杭州郊区菜蚜寄生蜂初步调查

1985～1986年,在杭州东郊系统调查了13块地5种十字花科蔬菜上蚜虫的寄生性天敌和被寄生率。共发现原寄生蜂两种,即菜小脉蚜茧蜂和烟蚜茧蜂,前者寄生于桃蚜和萝卜蚜,后者仅寄生于桃蚜,寄生率大多在0～3％,很少超过10％,在蚜虫数量上升阶段寄生率一般呈下降趋势,只有在蚜虫数量迅速下降阶段才明显上升,故蚜虫数量变化受寄生蜂影响不大。共发现重寄生蜂5种,重寄生率平均约为50％,高时接近100％。表明重寄生蜂在一定程度上影响了蚜茧蜂对蚜虫的控制效能。     

宁夏中宁县麦蚜寄生蜂群落多样性及优势种种群动态

为了解西北干旱区麦田蚜虫寄生蜂的多样性及优势种的种群动态,采用棋盘式五点取样法对宁夏中宁县麦蚜寄生蜂群落组成进行调查与研究,分析其多样性、丰富度、均匀度及优势度指数等指标的变化,应用Gaussian函数对各指标进行拟合,并对寄生蜂优势种的个体发生量进行时间动态描述。结果显示,该地区共调查获得麦蚜寄生蜂标本919份,隶属4总科7科12属21种,其中初寄生蜂11种,重寄生蜂10种。燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius avenae为初寄生蜂优势种,6月2日个体数达到顶峰,6月8日骤降,6月23日趋于平缓;重寄生蜂优势种为蚜虫宽缘金小蜂Pachyneuron aphidis、宽肩阿莎金小蜂Asaphes suspensus和蚜茧蜂长背瘿蜂Alloxysta sp.,前二者个体数均在6月18日达到最大值,6月23日呈下降趋势,后者5月28日上升,6月2日达到顶峰,6月23日缓慢降至最低值。该地区5月初麦蚜初寄生蜂的多样性指数较大,重寄生蜂的多样性指数则在5月中旬开始上升,总群落多样性指数在6月上旬最高;Gaussian函数对寄生蜂群落多样性指数时间动态变化的模型拟合参数表明,复杂农业景观下的寄生蜂物种多样性发生期明显长于简单农业景观。     

不同温度、烟蚜茧蜂寄生密度对僵蚜羽化率、寄生率和重寄生的影响

为明确不同温度、烟蚜茧蜂寄生密度对僵蚜羽化的影响,分别设置5个温度和5个烟蚜茧蜂寄生密度,在云南省弥渡县红花大金元特色烟叶研发基地进行试验.结果表明,在烟蚜茧蜂寄生密度相近时,20℃条件下僵蚜的羽化率最高,羽化率达84.50％;烟蚜茧蜂的死亡率随温度升高而逐渐提高,且重寄生蜂在10～15℃条件下基本不羽化;而在25～3...     

节肢动物共生细菌Hamiltonella的分布、传播、功能及基因组研究

Hamiltonella是节肢动物体内的一种次生共生细菌,目前主要在蚜虫和粉虱体内发现,其有两种传播方式,即随母系生殖垂直传播和在寄主个体间水平传播。在自然界中,Hamiltonella在蚜虫中的侵染率一直维持在中等水平,而在烟粉虱物种复合体中仅感染入侵隐种B和Q。Hamiltonella在寄主体内的功能研究还很匮乏,目前已知的功能主要是与寄主防御反应相关,蚜虫受Hamiltonella侵染后,其抵抗寄生蜂寄生的能力显著增加。直接的生物学性状观察没有发现Hamiltonella对豌豆蚜有不利影响,相反,感染Hamiltonella的豌豆蚜生活力更强。但Hamiltonella在黑豆蚜中表现出对寄主不利的现象。除了影响寄主抗逆能力,Hamiltonella也可以对植物病毒在烟粉虱体内的循环提供保护,从而有利于植物病毒的传播。目前,蚜虫Hamiltonella和烟粉虱Hamiltonella的基因组测序已陆续完成,Hamiltonella基因组信息将为其功能研究提供新的思路与视角。     

堆蜡粉蚧寄生蜂种类鉴别

堆蜡粉蚧Nipaecoccus vastator (Maskell)[=Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead)]是柑橘等果树和园林观赏植物的重要害虫。本文调查了福建省堆蜡粉蚧的寄生蜂资源;整理了世界上寄生堆蜡粉蚧的寄生蜂种类,包括初寄生蜂的跳小蜂科Encyrtidae 8属25种,一次重寄生蜂的跳小蜂科4属13种和蚜小蜂科Aphelinidae 1属1种,二次重寄生蜂的姬小蜂科Eulophidae 1属1种和棒小蜂科Signiphoridae 1属1种。分析了寄生蜂的种群及其与蚧寄主的食物链关系,首次明确堆蜡粉蚧的一次和二次重寄生蜂。同时,厘清了我国已知分布的堆蜡粉蚧寄生蜂8种,提出分种检索表,记述了主要寄生蜂种类的形态特征,并附形态特征照片,其中含1中国新记录种,麦长索跳小蜂Anagyrus mirzai Agarwal et Alam。     

桃蚜基因组DNA提取及SSR反应体系优化和应用

针对蚜虫体型微小,体表有外骨骼等特点对改进的醋酸钾（KAC）法作了优化,优化后的方法可在常温条件下更加简易和有效地提取高质量的单头蚜虫基因组DNA,结果表明,DNA样品的A260/280值普遍在1.6～1.9之间,电泳检测基因组DNA纯度和完整性较好。同时在20 μL的反应体系中将PCR的5个主要成分分别设定10个浓度梯度,研究了适合桃蚜SSR分子标记的优化体系,结果表明,最适宜的优化浓度分别为：1.5 mmol/L Mg2+,0.25 mmol/L dNTP,1.0U Taq酶,40 ng/μL模板DNA,25 ng/μL引物。利用甘肃省酒泉地区马铃薯桃蚜来验证此优化体系,30%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测结果显示,扩增产物大多在100～300 bp,多态性高,且反应体系的稳定性和可重复性好。     

DNA分子检测技术在节肢动物食物网结构解析中的应用

生态系统中节肢动物食物网结构错综复杂，通过观察和解剖等传统手段往往很难精准地获得物种种类及彼此之间食物关系的全面信息。近年来，DNA分子检测技术快速发展，显著促进了节肢动物食物网复杂结构的系统解析，有效实现了食物网结构分析由定性向定量的重要转变。该文介绍DNA分子检测的主要技术及其优缺点，列举其在节肢动物食物网结构分析中的应用实例，讨论DNA分子检测技术在应用中遇到的问题及挑战，旨在为节肢动物食物网结构分析提供科学依据和技术指导，有力推进农田等不同生态系统中节肢动物食物网结构及其生态功能的深入研究和挖掘利用。     

蚜虫内共生菌基因组DNA提取方法的比较和优化

为探究蚜虫共生菌基因组DNA的提取方案,以桃蚜为试验材料,比较了目前较为常用的4种蚜虫基因组DNA提取方法,从DNA纯度、完整性、PCR扩增效率及稳定性等方面进行了比较和评价,并通过调整蛋白酶K用量和水浴温度及时间对STE法进行了优化。结果表明,4种方法提取的蚜虫共生菌基因组DNA均可用于共生菌的PCR扩增检测;CTAB法和SDS法提取的DNA纯度较高,条带较完整,稳定性相对较高,不易降解,而STE法和PCR缓冲液法操作简便,适于快速提取单头蚜虫共生菌的基因组DNA,但纯度相对较低;可根据试验条件和要求进行选择。STE法优化条件为:用30 μL STE缓冲液将蚜虫匀浆,加入1.5 μL 20 mg/mL蛋白酶K,于56 ℃水浴1.5 h;再加入0.1 μL 10 mg/L RNA酶,于37 ℃培养1 h,95 ℃下处理5 min,5 000 r/min离心3 min,将提取到的DNA于-20 ℃保存或直接用于PCR扩增。优化后的STE法可作为提取蚜虫共生菌基因组DNA经济而快捷有效的方法。     

蚜虫共生细菌多重PCR检测体系的建立

蚜虫中具有多种共生菌,使用常规PCR对它们进行检测,耗时耗力,而多重PCR可以更加高效地进行多种细菌的检测。沃尔巴克氏菌Wolbachia pipientis、杀雄菌属共生菌Arsenophonus和蚜虫U型共生菌Regiella insecticola是蚜虫中常见的3种共生菌。本研究针对沃尔巴克氏菌、杀雄菌属共生菌和蚜虫U型共生菌,分别选择以wsp基因、yaeT基因和gltA基因作为靶标,进行了多重PCR引物的设计和扩增体系的优化。结果显示,本研究建立的多重PCR体系在检测3种蚜虫常见共生菌时,具有较高的扩增特异性、准确性和直观性及较高的检测灵敏度,共生菌的最低检测浓度为104拷贝/μL,远低于共生菌在蚜虫1龄若虫总DNA中的浓度(108拷贝/μL),可以完全满足蚜虫共生菌检测工作的需要。     

葡萄根瘤蚜TaqMan-MGB实时荧光定量检测方法的研究

为建立葡萄根瘤蚜实时荧光定量PCR的检测方法,参考Karen Herbert等设计的特异性引物与TaqMan-MGB荧光探针,构建以标准阳性质粒作为标准品制作标准曲线,并经优化反应条件,建立葡萄根瘤蚜的实时荧光PCR绝对定量检测方法,进行敏感性和重复性试验,并对受葡萄根瘤蚜为害的葡萄根际土壤进行初步定性检测.结果表明:该方法的灵敏度可达1.625拷贝/μL,3次重复检测的变异系数均小于5％.提取0.25g含有10头葡萄根瘤蚜若虫土壤的DNA,并将其梯度稀释,用建立的荧光定量PCR进行检测,将DNA稀释103倍后,仍能检测出阳性结果.对受害葡萄根际土壤检测结果为阳性.葡萄根瘤蚜TaqMan-MGB探针实时荧光PCR检测技术具有特异性强,敏感性高,易操作等优点,有很好的应用前景和研究价值.     

银川平原麦蚜寄生蜂群落结构及其时间动态

在实际调查的基础上,研究了银川平原麦蚜寄生蜂群落结构组成。结果表明,银川平原麦蚜寄生蜂群落包括初寄生蜂和重寄生蜂两个亚群落,共22种,隶属4总科,7科13属。其中初寄生蜂12种,重寄生蜂10种。燕麦蚜茧蜂（Aphidius avenae）为优势种。并采用多样性指数（H′）、丰富度(S)、均匀度(E)及优势度(C)等指标对麦蚜寄生蜂的群落动态进行了初步分析。结果表明：5月份前初寄生蜂的多样性指数较大,重寄生蜂的多样性则在5月中旬开始上升,总群落在6月上旬多样性指数最高。     

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂引种研究

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂,于1983年由美国俄克拉何马州引到陕西省泾阳县,可寄生于麦二叉蚜、棉蚜、豆蚜、酸模蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、玉米蚜。1983～1986年在棉田、小麦田、杂草地及植物园温室分别放蜂21307、11508、2933和19562头。1987年调查放蜂结果:棉田棉蚜僵蚜出蜂172头中,未见引进蜂;小麦田禾谷缢管蚜和麦二叉蚜分别出蜂34和314头,各有引进蜂1头;杂草地豆蚜出蜂420头中,有引进蜂6头;在植物园温室扶桑与海桐上僵蚜率分别为49.3％和32.2％,全是引进蜂。对影响茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂在陕西定殖的因素作了讨论。     

Spring aphid-parasitoid (Hom., Aphididae, Hym., Braconidae) associations and interactions in a Mediterranean arable crop ecosystem, including Bt maize

Conspecific and heterospecific associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) were used to determine the interactions between crops forming the main arable crop ecosystem (wheat, alfalfa, isogenic and [Bt Bacillus thuringiensis] transgenic maize) in an irrigated area in Catalonia, Spain. Species composition and instars of parasitized aphids (mummies) were used to detect the parasitoid population movements between the crops and proved interactions (alternation) between the crops, including transgenic maize. Parasitoid interactions were species-dependent, appearing in the movements between alfalfa-wheat-maize in the individual species. Aphidius ervi Hal., A. rhopalosiphi DeSt.-Perez, A. uzbekistanicus Luzh., Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cress.) and Praon volucre (Hal.) were classified as key-stone species in the target agroecosystems in the area. No differences were found in aphid-parasitoid associations on Bt transgenic maize and isogenic maize for aphid species composition and associated parasitoid guild.     

Aphidius colemani Vier. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) detected in cereal fields in Germany

Studies conducted in the 2000 cropping season at two different localities, Flaeming and Magdeburger Boerde in Germany, have provided new information on cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) parasitoids in winter wheat; their species composition, relative abundance, hosts, and location effects. The average aphid population density was higher at Magdeburger Boerde and lower at Flaeming. Among the aphid species, Sitobion avenae was more abundant at Flaeming and Metopolophium dirhodum at Magdeburger Boerde. In total, eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Aphidius colemani Viereck, Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani Perez, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius picipes (Nees), Ephedrus plagiator (Nees), Praon gallicumStarý, and Praon volucre (Haliday). The predominant parasitoid species were Aphidius colemani and Aphidius rhopalosiphi on Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius uzbekistanicus on Sitobion avenae. A low number of hyperparasitoids were also recorded. Aphidius colemani was recorded for the first time in the open winter wheat fields in Germany, although it has been used as a biocontrol agent in glasshouses in many European countries and overseas. An analysis of the aforementioned information shows that Aphidius colemani detected as a parasitoid of cereal aphids in Germany is likely a result of an accidental escape of parasitoids from a glasshouse, as well as their successful overwintering and establishment in the area. This study provides baseline information essential for assessing future changes in aphid parasitoid species guild and dynamics in cereal fields in Germany.     

Aphidius colemani Vier. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) detected in cereal fields in Germany

Studies conducted in the 2000 cropping season at two different localities, Flaeming and Magdeburger Boerde in Germany, have provided new information on cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) parasitoids in winter wheat; their species composition, relative abundance, hosts, and location effects. The average aphid population density was higher at Magdeburger Boerde and lower at Flaeming. Among the aphid species, Sitobion avenae was more abundant at Flaeming and Metopolophium dirhodum at Magdeburger Boerde. In total, eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Aphidius colemani Viereck, Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani Perez, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius picipes (Nees), Ephedrus plagiator (Nees), Praon gallicumStarý, and Praon volucre (Haliday). The predominant parasitoid species were Aphidius colemani and Aphidius rhopalosiphi on Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius uzbekistanicus on Sitobion avenae. A low number of hyperparasitoids were also recorded. Aphidius colemani was recorded for the first time in the open winter wheat fields in Germany, although it has been used as a biocontrol agent in glasshouses in many European countries and overseas. An analysis of the aforementioned information shows that Aphidius colemani detected as a parasitoid of cereal aphids in Germany is likely a result of an accidental escape of parasitoids from a glasshouse, as well as their successful overwintering and establishment in the area. This study provides baseline information essential for assessing future changes in aphid parasitoid species guild and dynamics in cereal fields in Germany.     

铲除田埂杂草带对棉蚜防治效果的影响

通过对新和县1999、2002两年冬季铲除田埂杂草带棉田棉花卷叶率变化情况的观测,研究铲除田埂杂草对棉砾的防治效果。结果表明:苗期、蕾期防治效果可以达到70%～90%,棉花卷叶率下降3.35～16.83倍(P<0.05)。棉蚜越冬和早春迁飞与田埂上的杂草有关可能是这项技术有效的原因。     

金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421对棉蚜、绿盲蝽的田间防效

棉花是我国重要的经济作物, 虫害严重制约了棉花生产, 造成棉农的经济损失。目前, 化学杀虫剂仍是防治棉花虫害的主要手段, 长期使用化学杀虫剂导致棉蚜Aphis gossypii、绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum产生抗药性, 降低防治效果。本研究使用80亿孢子/mL金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421可分散油悬浮剂防治棉蚜、绿盲蝽, 室内生测结果表明, 金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421能有效侵染棉蚜和绿盲蝽, 随着浓度的升高, 对棉蚜和绿盲蝽的毒力增强。〖JP+2〗田间试验结果表明, 该药剂能有效控制棉花主要害虫棉蚜和绿盲蝽。采用1 200 mL/hm2用量, 药后14 d对棉蚜的防效达94.42%; 采用1 350 mL/hm2用量, 药后14 d对绿盲蝽的防效分别达到87.25%(新疆), 91.62%(湖北)。     

Toxicity and sublethal effects of an insecticidal soap on Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

BACKGROUND: The effects of an insecticidal soap on the survival, fitness and behaviour of an aphid parasitoid wasp, Aphidius colemani (Viereck), were studied in the laboratory. The LC(50) (soap concentration causing 50% mortality 24 h after treatment) was determined. The survival of parasitoid larvae (% adult emergence), fitness (tibia length of adults) and number of eggs produced per female parasitoid that survived in third- and fourth-instar aphids treated with insecticidal soap LC(50) were also assessed. The LC(50) for third- and fourth-instar aphids was determined to be 3.25 g L(-1). Acceptance by female parasitoids of aphids that survived their LC(50) was also tested. RESULTS: The soap concentration causing 100% mortality in adult wasps 24 h after treatment was 17.5 g L(-1). The LC(50) was 2.75 g L(-1). Soap did not have any effect on the survival of parasitoid immatures or on the fitness or number of eggs produced per female parasitoid. Wasps that were in contact with treated aphids did not oviposit as much in them as in untreated aphids, indicating that female parasitoids detected aphids treated with insecticidal soap. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that aphid parasitoids released following treatment with insecticidal soap are likely to accept a lower proportion of the surviving aphids. Biological control programmes could be ameliorated by soap applications if the latter were made 1 day before the release of wasps in the greenhouse.     

Gut sugar analysis in field-caught parasitoids: Adapting methods originally developed for biting flies

The ability to determine the presence and identity of sugars in the guts of adult parasitoids in the field would aid researchers in addressing long-standing problems in parasitoid ecology. Until very recently, however, gut sugar analyses have not been carried out on parasitoids. This is despite the development and use of methodologies for gut sugar analyses in biting flies (mosquitoes, sand-flies, black-flies, horse- and deer-flies, and biting midges) for decades. Methods used have been the cold anthrone test for the detection of gut sugars, and various forms of chromatography for the identification of gut sugars. We review the use of these methods in biting fly research and then describe the nascent field of gut sugar analyses in parasitoids. Both cold anthrone and chromatography tests have begun to be used on field-caught parasitoids, and we describe progress from our own work. We used cold anthrone on the aphid parasitoid Aphelinus albipodus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), and results from one field study show that approximately one-fifth of individuals tested were positive for gut sugars. The characteristics of the field site point to the primary source of these gut sugars as being aphid honeydew. We also analysed the gut contents of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of diamondback moth. In this case, HPLC analyses showed that over 85% of field-captured individuals had fed upon sugars. These same analyses suggested that honeydew may have been a major source of the gut sugars in this case also, but the sugar profiles suggest some nectar feeding. Understanding the importance of various sugar sources on parasitoid activity and effectiveness will facilitate the incorporation of sugar sources in habitat manipulation programmes as a part of IPM.