有机肥处理对小麦根系生长、活力和磷吸收的影响

通过温室砂培、室内分析，研究了有机肥、无机肥和有机无机配合对小麦根系活力、根系酸性磷酶活性、根尖呼吸作用、根系ATP酶活性，以及磷的吸收动力学参数的影响。结果表明，有机与无机肥配合施用，增加了小麦根系的活力。单施有机肥在培养初期能显著提高根系活力，培养时间增长，效果明显下降，而有机无机肥配施处理能较长时间保持根系有较高的活力。有机无机肥配合，使小麦磷吸收动力学参数发生变化，有机肥和有机无机肥配合处理使Imax增加，Km减小。结果说明，有机肥除提供小麦营养外，对其根系活力、生理代谢和吸收能力都有影响，从而直接促进了小麦对磷的吸收。     

不同磷水平对紫花苜蓿产量和品质的影响

不同磷水平对苜蓿产量和品质的影响研究表明，在苜蓿充分供应氮、钾等其它营养的情况下，施用磷肥能显著增加植株生长高度和侧枝数，增加植株生长高度8．2～10．1cm，增加植株侧枝数0．9～1．8个／株；能大幅度提高苜蓿鲜草产量，增产30．8％～70．2％；对反映苜蓿品质的各营养成分含量影响不明显，但能增加单位面积牧草营养成分总产量；增施磷肥不仅可以显著增加苜蓿对磷的吸收，而且能不同程度地促进苜蓿对钾和钙的吸收；本试验条件下的经济最佳施磷(P2O5)量为102．4k／11m^2。     

低磷胁迫下小麦根系反应的基因型差异

本研究采用液培、根际原位显色和离子耗竭技术等方法,探索了小麦不同基因型根际对磷酸三钙的溶解作用,根际分泌酸性磷酸酯酶,根际氧化还原活力以及吸磷动力学的差异。结果表明,磷高效基因型不仅根系发达,而且溶解磷酸三钙的能力、酸性磷酸酯酶的分泌量和活性,对还原态甲烯蓝的氧化作用,对TTC的还原作用和吸磷动力系参数中的Imax等都显著优于磷低效基因型。有机碳分泌量高,对钙的吸收速度快也是磷高效基因型的重要特性。     

有机肥对小麦根系生长及根系衰老进程的影响

采用土柱栽培与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了有机肥对小麦根系生长及根系衰老进程的影响。结果表明,有机肥可促进小麦根系的生长和根系在深层土壤中的分布,使小麦根系的总鲜重和深层土壤根系鲜重明显增加;提高不同土层、特别是深层土壤中根系的活力,使小麦生长后期保持较高的根系吸收养分的能力。有机肥可促进根系对氮、磷、钾的吸收和向子粒中的转移,使氮、磷、钾在子粒中的分配量增加;而且能抑制根系的膜脂过氧化作用,使不同土层小麦根系SOD活性提高、MDA含量降低,从而延缓了根系的衰老。     

不同磷水平对紫花苜蓿产量和品质的影响

不同磷水平对苜蓿产量和品质的影响研究表明 ,在苜蓿充分供应氮、钾等其它营养的情况下 ,施用磷肥能显著增加植株生长高度和侧枝数 ,增加植株生长高度 8 2～ 10 1cm ,增加植株侧枝数 0 9～ 1 8个/株 ;能大幅度提高苜蓿鲜草产量 ,增产 30 8%～ 70 2 % ;对反映苜蓿品质的各营养成分含量影响不明显 ,但能增加单位面积牧草营养成分总产量 ;增施磷肥不仅可以显著增加苜蓿对磷的吸收 ,而且能不同程度地促进苜蓿对钾和钙的吸收 ;本试验条件下的经济最佳施磷 (P2 O5)量为 10 2 4kg/hm2 。     

根系局部施P对小麦苗期生长的影响

研究了不同P营养基因型小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)“81(85)5-3-3-3”和“NC37”在苗期对根系局部供P(0.1mmol/L)后的反应。结果表明,只有3cm根段处于完全营养液(LHL)中的小麦植株不能正常生长,其干物质量分别为全部根系处于完全营养液(HHH)中的小麦植株的54.0%和49.6%。但给绝大部分根系供P,只有3cm根段处于缺P营养液(HLH)中的小麦植株的干物质量、株高、叶面积、根长、根轴长和侧根数等均明显高于全部根系处于完全营养液处理,此时的植株含P量正常。这表明小麦根系接受局部缺P刺激后,加速了小麦苗期的生长发育;缺P信号和常量P信号的刺激具有协同作用,体内不缺P小麦植株可以接受缺P信号并产生正效应。不同基因型小麦对局 部施P的反应有一定差异。     

多效唑对小麦幼苗根系形成和活力的影响

50～200ppm MET处理,抑制小麦幼苗根系的垂直生长,促进根系发生,增加根冠比,增强根系活力,但不影响单株根系干重。进一步研究表明,MET降低过氧化物酶活性,促进同化物向根系运输,从而促进幼苗根系的形成。     

小麦代换系幼苗根系对低磷胁迫的生理响应暗示的染色体效应

【目的】 以 CS (Chinese Spring,中国春) -Synthetic 6x 代换系为材料,研究小麦代换系幼苗根系对低磷胁迫的生理响应,并对相关性状进行染色体定位,为小麦耐低磷基因型的遗传改良提供理论依据。 【方法】 将母本中国春、父本 Synthetic 6x 以及代换系种子放于培养皿,于光照培养箱中培养 5 d,选择长势一致的健壮幼苗去掉胚乳,移入 Hoagland 营养液 (pH = 6.0)中培养。两叶一心时进行处理,设置正常供磷为对照 (磷浓度为2 mmol/L) 和低磷胁迫 (磷浓度为 20 μmol/L) 两个处理,四叶一心时对不同磷处理下代换系幼苗的根冠比、根系活力、酸性磷酸酶 (APase) 和核糖核酸酶 (RNase) 活性等生理指标进行测定。 【结果】 低磷胁迫下,小麦代换系苗期根冠比显著升高,APase 和 RNase 活性增强,根系活力降低;与母本中国春相比,4A、4B、6B、1D、2D 和 7D 代换系根冠比和相对根冠比显著或极显著升高,1A、2A、3A、5A、3B、7B、2D、3D、5D 和 7D 代换系的根系活力和相对根系活力显著或极显著增高,4A、1D 和 4D 代换系根系的酸性磷酸酶活性及相对磷酸酶活性均显著或极显著升高,2A、6B、4D 代换系根系的 RNase 活性和相对 RNase 活性显著或极显著增高。 【结论】 低磷胁迫下,Synthetic 6x 的 4A、4B、6B、2D 和 7D 染色体上可能存在诱导根冠比升高的基因;1A、2A、3A、5A、3B,7B、2D、3D、5D 和 7D 染色体上可能存在诱导根系活力增强的基因;4A、1D 和 4D 染色体上可能存在诱导根系酸性磷酸酶活性增强的基因;2A、6B 和 4D 染色体上可能存在诱导根系 RNase 活性增强的基因。即 Synthetic 6x 的第四染色体 (4A、4B、4D) 上可能存在调控根系相关特性的关键基因。      

不同磷形态对两种磷效率小麦根系指标与根际特征差异的影响

磷高效基因型小麦的筛选,对于高效合理地利用生物有效性低的土壤磷源有着极其重要的意义.本文以典型的磷高效型小麦小偃54和磷低效型小麦京411为研究对象,采用石英砂砾培养的方式种植40d,通过测定小麦的生物量、含磷量、根系形态、根系酸化能力和酸性磷酸酶活性,探索了两种磷效率小麦根系形态和生理特征对两种不同无机磷源磷酸铁(FePO4)和有机磷源植酸钠(Na-Phytate)的响应.结果表明:施用FePO4时,与京411相比磷高效型小麦小偃54表现出根长显著伸长、pH值显著降低和根系吸收质子显著减少的适应性反应,根系生物量和根冠比显著低于京411,小偃54的根系生物量仅为京411的83％,并且在此施肥条件下,两种小麦的地上生物量低于无磷处理.小偃54的磷高效性在施用Na-Phytate时可以得到体现.施用Na-Phytate会导致小偃54的根长伸长、根尖数增加与单位根鲜重酸性磷酸酶的分泌量增加.两种小麦苗龄为40d时对Na-Phytate的利用效率显著高于FePO4,其表现为小偃54在Na-Phytate处理下的地上生物量和含磷量为FePO4处理的148％和336％,京411的地上生物量和含磷量为FePO4处理的146％和391％.FePO4与Na-Phytate混施时两种小麦的生物量和含磷量并未比单施Na-Phytate高,由上述结果可知两种小麦对介质中不同磷源的利用机制不同.     

灌溉和施磷对紫花苜蓿土壤水分动态及根重的影响

采用完全随机裂区设计,常规灌溉量(330mm),节水20%灌溉量(264mm)和节水40%灌溉量(198mm)作为主处理,施磷量(0,60,120和180kg/hm²)作为副处理,研究了不同灌溉量和施磷量对紫花苜蓿土壤贮水量、耗水强度、水分利用效率和根重的影响。结果表明,土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿耗水强度和根重随灌溉量增加而增加,水分利用效率随灌溉量增加而降低。施磷对紫花苜蓿土壤贮水量和耗水强度影响不明显。紫花苜蓿水分利用效率和深度0-40cm根重随施磷量的增加表现为先增加后降低,当施磷量达到120kg/hm²时,紫花苜蓿水分利用效率﹝26.50kg/(mm·hm²)﹞和全生育期平均根重(1 320.78g/m²)达到最大值。     

地下滴灌埋管深度对冬小麦根冠生长及水分利用效率的影响

在试验室内，进行了地下滴灌埋管深度对不同生育时期冬小麦根系生长和地上部分生长影响的试验研究。结果表明：20 cm和40 cm埋管深度的水分分布特征，在生育早期抑制地上部分营养生长，促进冬小麦蹲苗；而中后期则促进生殖生长，产量和水分利用效率较高。不考虑犁底层影响时，在重壤土上40 cm是冬小麦进行地下滴灌的较好埋深。     

灌溉和施磷对紫花苜蓿干草产量及营养成分的影响

采用完全随机裂区设计,灌溉[常规灌溉（330 mm）、节水20%灌溉（264 mm）和节水40%灌溉（198 mm）]作为主处理,施磷（0,60,120,180 kg/hm²）作为副处理,研究不同灌溉量和施磷量对紫花苜蓿干草产量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维和粗灰分的影响。结果表明,紫花苜蓿干草产量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量随灌溉量增加而增加,粗纤维含量随灌溉量增加而降低;紫花苜蓿干草产量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量随施磷量增加先增加后降低,粗纤维含量随施磷量增加先降低后增加。当施磷量达到60 kg/hm²时,种植第3年的紫花苜蓿粗蛋白含量（23.87%）和粗脂肪含量（2.48%）均达到最大值;当施磷量达到120 kg/hm²时,种植第3年的紫花苜蓿干草产量（19 114 kg/hm²）达到最大值。     

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application from Swine Manure on Winter Wheat Growth and Nutrient Utilization

Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of swine manure application on wheat growth and nutrient uptake. Manure was added to soil on a nitrogen (N) basis at 325 kg plant-available nitrogen (PAN) ha^?1 (experiment 1) and on a phosphorus (P) basis at 50 kg P ha^?1, while maintaining a rate of 325 kg PAN ha^?1 through ammonium sulfate addition (experiment 2). Manure treatments increased overall wheat growth by 29% (P < 0.005) compared to the negative control (NC) and increased plant tissue N mass 48% (P < 0.001) and P mass 61% (P < 0.002) (experiment 1). Fertilizer control tended to increase (P < 0.10) wheat growth and increased total vegetative tissue N mass by 23% (P < 0.006) and potassium mass by 20% (P < 0.002) compared to manure treatments. Manure treatments increased wheat growth by 23% (P < 0.03) compared to the NC at the first harvest (experiment 2).     

Effects of Molybdenum and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Cold Resistance in Winter Wheat

A pot trial with acid yellow-brown soil was conducted to investigate the effects of molybdenum (Mo) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on cold resistances of winter wheat. Molybdenum was applied at two rates (0 and 0.15 mg Mo kg^?1 soil) and P at four rates [0, 100, 200, and 300 mg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) kg^?1 soil] in experiment 1. Both Mo and P fertilizers were applied at two rates (0 and 0.15 mg Mo kg^?1 soil; 0, 150 mg P₂O₅ kg^?1 soil) in experiment 2. Seed yield, soluble sugar, water-soluble protein, ascorbic acid (AsA), malondialdehyde (MDA), and abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations were studied. The results indicated that Mo and P fertilizer increased seed yield, soluble sugar, water-soluble protein, and AsA but decreased the MDA. It implied that appropriate Mo applied with P application had beneficial effects on increasing seed yield and enhancing the cold resistance ability through changing biological substances concentration in winter wheat.     

氮磷配施对苹果幼苗生长、土壤无机磷形态和磷素利用的影响

以矮化苹果砧木M9T337幼苗为试材,设置4个氮水平(N 0,150,300,450 mg/kg,分别以N0、N1、N2、N3表示)和2个磷水平(P2 O5100,200 mg/kg,分别以P1、P2表示),研究了氮磷配施对苹果砧木幼苗生长、土壤无机磷形态转化和磷素吸收利用的影响,以期为果园磷肥高效利用提供参考依据.结...     

Differential Growth Performance of 15 Wheat Genotypes for Grain Yield and Phosphorus Uptake on a Low Phosphorus Soil Without and With Applied Phosphorus Fertilizer

ABSTRACT

Two field experiments were conducted to compare 15 wheat genotypes at two phosphorus (P) levels (zero-P control or low P level—without application of P fertilizer on soil with 8 mg extractable P kg^?1, and adequate P level—with P fertilizer applied at 52 kg P ha^?1) for yield, P uptake, and P utilization efficiency (P efficiency ratio—PER, P harvest index—PHI, and P physiological efficiency index—PPEI). On the average of two experiments, substantial and significant differences were observed among wheat genotypes for both grain and straw yields at both P levels. Grain yields ranged from 2636 to 4455 kg ha^?1 in the zero-P control, and from 2915 to 4753 kg ha^?1 at adequate P level. Genotype 5039 produced the maximum grain yield, while 6529-11 had the minimum grain yield at both P levels. Relative reduction in grain yield due to P deficiency stress (PSF) ranged from none to 32%, indicating differential P requirements of genotypes. Genotypes 4943, Pasban 90, Inqlab 91, PB 85, Lu 26s, 4770, Chakwal 86, 4072, 6544-6, and 5039 had little or no response to P application. Phosphorus responsive genotypes included FSD 83, Kohinoor 83, Parvaz-94, Pak 81, and 6529-11. A non-significant correlation (r = ?0.466, P > 0.05) between grain and PSF in zero-P control treatment also indicated the least effect of P deficiency on some wheat genotypes. A wide range of PPEI (270–380 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed in grain + straw at control P level, and 210–330 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed in grain + straw at adequate P level) indicated differential utilization of absorbed P by the genotypes for grain production. This indicated that wheat genotypes differed considerably in their P requirement for growth and responsiveness to P application. The findings also suggested that PPEI was a better parameter for measuring P efficiency than other parameters, and can be used for selecting P efficient genotypes, because it relates to the internal concentration of a nutrient and genetic makeup of plant. It is concluded that genotypes having ability to produce relatively high grain yield, good command to tune P within plant and high PPEI are suited to low P soil conditions. Genotypes 4072, Inqlab 91, 4943, Pak 81 and 5039 were P efficient and had above mentioned abilities, while genotypes FSD 83, 6544-6, and 6529-11 were P inefficient. It should be noted that traits related to P efficiency are inheritable and can be used to improve P use efficiency of a genotype through back cross breeding programs.     

冬小麦根系生长规律及土壤环境条件对其影响的研究

通过两年田间实测取样和盆栽试验对冬小麦根系的生长发育与在土壤中的分布规律以及环境条件如肥、水、耕作措施对根系生长发育的影响进行了研究，并建立了根系生长及其在土壤上分布的数学模型。     

Effect of Foliar Application of Phosphorus on Winter Wheat Grain Yield,Phosphorus Uptake,and Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT

One would expect foliar applied phosphorus (P) to have higher use efficiencies than when applied to the soil, but limited information is available concerning this. Experiments were conducted in 2002, 2003, and 2004 to determine the effect of foliar applications of P on winter wheat grain yields, P uptake, and use efficiency. Twelve treatments containing varying foliar P rates (0, 1, 2, and 4 kg ha^{? 1} in 2002 and 2003 and additional 8, 12, 16, and 20 kg ha^{? 1} in 2004) with and without pre-plant rates of 30 kg ha^{? 1} were evaluated. Foliar applications of P at Feekes 7 generally increased grain yields and P uptake versus no foliar P. Use efficiency was higher when P was applied at Feekes 10.54. Results from this study suggested that low rates of foliar applied P might correct mid-season P deficiency in winter wheat, and that might result in higher P use efficiencies.     

Effects of the Incorporation of Phosphorus and Iron into Arsenic-Spiked Artificial Soils on Root Growth of Lettuce using Response Surface Methodology

We investigated effects of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) on root elongation (RE) of lettuce in arsenic (As)–spiked soils using response surface methodology (RSM). To stabilize interactions between As and Fe in a soil preparation, the sequential incorporation method using Fe and P (SIM_Fe-P) was applied. From a phytotoxicity assay, As in roots (As_root) was negatively associated with RE, Fe in soils, and P in roots and soils. The P in roots was also positively related to RE. In a model study, As and interaction factor between P and Fe showed negative coefficients but others showed positive ones. From a confirmation study, RE on exposure to As was verified to be much greater in soils treated by SIM_Fe-P than in soils separately treated with both elements. These results indicated that application of SIM_Fe-P to As-contaminated soils might be expected to have an advantage during the early stage of plant root growth.