转Bt基因棉田棉铃虫对气候变暖与集约化种植的不对称响应

为明确全球气候变暖及农业集约化对转Bt基因棉田棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera种群发生的影响,通过收集1987—2017年我国山东、河南及河北3省的棉花种植面积、棉铃虫发生面积及年平均温度,采用单因素方差分析法及广义线性模型分析比较转Bt基因棉花推广前后棉田棉铃虫种群的发生程度,分析棉铃虫的为害指数。结果显示,转Bt基因棉花推广前,山东、河南和河北3省的棉铃虫在严重发生年份的为害指数较轻微发生年份均显著增加,分别增加了1.01倍、2.03倍和69.33%;温度距平具有同样的趋势,严重发生年份的温度距平较轻微发生年份分别显著增加了1.91倍、2.33倍和2.29倍。转Bt基因棉花推广后,山东、河南和河北3省的棉铃虫在严重发生年份的为害指数较轻微发生年份仍显著增加,分别增加了1.47倍、1.92倍和1.25倍;温度距平表现出相反的趋势,轻微发生年份的温度距平较严重发生年份分别增加了2.00倍、1.94倍和2.01倍;而河南省和河北省在棉铃虫严重发生年份的棉花种植面积较轻微发生年份分别显著增加了75.94%及38.92%。表明转Bt基因棉花种植后显著改变了棉铃虫对全球气候变暖的响应,气候变暖降低了棉铃虫的为害指数,而棉花集约化种植增加了棉铃虫的为害指数。非转基因棉田的棉铃虫受自然因素的影响,转Bt基因棉田的棉铃虫受自然及人为因素的双重影响。     

棉铃虫和烟青虫初孵幼虫对植物顶尖嫩叶的偏好性差异

棉铃虫和烟青虫是一对除寄主范围以外差异极小的近缘种,目前初孵幼虫取食选择对决定两者寄主谱所起的作用尚不明确。为此,本试验选取16种植物(烟草、番茄、辣椒、茄子、棉花5种是共同寄主;月季、菠菜、甘蓝、大葱4种是非寄主;玉米、大豆、花生、黄瓜、胡萝卜、西芹、黑杨7种是棉铃虫寄主),在培养皿两侧分别放入植物顶尖嫩叶和滤纸对照,在中间放置初孵幼虫进行选择,每隔10min观察记录一次结果,持续24h,2h后选择结果呈稳定趋势。结果表明棉铃虫初孵幼虫取食选择范围广,选择玉米、茄子、烟草、大豆、黄瓜、胡萝卜、菠菜、番茄、棉花、西芹、花生、辣椒、大葱这13种植物,这些植物除菠菜和大葱外均为已报道的棉铃虫寄主植物。而烟青虫初孵幼虫取食选择范围窄,选择甘蓝、大豆、烟草、茄子、西芹、番茄6种植物,其中烟草、茄子和番茄为已报道的烟青虫寄主植物。此外,棉铃虫初孵幼虫在除甘蓝外其他植物上的选择率均高于烟青虫,其具备取食多种植物的能力。两者初孵幼虫取食选择对确定各自寄主谱范围做出了重要贡献,但不能完全限定寄主谱,其仍然具备取食寄主谱以外其他植物的能力。     

新疆棉铃虫严重危害复播大豆

棉铃虫[Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)]是一种世界性农业害虫,食性杂,寄主植物广泛,在新疆主要危害棉花、茄科和豆科蔬菜,但未见其危害复播大豆的报道。2001年作者在进行有害生物普查时,在新疆伊犁州巩留县2个乡场和新源县1个乡场发现棉铃虫危害复播大豆,发生面积达180 hm~2。     

二点委夜蛾对不同植物的产卵和取食选择

采用室内非选择性试验和皿内饲料吸引选择试验测定了二点委夜蛾对不同植物的产卵选择和取食性的差异。结果表明,二点委夜蛾成虫在不同寄主植物上的产卵选择顺序为小麦(麦茬麦苗)大豆棉花玉米;成虫在同一寄主植物上不同部位的产卵率有一定的差异,小麦和玉米下层产卵率高于上层和中层,而大豆和棉花上层产卵率显著高于中、下层。二点委夜蛾初孵幼虫对寄主植物取食选择顺序为:甘薯棉花大豆马齿苋马唐花生玉米小麦,而叶片取食比例由大到小依次为甘薯马唐花生棉花大豆小麦马齿苋玉米。二点委夜蛾对不同寄主植物的产卵选择性显著不同,对寄主植物的产卵选择性和幼虫取食选择性并不一致。     

用曹达农药 夺金色丰收

产品名称适　用　作　物防　治　对　象除打2 5EC十字花科蔬菜菜青虫先捕2 0EC 蔬菜、果树、棉花、玉米、水稻等菜青虫、菜蚜、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、小菜蛾、潜叶蛾、卷叶蛾、食心虫、螟虫、飞虱等凯捕2 0EC 棉花、蔬菜、果树、水稻等棉铃虫、蚜虫、盲蝽蟓、菜青虫、二化螟、三化螟、飞虱、叶蝉等除歼2 5EC棉花、玉米、水稻、蔬菜、柑桔、梨、桃、苹果等甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、甘兰夜蛾、棉铃虫、蚜虫、菜青虫、小菜蛾、螟虫、飞虱、食心虫、卷叶蛾等攻劲2 5EC棉花、水稻、果树、花生、大豆、黄烟等棉铃虫、红铃虫、蚜虫、红蜘蛛、螟虫、…     

气候变化背景下玉米棉铃虫消长动态预测及影响因素研究

采用甘肃省武威市农技中心植保站1999—2008年棉铃虫观测资料及武威市气象局观测站1953—2010年气象资料,利用统计学方法中的作物生长模型、主成分分析方法,建立了棉铃虫种群增长模型和气象预报预测模型,分析了气候变暖特征及对棉铃虫种群增长的影响。结果表明：玉米棉铃虫百株卵量周年增长动态分缓慢增长、快速增长、减速增长三个时期,快速增长期出现在7月下旬末至8月上旬（玉米吐丝期）;建立了棉铃虫卵始见期、卵高峰期、高峰期卵量、高峰期虫量气候预测模型,预测准确率78%～89%,可用于棉铃虫预报业务应用;揭示了气候变化对玉米棉铃虫发生发展的影响：棉铃虫越冬期（12—2月）最低气温每10年增温0.58℃,暖冬利于棉铃虫安全越冬,越冬基数增加,成活率提高;繁殖期（5—9月）≥10℃积温每10年增加133℃。热量条件改善,有利于棉铃虫种群增长加快、繁殖代数增加、危害期延长;气候极端事件发生的不确定性,对棉铃虫的发生发展将起到明显的抑制作用。     

一代棉铃虫与寄主植物的关系

1997年～1998年在江西农业大学农学实验站和江西省彭泽县棉区,采用田间调查和室内饲养观察,研究了一代棉铃虫与寄主植物的关系。结果表明：一代棉铃虫的寄主在我省主要有大豆、棉花、蕃茄、烟草、辣椒等;发育历期以大豆饲养的发育最快,其次为棉花（泗棉三号）,抗虫棉、辣椒、蕃茄饲养的发育慢;其存活率也是以大豆、泗棉三号最高,抗虫棉、辣椒、蕃茄极低;选定的五种寄主植物,一代棉铃虫成虫产卵选择依次为大豆、玉米、棉花、烟草、辣椒;饲养过程中前期用寄主叶片,后期用果实作饲料比全期用叶片饲养,棉铃虫发育快、存活率高。     

美国收到几个新农药登记申请

<正>美国环保署最近公布其收到几个新农药登记申请。这些申请本应在早些时候提交。瑞士安德马特生物农药公司申请了3个病毒农药的登记:苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(NPV)FV11株,用于防治蔬菜、棉花、花生、烟草、水芹和观赏植物上的甘蓝银纹夜蛾(粉纹夜蛾);棉铃虫核型多角体病毒BV-0003株,用于防治蔬菜、棉花、花生和观赏植物上的玉米棉铃虫/烟青虫/棉花螟蛉;甜菜夜蛾核型多角     

鲁西北地区棉铃虫发生情况与防治对策

棉铃虫在鲁西北地区一年发生4代,一代主要在小麦上发生为害,一般每平方米有虫0.1—1.0头,形不成明显的为害,1992年大暴发,一般每平方米有虫10—15头,多的50头以上,小麦受害减产5％左右。二代主要在春棉上,百株累计落卵6000—10000粒,(往年500—700粒),多的达15000粒以上,寄主范围之广,数量之多,为害程度之重,是历史上从未有过的,棉花、玉米、大豆、花生、蔬菜、苹果、枣、梧桐、西瓜等均受为害,棉花顶心受害率86％-95％,有的拔了棉苗改种玉米等其他作物;玉米受害株率95.6％,大豆受害株率92.3％;苹果顶梢受害率90.2％;枣果受害率20％左右,造     

玉米大豆间作对玉米主要病虫害发生及其产量的影响

为明确玉米大豆间作模式对玉米主要病虫害发生及其产量的影响,利用2017—2018年2年的田间小区试验及2019年的大田试验,在作物生长期对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis、东方黏虫Mythimna seperata和玉米大斑病等主要病虫害发生情况进行调查和统计分析,并于收获期对间作作物产量进行测定。结果显示:与单作玉米相比,以被害株率、百株蛀孔数和百株活虫数为指标,玉米大豆间作对1代亚洲玉米螟种群数量和为害程度无显著影响,但能够显著降低2代亚洲玉米螟虫口数量和为害程度;且玉米大豆间作对东方黏虫为害株率和百株活虫数以及玉米大斑病的病情指数均无显著影响。与单作玉米相比,玉米大豆间作模式下玉米百粒重虽然降低,但玉米单位面积产量能够提高9.95%以上。表明玉米大豆间作能够显著降低2代亚洲玉米螟为害,并提高单位面积玉米产量。     

华北棉区棉铃虫对三种杀虫剂的抗性监测

为明确华北棉区棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera田间种群对3种常用杀虫剂的抗性,于2014—2015年和2018—2019年分别采集河南、河北、山东和山西4个省的棉铃虫田间种群,采用浸叶法于室内测定棉铃虫对辛硫磷、三氟氯氰菊酯和甲维盐的抗性水平。结果表明,各监测点棉铃虫对辛硫磷处于中等水平抗性,在2014—2015年和2018—2019年的抗性倍数分别为13.0~58.5倍和21.1~55.3倍,棉铃虫对辛硫磷的抗性发展相对缓慢;各监测点棉铃虫种群对三氟氯氰菊酯已产生中等至高水平抗性,并呈现逐年上升的趋势,其中河北沧县、河南安阳、山西盐湖种群的抗性倍数由2014年的61.0倍、22.5倍和24.0倍上升至2019年的91.1倍、44.7倍和61.3倍,山东夏津种群的抗性最高,2019年抗性倍数达到216.3倍;棉铃虫种群对甲维盐表现为低至中等水平抗性,河北沧县、河南安阳、山西盐湖和山东夏津种群的抗性倍数分别为8.2~40.4倍、5.8~16.6倍、5.5~23.4倍和11.0~36.6倍。表明4个监测地区的棉铃虫田间种群对3种杀虫剂已经产生了不同程度的抗性,建议减少这3种杀虫剂的使用频次,并注意与其他杀虫剂交替轮换使用,以延缓棉铃虫抗药性的发展。     

我国棉铃虫对Bt蛋白Cry1Ac抗性现状及分子机制研究进展

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera是一种全球性的重要农业害虫,主要为害棉花、玉米和大豆等作物。长期种植单价Bt棉花（表达Cry1Ac蛋白）会使棉铃虫田间种群承受单一、持续的选择压力,必然会导致棉铃虫对Cry1Ac的抗性发生演化。该文概述我国棉铃虫田间种群对Cry1Ac的抗性现状、自然庇护所对棉铃虫Cry1Ac抗性演化的延缓作用以及棉铃虫对Cry1Ac抗性的遗传多样性,并对今后我国关于棉铃虫Bt抗性的治理对策进行了展望。     

Effects of petroleum spray oils on oviposition behaviour and larval survival of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

We determined the effects of petroleum spray oil (PSO) (Caltex Canopy®) on oviposition responses of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner adults, and larval survival of the pest moths on cotton and maize plants in the laboratory. Application of 2% (v/v) of the PSO deterred H. armigera oviposition. Increasing the rate from 2 to 5% (v/v) did not significantly reduce the number of eggs laid by H. armigera on the treated plants. In contrast, the minimum rate at which the oil could deter oviposition of O. nubilalis on maize plants was 5% (v/v). Increasing the rate from 5 to 10% (v/v) did not significantly reduce the number of eggs laid per plant. However, a reduction in the rate of the PSO from 5 to 3% (v/v) resulted in a 73.9% increase in oviposition activity on the maize plants. In wind tunnel bioassay tests, all mated H. armigera females tested could detect and settle on plants treated with water but with plants treated with PSO at various times, only 50% of tested females settled on the plants 4?–?5 days after treatment (DAT) and none on the plants 0?–?2 DAT. A solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) test to determine the effect of the PSO on volatiles released by the cotton plants showed that the quantity of volatiles released by the cotton plants treated with PSO was lower than for water treated plants. This indicates that the PSO sprays may be suppressing or masking the leaf surface volatiles of the cotton plants, thereby deterring oviposition of H. armigera. Larval survival data show that PSO sprays can cause direct mortality of first, second and third instar O. nubilalis larvae. PSOs may have the potential to be integrated into pest management programme targeting H. armigera and O. nubilalis on cotton and maize crops, respectively.     

核型多角体病毒与中红侧沟茧蜂对寄主棉铃虫的联合效应

为明确寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator与核型多角体病毒（nucleopolyhedrovirus,NPV）对寄主棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的联合效应,测量中红侧沟茧蜂和NPV单处理及复合处理后棉铃虫幼虫的形态学指标,并统计棉铃虫幼虫死亡率及寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂子代存活率。结果显示,处理3 d和5 d后,中红侧沟茧蜂和NPV单处理及复合处理的棉铃虫幼虫体长、体宽、头壳宽度、体重均显著低于对照,但各处理之间差异不显著。接入浓度为2.5×10⁴ OBs/mL和2.5×10⁶ OBs/mL NPV时,中红侧沟茧蜂和NPV这2种生防因子对棉铃虫均表现为拮抗效应或累加效应。接入浓度为2.5×10⁴ OBs/mL NPV时,先寄生后接毒和先接毒后寄生处理的棉铃虫实际死亡率分别为4.35%和14.26%;接入浓度为2.5×10⁶ OBs/mL NPV时,棉铃虫实际死亡率则分别为31.55%和94.19%,先接毒后寄生处理的棉铃虫实际死亡率均显著高于先寄生后接毒处理的实际死亡率。接入浓度为2.5×10⁶ OBs/mL NPV时,先寄生后接毒和先接毒后寄生处理的寄生蜂子代存活率分别为54.51%和3.71%,前者显著高于后者。表明中红侧沟茧蜂寄生和NPV侵染均能显著抑制棉铃虫的生长发育,但两者联合应用时拮抗效应明显且对寄生蜂子代有影响,同时用于生物防治棉铃虫时应谨慎。     

Sub-lethal influences of different insecticides on oviposition preference of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton in relation to altered plant morphology

We investigated the sub-lethal influences of spinosad, chlorpyriphos, endosulfan, acephate and cypermethrin on the oviposition responses of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) to cotton plants, under cage and laboratory conditions. The rank order of toxicity (LC₅₀ values as a per cent) of test insecticides against third instar larvae using the leaf disc method was: spinosad > chlorpyriphos > endosulfan > acephate > cypermethrin. On whole plants, females laid more eggs on acephate LC₅₀-, acephate LC₃₀- and cypermethrin LC₅₀-treated cotton plants than on the control. The chlorpyriphos-treated plants were least preferred for oviposition. When excised cotton leaves from different treatments were used in a multiple-choice test, cypermethrin LC₅₀- and endosulfan LC₃₀-treated leaves received more eggs than the control. The repeated application of sub-lethal concentrations of different insecticides reduced plant height in the case of acephate LC₃₀ and cypermethrin LC₅₀, while plant spread and upper canopy leaf area were reduced in both treatments of acephate and cypermethrin. Reduced plant spread, upper canopy leaf area followed by plant height were found associated with oviposition preference by H. armigera females.     

棉铃虫ABCA2作为Cry2Ab受体的功能分析

为明确棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera ATP结合盒转运蛋白家族A蛋白亚家族2（ATP binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 2,ABCA2）在Cry2Ab杀虫机制中的作用,利用酵母双杂交技术研究棉铃虫ABCA2与Cry2Ab的结合特性,并利用RNA干涉（dsRNA和siRNA）降低ABCA2在细胞和幼虫中的表达,结合细胞毒理学试验分析ABCA2的功能。结果表明,棉铃虫ABCA2能与Cry2Ab特异性结合;棉铃虫的ABCA2序列与美洲棉铃虫H.zea相关序列的相似度为92.86%,利用dsRNA干涉美洲棉铃虫中肠细胞ABCA2的表达能显著降低Cry2Ab对中肠细胞的毒力;利用siRNA干涉技术降低ABCA2在棉铃虫幼虫活体中的表达也显著降低了Cry2Ab对幼虫的毒力。表明棉铃虫ABCA2不仅是Cry2Ab的特异性结合蛋白,而且参与Cry2Ab的杀虫过程,是Cry2Ab的一个重要功能受体。     

不同功能植物对棉花蚜虫及其捕食性天敌的影响

为明确功能植物对棉花蚜虫及其捕食性天敌的调控作用,通过田间系统调查和室内选择行为反应试验测定4种功能植物对棉花蚜虫及其捕食性天敌种群动态的影响。结果显示,4种功能植物均可涵养多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata、中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica和东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri等捕食性天敌,其中蛇床草Cnidium monnieri上的捕食性天敌总数最多,达821头。蛇床草种植区棉花上多异瓢虫和中华通草蛉的种群数量均显著高于对照区棉花,而棉蚜Aphis gossypii、棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossypii和棉黑蚜Ap.craccivora的种群数量均显著低于对照区棉花;油菜Brassica napus种植区棉花上的中华通草蛉种群数量显著高于对照区棉花,棉长管蚜种群数量则显著低于对照区棉花;薄荷Mentha haplocalyx种植区棉花上的多异瓢虫和中华通草蛉种群数量均显著高于对照区棉花,棉蚜和棉长管蚜种群数量均显著低于对照区棉花;罗勒Ocimum basilicum种植区棉花上的棉长管蚜和棉黑蚜种群数量均显著低于对照区棉花。此外,棉蚜和棉长管蚜种群数量与捕食性天敌总数之间呈显著负相关;蛇床草和罗勒植株的挥发物显著吸引多异瓢虫和中华通草蛉,罗勒和薄荷植株的挥发物显著驱避有翅棉蚜。表明功能植物蛇床草、油菜、薄荷和罗勒可为棉田涵养捕食性天敌,而薄荷和罗勒还能驱避棉花蚜虫,可用于棉田害虫及天敌的生态调控。     

Resistance selection and biochemical characterization of spinosad resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

A Helicoverpa armigera population was collected from Shandong province, China. After 15 generations of selection in the laboratory, the H. armigera strain developed more than 20-fold resistance to spinosad. At LD₅₀ level, no significant cross-resistance was found between spinosad and chlorpyrifos, methomyl, avermectin and chlorfenapyr except for fenvalerate with a low cross-resistance of 2.4-fold. However, LD₉₉ values of fenvalerate against the parental and resistant strains were not different significantly. After inhibitors were used, spinosad resistance could be partially suppressed by piperonylbutoxide (PBO) and triphenylphosphate (TPP), but not by diethylmaleate (DEM). Activities of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase (ODM) developed to 8.26-fold compared with the parental strain, but no obvious changes were found in activities of carboxyl esterase (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The results indicated that resistance to spinosad in the cotton bollworm might be associated with an increase in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase.     

棉铃虫核多角体病毒的生产方法及其在生物防治中的应用

本文是报道棉铃虫Heliothis armigera核多角体病毒(NPV)的生产方法及其在棉田应用的试验研究结果。NPV用棉铃虫幼虫生产。从虫卵接种开始,用人工饲料饲养棉铃虫幼虫,到四龄用病毒感染,六天后收集病死虫,病毒致死率80～85%,单虫含量4～6×10~9PIB。由棉饼粉、粗棉油等配制成诱饵加低剂量西维因作病毒增效剂与NPV混用,显著提高病毒的防治效果。四年田间试验表明,NPV杀虫剂防治棉铃虫的效果相当于或优于常用高效化学农药。1979年开展了大面积飞机微量喷雾PVN杀虫剂的试验,也取得了比较好的防治效果。     

Parasitoid control of the tomato fruitworm,Helicoverpa armigera,in smallholder farmer fields in Senegal

In Africa, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) is a key pest of cotton and vegetable crops, particularly tomato. Alternatives to insecticides to control this pest are needed such as conservation biological control. However, knowledge on the diversity and ecology of naturally occurring enemies of H. armigera is limited. A two-year field survey was conducted in a set of tomato farmer fields in the main vegetable-growing area in Senegal (Niayes) to assess the spatial and seasonal occurrence of indigenous parasitoids of H. armigera, and to evaluate the effect of insecticide use on biological control efficiency. No parasitoid emerged from H. armigera eggs. Incidence of larval parasitoids was generally moderate (20%) but highly variable (0%–100%) among fields, independently of host abundance, and negatively affected by the number of insecticide applications. Larval parasitism was largely dominated by the larval parasitoid Meteorus laphygmarum Brues (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), but a positive correlation was found between specific richness or Shannon diversity index of the parasitoid community and parasitism rate. This study is a first step toward development of research and extension programs for conservation of natural enemies in the framework of integrated management of the tomato fruitworm in Senegal.