北太平洋柔鱼资源现状及其前景分析

柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartrami)的分布范围很广,在太平洋分布于10°～50°N和20°～40°S之间、在大西洋分布的纬度范围与太平洋相似、在印度洋分布于该洋西部10°N～30°S之间,以北太平洋的数量最多,栖息海域的水温为10～24°C。柔鱼栖息于表层至1500m的水层,它具有季节性洄游和垂直洄游习性,在摄食季节,往往在夜里游至表层摄食,并具有较强的趋光习性,有利于灯光诱钓作业。     

水生动物洄游分布研究方法综述

水生动物洄游分布是水生生物学研究的主要内容,目的是掌握水生动物洄游分布规律及其与水域环境之间的关系,以制定有效的资源保护和管理策略。标记技术监测、物种分布模型预测、生物体组织微量元素与稳定同位素分析推测是此类研究的主要方法,已被广泛应用于气候变化背景下水生动物洄游分布的研究。上述3种方法包括多种技术手段、模型以及分析测试内容,但现有研究报道缺乏对各种监测或预测方法的系统梳理,也鲜有各方法彼此之间的交叉或组合研究。本文从标记技术、物种分布模型、生物体组织微量元素与稳定同位素分析3个层面综述了水生动物洄游分布研究方法的特点及进展,同时,依据文献统计计量数据,明确了相关方法的实际应用情况。研究表明,3种方法是水生动物洄游分布研究的有效工具,现有研究注重每种方法内部之间的比较与改进,后续研究应加强3种方法彼此之间的交叉与组合研究。此外,对于渔业资源生物,渔获量统计分析法也可作为获得其洄游分布规律及适宜环境因子范围的研究方法。     

西北印度洋中尺度涡对鸢乌贼时空分布的影响

鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)是具有重要经济价值的头足类之一, 在西北印度洋海域蕴藏有丰富的资源量, 该海域受季风的影响中尺度涡分布广泛, 但对栖息于该海域鸢乌贼的影响尚不清晰。本研究基于角动量涡旋检测与追踪算法获得的涡旋追踪数据集匹配渔业数据, 统计了西北印度洋中尺度涡的时空分布, 分析了不同类型涡旋和鸢乌贼资源丰度和分布的关系, 并结合广义加性模型解析了中尺度涡基本特征量与鸢乌贼资源分布之间的关联。结果表明, 西北印度洋中尺度涡发生的高频海域在北部区域, 且存在明显的月间和年际变化。振幅、相对涡度大的中尺度涡内更容易聚集高的鸢乌贼资源丰度。气旋涡内部区域和外围区域的鸢乌贼资源丰度均优于反气旋涡, 且这种差异于涡旋内部区域更加明显。研究表明, 西北印度洋中尺度涡会影响鸢乌贼的资源分布, 需要进一步结合环境因子探究其影响机制。     

基于最大熵模型模拟西北太平洋柔鱼潜在栖息地分布

为模拟西北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)潜在栖息地分布,分析柔鱼渔场时空变化和环境变化规律。利用2011—2015年中国鱿钓船在西北太平洋海域获得的柔鱼渔业生产数据,结合该海域海洋环境遥感数据,包括海表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST)、叶绿素a (Chlorophyll-a, Chl a)浓度、净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP)、混合层深度(mixed layer depth, MLD)及海平面异常(sea level anomaly, SLA),采用最大熵模型对柔鱼潜在栖息地进行模拟,并利用ArcGIS软件对栖息地适宜性进行评价。结果显示,7月柔鱼最适宜区主要分布在39°N～43°N, 150°E～163°E。8月柔鱼最适宜区向东移动,较适宜区向北扩张至46°N。9月柔鱼最适宜区和较适宜区面积向西缩小,主要集中在40°N～46°N, 150°E～160°E。10月最适宜区和较适宜区向南移动,主要分布在40°N～45°N,150°E～165°E。各月影响柔鱼潜在分布的重要环境因子有所差异,7—8月为SST,9月为MLD和SST,10月为NPP和SST。研究表明西北太平洋柔鱼分布受海洋环境因子的影响,时空变化明显,最大熵模型对西北太平洋柔鱼潜在栖息地分布的模拟精度非常高。     

山东半岛东南部海域星康吉鳗资源密度时空分布及其与环境因子之间关系

为了解山东半岛东南部海域星康吉鳗资源密度时空变化及其与环境因子之间的关系,实验根据2016年10月和2017年1月、5月、8月山东半岛东南部海域4个航次底拖网调查数据,利用广义可加模型(GAM)分析了星康吉鳗资源密度时空分布特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果发现,星康吉鳗资源密度及分布具有明显的季节变化。春季,山东近海星康吉鳗资源密度为66.38 kg/h,夏季资源密度达到一年中最大值,为87.31 kg/h,秋季资源密度为79.01 kg/h,冬季资源密度大幅度降低,仅为10.44 kg/h。GAM模型结果显示,水深和海水底层温度对星康吉鳗资源分布影响最大。春季,星康吉鳗资源密度与水深、底温呈正相关关系,其分布范围较广,主要分布在海州湾中部海域(35°N沿线分布最多);夏季,其空间分布受水深影响,主要集中分布在水深20～30 m的山东半岛南部近岸海域;秋季,水深、底温、饵料生物量与星康吉鳗资源密度呈正相关,此时星康吉鳗分布较分散。冬季,星康吉鳗资源密度与水深呈正相关,此时主要分布在受黄海暖流影响的海州湾北部海域以及123.5°E～124°E海域。研究表明,星康吉鳗资源分布与其洄游习性和海域水温等水文特征的季节性变动有关,其分布特征在春季、冬季分别受青岛冷水团与黄海暖流影响显著。本研究有助于了解山东近海星康吉鳗群体的生活习性,为其资源的养护和管理提供依据。     

基于组合物种分布模型的海州湾矛尾虾虎鱼空间分布特征及其影响因素研究

物种的空间分布能够反映个体在空间上的相互关系, 是物种与环境长期适应和选择的结果, 对物种的生长

发育和资源利用等都具有显著影响。本研究基于2013—2022 年春季和秋季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调

查数据, 构建了10 种单一物种分布模型(species distribution model, SDM), 结合真实技巧统计值(true skill statistic,

TSS)和受试者工作特征曲线下面积值(area under ROCcurve, AUC)筛选预测精度和准确性较优的模型作为基础模型,

并通过加权的方法分别构建不同季节的组合物种分布模型(ensemble species distribution model, ESDM), 以解析矛

尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)的空间分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明, ESDM 能够有效降低单一模型预测

的不确定性, 提高模型预测的精度, 更加准确地解析海州湾矛尾虾虎鱼的空间分布特征。2013—2022 年春季, 矛尾

虾虎鱼集中分布于海州湾西部近岸和南部海域, 东部和中北部海域分布较少, 分布重心的经度和纬度偏移范围大

约为1°; 秋季主要分布于海州湾西南部海域, 分布重心呈辐射状小幅度移动。本研究发现, 与矛尾虾虎鱼空间分布

存在显著相关的影响因子为水深、饵料丰度、底层水温和底层盐度, 其中饵料丰度是春季最重要的影响因子, 水深

是秋季最重要的影响因子。本研究在区域尺度上解析了海州湾矛尾虾虎鱼的空间分布特征及其分布重心的变化,

并探讨了影响因子重要性的季节差异, 可为海州湾矛尾虾虎鱼资源的可持续利用提供参考依据。     

季风变化对西北印度洋鸢乌贼渔业生物学及渔场学影响的研究进展

西北印度洋海域是世界著名的季风区, 在季风的控制下形成了季节性季风洋流, 洋流的运动改变了水体中各环境因子的分布, 进而对海域中栖息的各种海洋生物造成影响。鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)是一种短生命周期的经济头足类, 在西北印度洋海域资源量巨大, 是中国鱿钓渔业目前重要的开发对象。本文从生长与繁殖特性、种群划分及对环境适应性等方面介绍了西北印度洋鸢乌贼的渔业生物学特性, 分析了西北印度洋季风洋流与渔场的形成机理, 描述了西北印度洋的季风气候特点, 指出了印度洋偶极子对水体中环境因子的影响, 综合归纳了季风变化及异常气候对西北印度洋鸢乌贼生长、繁殖、洄游及资源分布的影响。此外, 还分析了当前研究的不足, 提出了利用耳石、角质颚等硬组织蕴藏的微化学和微结构信息, 深入开展季风变化及异常气候对鸢乌贼渔业生物学及渔场学影响的机制研究的展望, 为后续深入研究季风变化与鸢乌贼生长特性、洄游路线和资源分布的关系探明了方向。     

南朝鲜远洋金枪鱼围网渔业的现状

金枪鱼渔业和虾类渔业一样，是世界性重要的渔业。金枪鱼(蓝金枪、副金枪、长鳍金枪、黄鳍金枪鱼等)是大洋洄游性鱼类，广泛分布于太平洋、印度洋、大西洋，其中以太平洋的产量为最高(约占70％)，其次是大西洋和印度洋。     

有益微生物(EM)在绿海龟稚龟培育中的应用

绿海龟(Cheloniamydas),英文名称为greenseaturtle,分类学上属爬行纲、龟鳖目、海龟科、海龟属,主要分布在太平洋、大西洋等海域。近年来,绿海龟的天然资源日渐减少,绿海龟已被列入《国际濒危动植物贸易公约(CITES)》附录1和《国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)》红皮书,也是我国重点保护     

夏季渤海中部表层沉积物重金属空间分布及污染评价

为了解渤海中部海域沉积物中重金属的污染状况,于2013年8月采集了渤海中部海域34个站点的表层沉积物,检测了Pb、Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn和As 6种重金属的含量,分析了Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn 4种重金属的空间分布特征,采用污染指数法和潜在生态风险评价法对其表层沉积物重金属污染状况进行评价。结果显示,渤海中部海域表层沉积物重金属含量较低,符合海洋沉积物质量(GB 18668-2002)Ⅰ类标准的要求。表层沉积物重金属的空间分布总体呈现由近岸向中心海域降低的趋势。Cu、Zn和Pb含量空间变化趋势比较明显,靠近渤海湾海域重金属含量高,离岸距离越远,重金属含量逐渐降低。Cd含量在靠近黄河入海海域最高,呈现自高值区向东西两边海域减小的趋势。各个站位的重金属单因子污染程度较轻,单因子污染系数均值大小顺序为PbCuZnAsCdHg;重金属综合污染指数都小于5,表现为低污染水平。除1号站位的Hg单因子潜在生态风险系数为54.44之外,其他站位表层沉积物Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的单因子潜在生态风险系数Eir小于40,范围为0.39～38.80,风险程度由高到低依次为Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu和Zn;其综合潜在生态风险系数小于150,范围为16.39～79.57。其中,1号站位综合潜在生态风险系数最高达到79.57。研究表明,此海域属于低潜在生态风险水平,风险指数高值区出现在唐山大清河口海域。     

气候变化情景下洞庭湖流域鸟类栖息地适宜性分布研究

鸟类对生态系统变化较为敏感,是衡量生态环境质量变化的一种重要指示生物。气候变化已成为栖息地丧失的重要原因之一,对鸟类的迁徙、繁殖有一定的影响。本文以洞庭湖流域为研究区域,结合收集到的382个鸟类出现点数据、遥感影像数据、气候变化数据等,基于Maxent模型方法,综合分析洞庭湖流域鸟类分布的驱动气候因素,并预测2050年气候不同情景下鸟类栖息地适宜性分布特征。结果显示：历史情景下洞庭湖流域鸟类的适宜性栖息地为多个集中分布区组成的带状区域,而在未来情景下栖息地由以前的带状分布逐渐演变为团状分布。2050年RCP 2.6、RCP 4.5排放情景下,适宜栖息地面积有所下降,占研究区域总面积的比例从历史情景的 9.43%分别降低到 9.26%、8.91%;而在RCP 8.5排放情景下面积增加,占研究区域总面积的比例增加至10.22%。但从栖息地适宜性分布而言,栖息地分布变得更加集中,未来情景下鸟类栖息地适宜性在三种排放情景下略高于历史情景,适宜性RCR8.5情景（33.12%）> RCR2.6情景（32.87%）> RCR4.5情景（32.74%）> 历史情景（31.33%）。本研究为气候变化条件下鸟类生物多样性保护提供重要的理论支撑。     

European small pelagic fish distribution under global change scenarios

The spectre of increasing impacts on exploited fish stocks in consequence of warmer climate conditions has become a major concern over the last decades. It is now imperative to improve the way we project the effects of future climate warming on fisheries. While estimating future climate‐induced changes in fish distribution is an important contribution to sustainable resource management, the impacts on European small pelagic fish—representing over 50% of the landings in the Mediterranean and Black Sea between 2000 and 2013—are yet largely understudied. Here, we investigated potential changes in the spatial distribution of seven of the most harvested small pelagic fish species in Europe under several climate change scenarios over the 21st century. For each species, we considered eight Species Distribution Models (SDMs), five General Circulation Models (GCMs) and three emission scenarios (the IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways; RCPs). Under all scenarios, our results revealed that the environmental suitability for most of the seven species may strongly decrease in the Mediterranean and western North Sea while increasing in the Black and Baltic Seas. This potential northward range expansion of species is supported by a strong convergence among projections and a low variability between RCPs. Under the most pessimistic scenario (RCP8.5), climate‐related local extinctions were expected in the south‐eastern Mediterranean basin. Our results highlight that a multi‐SDM, multi‐GCM, multi‐RCP approach is needed to produce more robust ecological scenarios of changes in exploited fish stocks in order to better anticipate the economic and social consequences of global climate change.     

Relative Exposure Index: an important factor in sea turtle nesting distribution

• 1. The threatened status of many sea turtle populations and their vulnerability to coastal development and predicted climate change emphasize the importance of understanding the role of environmental factors in their distribution and ecological processes. The factors driving the distribution of sea turtle nesting sites at a broad spatial scale is poorly understood.
• 2. In light of the lack of understanding about physical factors that drive the distribution of turtle nesting, the relationship between nesting site distribution and the exposure of coastal areas to wind and wind‐generated waves was analysed. To achieve this, a Relative Exposure Index (REI) was developed for an extensive area in north‐eastern Australia and values of the index for nesting sites of five different sea turtle species and randomly selected non‐nesting sites were compared.
• 3. Although there are differences between species, the results show that sea turtles nest in areas of higher REI values suggesting that wind exposure is related to the spatial distribution of sea turtle nesting sites, and it may also influence nest site selection in female turtles and/or the dispersal of hatchlings towards oceanic currents.
• 4. The combination of these results with further research on other driving environmental factors, like oceanic currents, has the potential to allow for the identification and prediction of future nesting sites, for which conservation and management may become essential. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Potential impacts of projected sea‐level rise on sea turtle rookeries

• 1. Projected sea‐level rise (SLR) is expected to cause shoreline erosion, saline intrusion into the water table and inundation and flooding of beaches and coastal areas. Areas most vulnerable to these physical impacts include small, tropical low‐lying islands, which are often key habitat for threatened and endemic species, such as sea turtles.
• 2. Successful conservation of threatened species relies upon the ability of managers to understand current threats and to quantify and mitigate future threats to these species. This study investigated how sea‐level rise might affect key rookeries (nesting grounds) (n=8) for the northern Great Barrier Reef (nGBR) green turtle population, the largest green turtle population in the world.
• 3. 3‐D elevation models were developed and applied to three SLR scenarios projected by the IPCC 2007 and an additional scenario that incorporates ice melting. Results indicate that up to 38% of available nesting area across all the rookeries may be inundated as a result of SLR.
• 4. Flooding, as a result of higher wave run‐up during storms, will increase egg mortality at these rookeries affecting the overall reproductive success of the nGBR green turtle population. Information provided will aid managers to prioritize conservation efforts and to use realistic measures to mitigate potential SLR threats to the nGBR green turtle population. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Ensemble forecasting of Corbicula fluminea worldwide distribution: Projections of the impact of climate change

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气候变化对长江口鱼类资源密度分布的重塑作用

本研究以2012-2013年长江口鱼类资源密度分布为基础,通过动态生物气候分室模型(DBEM)预估了不同气候变化情景下(IPCC,RCP2.6、RCP6.0和RCP8.5)长江口鱼类资源密度增量分布的变化.在RCP2.6、RCP6.0和RCP8.5这3种气候变化情景下,鱼类资源密度增量、底层鱼类资源密度增量随着时间推移均呈递增趋势,且递增程度和增量重心分布范围随着温室气体排放的增加而扩大(RCP8.5＞RCP6.0＞RCP2.6).鱼类资源密度增量重心主要分布在长江口崇明岛沿岸水域,长江口外侧水域资源密度增量相对较低,并且资源密度增量重心有向南迁移的趋势.     

Applications and future challenges in marine species distribution modeling

• 1. Anthropogenic climate change affects both phenology and distribution patterns of the world's biota including marine species. During the last decade, species distribution models have been more frequently used to assess the potential distributions of species and possible effects of climate change. However, unlike for terrestrial species, there have been few investigations assessing climate change effects on distribution patterns of marine organisms.
• 2. An overview of marine species distribution modelling is given. Possibilities of how to characterize and project the environmental niches of species onto climatic change scenarios are highlighted and novel techniques for addressing specific needs in a 3‐D context are proposed. A detailed introduction into different modelling tools and databases for environmental parameters given provides a starting point for the application of these models.
• 3. Application of a species distribution model and its projections onto a glacial and future scenario on a global scale are presented for the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) for illustrative purposes. An approach for addressing marine migratory species with seasonal distribution patterns is presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Climate change projections of commercial fish distribution and suitable habitat around north western Europe

Under future climate change, modification of temperature and salinity are expected to result in distribution shifts of marine organisms, including commercial fish and shellfish. Changes are anticipated everywhere, including in the seas of many important fishing nations. Species turnover will in turn result in both opportunities and threats to fishing industries. To determine the impacts for northwest European shelf fisheries, we project changes for 49 commercially important fish and shellfish species using an ensemble of five ecological niche models and three different downscaled climate change projections. The habitat suitability and latitudinal shifts projected from the recent past (1997–2016) to two futures (2030–2050; 2050–2070) were calculated for waters around the United Kingdom. Of the species examined, around half were projected to have consistently more suitable habitat in the future, including European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Moronidae), sardine (Sardina pilchardus, Alosidae) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus, Engraulidae). Conversely, it is suggested that UK waters will become less suitable for species including Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae) and saithe (Pollachius virens, Gadidae). Our comprehensive approach using a number of models and climate change scenarios shows that while there are differences in the magnitude of change between models, and while some models perform better for certain species compared with others, overall, the general trends in habitat suitability and abundance are robust across models and climate scenarios. This emphasises the value in using more than one modelling technique with different climate scenarios (i.e., an ensemble approach) to capture the uncertainty or agreement around climate change projections.     

Trophic history of Hawaiian green turtles as revealed by stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N and δ34S) in the bones of museum specimens

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Variations in body condition of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in two nearby foraging grounds indicate their sensitivity to foraging habitats

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