting composition, at the end of the dry season the communities were dominated by a combination of the same three species. For the key function of locomotion, the functional dispersion was significantly lower at the end of the season in three of the five pools. For food acquisition, no significant differences were found. When the overall functional variation was considered, at the beginning of the dry season no single community differed significantly compared to the random models. However, as the season progressed, significant differences were recorded in four of the five pools. Our study supports the hypothesis that environmental filters have a major role in community structure in severe environmental conditions. Furthermore, our results show that the role of environmental filters gain importance as the dry season progresses.     

Phosphorus,total ammonia nitrogen and chlorophyll a from fish cages in a tropical lake (Lake Palminhas,Espirito Santo,Brazil)

Cage fish farming in natural and artificial lakes has become increasingly popular in recent years in tropical countries. The most commonly farmed tropical fish species is the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). The aim of this study was to characterize the concentration of phosphorus, total ammonia nitrogen and chlorophyll a from existing fish farms (FF) in Lake Palminhas, located in Linhares/ES, Brazil. Three transects were drawn from 0 to 500 m from each of the four FF (FF1 to FF4) in the lake during six trials (three in the rainy season and three in the dry season). The lake presented a monomictic‐hot pattern, with stratification during the rainy season. Dilution of the monitored parameters did not occur sufficient over a distance of up to 500 m from the FF. The location of the FF in the lake and the input of N and P were critical to ensure optimal mixing conditions because the worst results was observed for the fish farm (FF1) located on a finger of the lake, where the highest concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a occurred. It was also noted that there was possible total phosphorus interference between FF3 and FF4. The results of this study demonstrate that Lake Palminhas had a low dilution power, and these findings may inform environmental assessments of cage fish farming in this region, providing instruments that may support environmental control of cage fish farming.     

Hydrological connectivity in coastal inland systems: lessons from a Neotropical fish metacommunity

de Macedo-Soares PHM, Petry AC, Farjalla VF, Caramaschi EP. Hydrological connectivity in coastal inland systems: lessons from a Neotropical fish metacommunity.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 7–18. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –  We assessed the influence of hydrological connectivity in structuring fish communities through seasonal samplings of environmental variables and fishes in a coastal lagoon and associated pools in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, Brazil. Community structure attributes such as species richness, numerical density and biomass, Shannon–Wiener diversity index and evenness were compared between periods of the lowest and highest hydrological connectivity, while the environmental gradient and fish zonation were explored through ordination techniques. The greater hydrological connectivity established in the rainy season promoted the homogenisation of most environmental variables and fish species, which differed markedly from the arrangement observed in the dry season. Despite variation in fish species composition, community attributes showed non-significant differences between the dry and rainy seasons. The patterns of composition and numerical density in pools were strongly influenced by local factors, especially salinity, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorous concentration and water colour in the dry season, in addition to total nitrogen concentration and depth in the rainy season. Comparable to the role played by flood pulses in river-floodplain systems, the hydrological connectivity in these tropical coastal waterbodies seems to strongly influence fish community structure, and, therefore to determine regional biodiversity.     

Fish abundance and community composition in native and non-native plants following hydrilla colonisation at Lake Izabal, Guatemala

Abstract  Fish community composition was assessed among six macrophyte habitats, including hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle, common native species (bulrush, Scirpus spp., muskgrass, Chara spp., eelgrass, Vallisneria americana Michx. and Illinois pondweed, Potamogeton illinoensis Morong) and no-plants, to assess potential impacts of recent hydrilla colonisation on the littoral fish community at Lake Izabal, Guatemala. Fish biomass was significantly different among habitats, with hydrilla supporting the highest fish biomass. Fish density did not differ significantly among habitats. Total fish species richness was similar (12-15 species) among habitats, but community composition changed with macrophyte presence. Biomass of mojarra, Cichlasoma maculicauda Regan, which supported the most important subsistence fishery at the lake, was significantly different among habitats and had the greatest biomass in the hydrilla habitat. Although hydrilla may adversely affect native plants, lake access and other uses, it provided useful fish habitat and likely was not detrimental to the Lake Izabal fish community composition.