北京市种猪基因组选择育种平台的构建与应用

2006年,北京市建立了种猪遗传评估数据平台。截止到2021年底,平台共收录371.46万头种猪系谱信息,51.23万条达100 kg体重日龄记录,50.90万条达100 kg活体背膘厚记录和45.15万条窝产仔记录。2015年,北京市将常规育种与基因组育种相结合,启动了种猪基因组选择育种平台构建工作,北京市种猪遗传评估进入基因组选择时代。截止到2021年底,平台建立了大白猪基因组选择参考群体,规模达到5 335头;开发基因组遗传评估系统,实现了将复杂的基因组选择计算过程转化为“一键式”操作;利用一步法（ssGBLUP）对9个种猪场的4 631头大白猪进行基因组遗传评估。基因组选择实施后,选择准确性大幅提高。早期选择时,达100 kg体重日龄的育种值准确性由0.56提高至0.66,达100 kg活体背膘厚的基因组育种值准确性由0.56提高至0.70,总产仔数育种值准确性由0.41提高至0.60。终选时,达100 kg体重日龄的育种值准确性由0.69提高至0.79,达100 kg活体背膘厚的基因组育种值准确性由0.72提高至0.80,总产仔数性状育种值准确性由0.41提高至0.61。基因...     

测定站种猪生产性能测定的比对

本文对河北省种畜禽质量监测站2014—2015年的种猪性能测定数据包括30~100 kg平均日增重、30 kg体重日龄、100 kg体重日龄、100 kg体重活体背膘厚、100 kg体重眼肌面积、饲料转化率和抗体监测结果进行了分析。结果表明,同一品种在不同季节生长性能存在差异,如大白和长白品种30 kg体重日龄冬春季明显大于夏秋季(P<0.05),杜洛克品种100 kg体重眼肌面积和测定期饲料转化率冬春季明显大于夏秋季(P<0.05),不同品种种猪生长性能存在差异,如达30 kg体重日龄杜洛克明显高于大白和长白,校正达100 kg体重眼肌面积杜洛克猪>大白种猪>长白猪,且杜洛克猪与大白种猪、长白猪差异显著(P<0.05),测定期饲料转化率,杜洛克猪>长白猪>大白猪,且杜洛克猪与大白猪差异显著(P<0.05)。猪群免疫合格率与死淘率呈负相关等关系,即总体免疫合格率较高的猪群,死淘率也相应较低。     

美国原种猪在粤西地区的繁育实践

湛江农垦是粤西地区首次直接从美国引进新美系杜洛克、大约克、长白种猪的单位,通过近2年的繁育试验,一代种猪初生均重达1.7kg,28日龄断奶均重9.3kg,77日龄转群均重35.5kg,分别比原来提高21.4%(0.3kg)、24%(1.8kg)、31.5%(8.5kg),校正至100kg体重的日龄平均为146d,比原来缩短10多d。该场繁育出来第一代新美系种猪最好指标为:28日龄断奶重最大的个体达16kg、77日龄达50kg,至100kg体重为131日龄。实践证明,新美系种猪在炎热的粤西地区仍然能够发挥其优秀遗传性能。     

影响杜洛克种猪测定成绩的因素及种猪品牌建设探讨

中心测定的种猪生长性能数据可通过统计分析挖掘信息,为实际生产提供方向性参考。对57头杜洛克猪中心测定数据分析发现,校正至100 kg体重日龄与进场日龄有极显著正相关(P0.01),校正至100 kg体重日龄与进场体重呈现显著负相关性(P0.05),校正至100 kg体重日龄与开测日龄呈现极显著正相关(P0.01),校正30~100 kg体重日增重和生长性能指数均与开测日龄呈现显著正相关(P0.05)。开测日龄与进场日龄呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与进场体重呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。不同种猪企业送测的杜洛克种猪,校正至100 kg体重日龄和校正30~100 kg体重日增重的组间差异极显著(P0.01),校正至100 kg体重眼肌面积和测定期料重比也呈现组间显著差异(P0.05)。猪场间杜洛克种猪生长性能指数均值最高相差13.48,相差幅度达到15%;校正至100 kg眼肌面积平均值最高相差3.44 cm2,相差幅度达到10.8%;校正至100 kg日龄最高相差21.17 d。建立种猪品牌应根据客观的测定数据作为主要的指导。     

后各种猪饲养指导

70日龄至初次配种前的种猪称为后备种猪。生产中要求后备种猪在8～10月龄时达到配种体重,8～10月龄瘦肉型后备种猪的配种体重应达到100～120kg左右。 1 后备种猪的饲料     

后备种猪饲养指导

70日龄至初次配种前的种猪称为后备种猪。生产中要求后备种猪在8～10月龄时达到配种体重,8～10月龄瘦肉型后备种猪的配种体重应达到100～120kg左右。     

后各种猪饲养指导

70日龄至初次配种前的种猪称为后备种猪。生产中要求后备种猪在8～10月龄时达到配种体重，8～10月龄瘦肉型后备种猪的配种体重应达到100～120kg左右。 1 后备种猪的饲料     

川乡黑猪生长发育研究进展

采用群体闭锁式核心群选育法,测定川乡黑猪世代种猪生产性能,根据综合指数高低和分子标记辅助选择选留优秀个体。完成了7个世代生产性能测定,旨在研究和提高川乡黑猪的生产性能,为养猪生产提供优秀黑种猪。结果表明：经过0～7世代的选育,其产仔数达10.27头,产活仔数9.58头;G7世代达100 kg体重校正日龄公猪、母猪分别达160.22 d、160.09 d,校正活体背膘厚公猪、母猪分别为9.95 mm、10.89 mm;G7世代肥育性能达100 kg体重日龄、活体校正背膘厚、料重比分别为160.56 d、10.25 mm、2.55。研究结果表明,川乡黑猪经世代选育后,生产性能良好,是一个优秀的黑色种公猪。     

永新加系种猪选育与配套组合的研究报告

经6世代选育,大约克体重达100kg背膘厚为12.7mm,30～100kg平均日增重841g,料重比2.4,体重达100kg的校正日龄为159d,经产母猪窝均产仔数11.4头,窝均产活仔数10.8头;长白体重达100kg的背膘厚为12.5mm,30～100kg的平均日增重为821g,料重比2.4,体重达100kg的校正日龄为161d,经产母猪窝均产仔数10.3头,窝均产活仔数9.9头;杜洛克体重达100kg的背膘厚12.5mm,30～100kg平均日增重844g,料重比2.3,体重达100kg的校正日龄为162d,经产母猪窝均产仔数10.2头,窝均产活仔数8.5头。3个品种胴体瘦肉率在65%以上。加系种猪适应强,在广西高温高湿条件下具有较强优势,其体形好,四肢粗壮,后躯丰满,繁殖力强,生长快,耗料低,健康程度高,肉质好,值得推广。     

丰海种猪生产性能测定与应用报告

本文针对2009年测定指标进行了初步分析,结果表明:大约克仔猪0～28日龄时体重、体长的相对生长速度随着周龄增加逐步变慢;同期相比,体重的相对生长速度要大于体长。育肥猪50～80kg体重阶段日增重较25～50kg及80～100kg两个阶段要大。后备种猪校正达100kg体重日龄、活体背膘厚的大小顺序均为:大约克猪杜洛克猪长白猪。母猪分娩前背膘厚、哺乳期背膘损失与其胎次、繁殖性能存在一定关系。     

杜洛克猪饲料利用效率测定阶段及RFI校正公式研究

为了解决中国猪育种过程中饲料利用效率测定期长、无校正公式等问题，本研究对应用4种不同方法计算的杜洛克猪全期和不同生长阶段的剩余采食量（RFI）进行了Pearson相关性分析，以得到可代表全期RFI的测定阶段，进而缩短测定时间。应用不同体重RFI线性插值与达100 kg真实体重RFI对杜洛克猪达100 kg体重RFI校正公式参数进行拟合求解，以得到杜洛克猪达100 kg体重RFI校正系数。结果显示，4种方法计算的RFI均为105~180 d生长阶段和全期相关性最高，相关系数均在0.92以上，适配回归方程为：全期RFI=0.9786×（105~108 d测定阶段RFI）+0.0002，最高拟合度为0.9734。杜洛克公猪及母猪达100 kg体重RFI校正系数分别为0.0519和0.0179。在此系数下，公猪70~100 kg范围内校正准确性较高，母猪40~100 kg范围内校正均比较准确。本试验结果可直接用于制定育种方案，既可缩短RFI测定的时间，又可为更准确地计算RFI提供参考，为制定优良的育种方案提供有效数据。     

山西白猪高产仔母系育肥性能与胴体品质测定

以马身猪、太湖猪(二花脸类群)和长白猪为育种素材,采用标记辅助选择技术结合群体继代选育法,经7年6个世代育成山西白猪高产仔母系。结果发现,该品系6世代个体186.48日龄体重达100 kg,30~100 kg阶段日增重708.35 g,每千克增重耗料3.14 kg;体重100 kg屠宰,屠宰率为77.00%,胴体瘦肉率为57.93%,眼肌面积为32.20 cm²。山西白猪高产仔母系生长发育快,胴体品质好,是一个优良的专门化品系。     

利用后裔测定验证大白猪基因组选择实施效果研究

旨在通过测定基因组选择选留的大白公猪的后裔生产性能,探究基因组选择实际育种效果。本研究选用913头大白猪构建参考群体,利用ssGBLUP对新出生的823头大白公猪在去势前进行第一次基因组评估,待生产性能测定后进行第二次基因组评估,最终选留10头性能差异显著的公猪留种,比较其后代生长性状表型和育种值及综合选择指数差异。结果表明,两次基因组遗传评估,达100 kg体重日龄、100 kg活体背膘厚和总产仔数3个性状基因组育种值（GEBV）估计准确性分别由0.56、0.67和0.64提高至0.73、0.73和0.67,两次基因组选择基因组母系指数相关系数为0.82,表明在去势前进行公猪基因组选择具有较高的准确性,可实现种猪早期选择。根据各性状GEBV和基因组母系指数,10头公猪被划分为高、低生产性能组,后裔测定成绩表明,两组公猪后代100 kg体重日龄表型均值之差为2.58 d,育种值之差为3.08 d,100 kg活体背膘厚表型均值之差为1.15 mm,育种值之差为1.03 mm,综合母系指数均值之差为9.3,除后代100 kg体重日龄表型均值之差外,其他差异均达到极显著水平。本研究证明,在基因组评估中具有显著差异的公猪其后代在表型值和育种值等方面均存在显著差异,通过基因组选择能够挑选出优秀种公猪,可将其遗传优势传递给后代。     

Using Progeny Testing to Evaluate the Efficiency of Genomic Selection in Large White Pigs

This study aimed to evaluate the actual genetic improvement effect of genomic selection in Large White boars through progeny testing in production performance. Nine hundred and thirteen Large White pigs were used to construct a reference group, and 823 new-born Large White boars were used to implement the first genomic selection through ssGBLUP before castration. The second genomic selection were carried out after performance testing, then 10 boars with significant difference in production performance were selected and their offsprings were compared in phenotypic values, estimated breeding values of growth traits and selection index. The results showed that the accuracies of genomic prediction on age at 100 kg body weight, 100 kg backfat thickness and total number born increased from 0.56, 0.67 and 0.64 in the first genomic selection to 0.73, 0.73 and 0.67 in the second genomic selection, respectively. The correlation coefficient of maternal selection index between the two genomic selection before castration and after performance testing was 0.82, which indicated that the first genomic selection before castration was accurate enough to make early selection on boars. According to the genomic breeding values and maternal selection index of 10 selected boars, two groups with high and low production performance were set up. The progeny testing showed that the difference of average phenotypic value between groups was 2.58 days, and the difference of average evaluated breeding value(EBV) between groups was 3.08 days in age at 100 kg body weight, those were 1.15 mm and 1.03 mm in 100 kg backfat thickness, respectively, and the difference in the mean of the comprehensive maternal index was 9.3, all the differences(except age at 100 kg body weight) were extremely significant. This study prove that the offspring of boars with significant differences in genomic evaluation have significant differences in phenotypic values and breeding values, which indicate that, through genomic selection, excellent breeding boars can be selected and their genetic superiority can be passed to their offsprings.     

中国瘦肉型猪育种目标性状经济权重的测算

为了加快我国瘦肉型猪育种的研究进展,制定出符合我国瘦肉型猪育种现状的经济权重。本研究依据中国杜长大三元杂交猪育种现状,选择了适合中国当前杜长大三元杂交体系的目标性状;以生物经济模型为基础模拟猪的生产流程,计算生产周期各阶段成本和收入;先采用差额法计算目标性状的边际效益,再通过各性状的遗传标准差校正得到各育种目标性状的经济权重。结果表明,目前中国瘦肉型猪育种的繁殖、生长和胴体品质性状主要包括窝产活仔数、母猪断配间隔、饲料转化率、达100 kg体重日龄、达100 kg体重背膘厚。在我国现有生产水平和市场条件下,上述各性状的边际效益分别为：19.52、-1.07、-286.95、-8.41、-13.20元。通过计算不同品种的经济权重,得到杜洛克的饲料转化率、达100 kg体重日龄、达100 kg体重背膘厚相对经济权重分别为：50.42%、34.50%、15.08%;长白和大白群体窝产活仔数、母猪断配间隔、饲料转化率、达100 kg体重日龄、达100 kg体重背膘厚的相对经济权重分别为：16.82%、0.22%、39.56%、31.42%、11.98%和32.77%、0.41%、33.22%、24.43%、9.17%。结果显示,目前,在中国瘦肉型猪育种过程中,饲料利用效率应作为育种的主要目标性状,对于不同品种应选择最适合的性状进行育种。     

仔猪初生重对育肥期生长性状及采食性状的影响

本试验旨在研究杜洛克种公猪初生重对其育肥期生长性状和采食性状的影响。选取230头杜洛克仔猪,按初生重分为高初生重组和低初生重组,在同一饲养标准下饲养至(100±5)kg体重,记录生长性状和采食性状表型数据,用于后续分析。结果表明:高初生重组的30～100 kg日增重、达到100 kg体重时眼肌面积、瘦肉率、体长、体高和管围等生长性状均显著高于低初生重组(P<0.05);而低初生重组的体重达100 kg所用时间显著长于高初生重组(P<0.01);而高初生重组的100 kg体重背膘厚和100 kg体重肌内脂肪含量与低初生重组无显著差异(P>0.05);高、低初生重组的平均日采食量、日采食时间、日采食次数、平均每次采食时间、平均每次采食量和平均采食速率等采食性状无显著差异(P>0.05);低初生重组在30～100 kg的耗料增重比极显著高于高初生重组(P<0.01)。高初生重的杜洛克仔猪相较于低初生重仔猪在育肥期表现出更快的生长速度和更低的耗料增重比,且体尺特征更加优秀。     

日粮中添加藤茶提取物对猪生长性能、血液生化指标、抗氧化活性的影响

为研究日粮中添加藤茶提取物对不同体重阶段猪生长性能、血液生化指标、抗氧化活性的影响,本研究选用平均初始体重为30 kg的三元杂交(杜×长×大)去势公猪90头,随机分成3个处理,分别为对照组(CON组,饲喂基础日粮)、植物精油复合物组(A组,基础日粮中添加0.03%植物精油复合物)和藤茶提取物组(B组,基础日粮中添加0.03%藤茶提取物),根据不同体重阶段(30～50、50～75、75～100 kg及100 kg～出栏)饲喂不同阶段的基础日粮,每次换料前及试验结束时称重采血,分析不同体重阶段添加0.03%藤茶提取物对猪生长性能、血液生化指标、抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:与CON组相比,添加0.03%藤茶提取物显著提高了30～75 kg猪的平均日采食量(ADFI)和平均日增重(ADG)(P<0.05);显著降低了30～50 kg猪血清乳酸(LA)含量(P<0.05);显著提高了50～75 kg猪血液胰岛素(INS)浓度(P<0.05),但对血糖(GLU)浓度无显著影响(P>0.05);显著提高了75～100 kg猪GLU浓度(P<0.05),INS浓度有升高趋势(P>0.05),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量显著降低(P<0.05);各体重阶段血清生长激素(GH)含量均有升高趋势(P>0.05)。B组猪血清总超氧化物岐化酶(T-SOD)活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力、总抗氧化能力(TAOC)在各体重阶段与CON组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与A组相比,添加0.03%藤茶提取物显著提高了30～100 kg猪的ADFI(P<0.05),显著降低了30～50 kg猪血清LA含量(P<0.05),且显著提高了50 kg以上体重阶段猪血清GSH-Px活力(P<0.05)。综合试验结果,添加0.03%藤茶提取物可促进30～75 kg猪生长代谢,在一定程度改善50～100 kg猪的血糖代谢,且添加藤茶提取物效果优于添加等量植物精油复合物。     

Danish investigations concerning body composition of pigs in relation to nutrition,sex and slaughter weight

Several Danish investigations were carried out in order to elucidate the influence of nutrition, sex and slaughter weight on the body composition in pigs. In this paper we discuss whether selection of breeding animals should be based mainly on: (1) per cent meat in the carcass, (2) a combination of per cent meat, daily gain and feed consumption per kg live weight gain, or maybe better, (3) a combination of per cent meat and feed consumption per kg meat produced.Investigations comprising five different energy and protein levels and 1100 pigs slaughtered at live weights varying from 80 to 120 kg showed that both feeding intensity and slaughter weight influenced the carcass composition. Increasing feeding intensity and increasing slaughter weight caused a deterioration in the ratio between meat and subcutaneous fat. The feeding intensity had only little influence on kg meat produced whereas increasing feeding intensity caused an increase in kg subcutaneous fat produced.The females contained more meat than did the male castrates. Besides, the deterioration in carcass composition due to increasing slaughter weight and feeding intensity were lower in the females than in the male castrates. Daily gain increased with increasing feeding intensity. The investigations indicate maximal protein synthesis to take place within the live weight area of 90–100 kg.High correlations were found between the chemical composition of the different anatomical fractions in 90-kg pigs. The empty pigs (live weight minus the content of the digestive tract) weighed on average 80.8 kg, of which 42.0% was dry matter. The dry matter contained 41.1% protein, 51.1% chemical fat, 7.7% ash and 7080 kcal per kg. The meat fraction contained 55% of the protein, 30% of the chemical fat and 38% of the energy in the empty pigs.     

Influence of an experimental infection of Strongyloides ransomi on performance of pigs

Sixty-four pigs (average 21.8 kg live weight) were divided into 16 comparable groups of four, each based on sex and body weight, to study the effects of a single infection of Strongyloides ransomi (either 0, 5,000, 10,000 or 20,000 S. ransomi larvae/kg body weight) on performance during a 91-d trial. Final weight, weight gain and average daily gain of pigs not infected were greater (P less than .01) than those of pigs given either 5,000 or 10,000 S. ransomi larvae/kg body weight, which in turn were greater (P less than .01) than those of pigs given 20,000 S. ransomi larvae/kg body weight. Average daily gain for pigs not infected was 40% greater (P less than .01) than that of pigs given 20,000 S. ransomi larvae/kg body weight. Feed required per unit of weight gain was 44% greater for pigs given 20,000 S. ransomi larvae/kg body weight than for pigs not infected, but this difference was not significantly greater due to extreme variation within the group of infected pigs. In each of two trials, eight crossbred barrows (average 20.0 kg in trial 1 and 22.7 kg body weight in trial 2) were examined for the effects of two levels of S. ransomi infections (0 and 10,000 larvae/kg body weight) on digestion and absorption of nutrients and on N balance. Digestion coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and gross energy for pigs not infected were greater (P less than .05) than for those experimentally infected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

北京鸭繁殖性能的遗传分析

采用动物模型和MTDFREML软件计算北京鸭繁殖性能性状的遗传参数、育种值和母体效应，结果表明：（1）北京鸭产蛋量的变异较大。（2）北京鸭产蛋量的遗传力主要由加性效应决定，母本效应的作用较小。（3）要综合选择北京鸭的体重、蛋重和产蛋量，以便达到三者共同提高的目的。（4）对北京鸭进行产蛋量的早期选择时，应剔除开产阶段的产蛋记录，选择才较为准确。（5）北京鸭产蛋量有上升趋势，蛋重和体重有下降趋势。