畜牧场清洁消毒操作中存在问题分析及改进方法

畜牧场的清洁与消毒操作是畜牧场生物安全的最重要内容之一。无论是集约化养殖场,还是庭院养殖户、养殖小区．能否将清洁与消毒程序执行到位已成为养殖成败的关键因素。但由于养殖企业管理者对生物安全认识的程度、知识水平的差异、传统观念的影响．清洁消毒过程往往不自然地处于“流于形式”的状态．只是一种心理安慰,当疫情暴发的时候,往往难究其因,束手无策。本文对当前畜牧场清洁消毒操作中常见的问题做一简要概述分析。并提出初步的改进方法．供业内同行参考。     

Baited vaccines: A strategy to mitigate rodent‐borne viral zoonoses in humans

Rodents serve as the natural reservoir and vector for a variety of pathogens, some of which are responsible for severe and life‐threatening disease in humans. Despite the significant impact in humans many of these viruses, including Old and New World hantaviruses as well as Arenaviruses, most have no specific vaccine or therapeutic to treat or prevent human infection. The recent success of wildlife vaccines to mitigate rabies in animal populations offers interesting insight into the use of similar strategies for other zoonotic agents of human disease. In this review, we discuss the notion of using baited vaccines as a means to interrupt the transmission of viral pathogens between rodent reservoirs and to susceptible human hosts.     

Hygiene practices to prevent the spread of equine influenza by humans

This paper describes a protocol for hygiene practices that was devised by a practice in which all veterinarians were involved on a daily basis in visiting infected premises, including sampling, treatment of clinical cases and general veterinary work. This protocol was strictly followed when attending an infected or at risk property.     

做好犬传染病防治的综合措施

犬传染病对养犬业造成严重危害,引起大批犬死亡,致使养犬场及养犬人士蒙受巨大的经济损失和情感伤害.如今国内犬的饲养数量和密度正在不断增加,犬的流通变得更为频繁,但犬的免疫情况却参差不齐,尤其是犬在流通时隔离和检疫措施不够彻底,造成部分犬传染病的发生与流行.     

养禽场预防传染病发生的几项措施

随着集约化养鸡业的迅速发展,特别是规模化养鸡场的大量兴起,近几年来我国各地鸡病的发生和流行,尤其是一些新的鸡病的发生,给养鸡业造成了不同程度的经济损失,其疾病发生的主要原因在于一般的养鸡场管理混乱,饲养人员素质不高、责任心不强,又缺乏技术人员的指导,从而没有严格和认真做好平时的预防工作.     

夏季防止鸡热应激综合征的技术措施

鸡最适宜的环境温度为16～22℃,在这个温度范围内才能发挥其最佳的生产性能。当环境温度高于28℃时,鸡就会发生热应激综合征,丘脑下部采食中枢部分就会受到抑制,新陈代谢和正常的生理功能发生紊乱,从而导致采食量减少,生长发育和饲料转化率降低。蛋鸡表现产蛋量下降,蛋形变小,蛋壳变薄,破蛋增多,种蛋的受精率和孵化率降低;肉鸡表现增重缓慢,骨胳肌蛋白合成率降低,脂肪利用减少,腹脂量增加,屠体品质下降。鸡热应激综合征除鸡生产性能下降外,还表现两翅张开,张口呼吸,呼吸加快,卧地,吃食减少,粪便稀薄。当环境温度超过38℃时,鸡就可能发生心血…     

浅谈定点屠宰厂的卫生消毒措施

定点屠宰厂（点）是肉品生产的主要场所，由于屠宰的猪来源广泛，健康状况复杂，带菌猪和患病猪难免不进入屠宰加工过程而引起场所、肉品污染。因此，屠宰加工厂（点）的消毒工作是保证肉品卫生质量、防止人畜共患病扩散的重要环节，具有极为重要的公共卫生意义。但是由于条件及工作人员素质等问题，长期存在甚至造成疫情扩散，为此提出屠宰厂卫生消毒意见，供同行参考。     

Potential of zoonotic transmission of non-primate foamy viruses to humans

The zoonotic introduction of an animal pathogen into the human population and the subsequent extension or alteration of its host range leading to the successful maintenance of the corresponding pathogen by human-to-human transmission pose a serious risk for world-wide health care. Such a scenario occurred for instance by the introduction of simian immunodeficiency viruses into the human population resulting in the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and the subsequent AIDS pandemic or the proposed recent host range switch of the SARS coronavirus from a presently unknown animal species to humans. The occurrence of zoonotic transmissions of animal viruses to humans is a permanent threat to human health and is even increased by changes in the human lifestyle. In this review, the potential of the zoonotic transmission of bovine, feline and equine foamy retroviruses will be discussed in the light of well-documented cases of zoonotic transmissions of different simian foamy viruses to humans.     

Environmental and food hygiene aspects of cestode infections of humans]

Cysticercus bovis s. inermis, the larvae phase of Taenia saginata is still widely spread. Many reasons are at the origin thereof, e.g. incomplete destruction of the eggs of Taenia saginata during the waste water purification process and differing meat inspection practises. In an area with the same environmental and animal breeding and fattening conditions a yearly average of 6.49% infestation is found in one slaughterhouse, whilst the yearly average in a neighbouring slaughterhouse is 0.93%. The masseter muscles are the main site of infestation. The meat inspection legislation contributes to the infestation with tape-worms in man because of the weakening of the official inspection procedures.     

防止鸡群免疫失败的三大技术措施

免疫是预防和控制鸡传染病的重要手段,几乎所有鸡群都需采取免疫接种.然而在实际生产中鸡群免疫接种后.仍不能抵抗相应疾病的流行,旧病复发,新病迭出,造成免疫失败.要想避免鸡群免疫失败.就必须针对引起鸡群免疫失败的原冈,只有考虑到每一个影响环节,做好每一个细节工作,才能真正保证鸡群免疫接种的效果,避免因免疫失败而造成的经济损失.具体而言,就是要做好制定科学的免疫程序、执行正确的免疫方法和加强综合性防治措施三个方面的技术措施.     

Studies of the transmission routes of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and immunoprophylaxis to prevent infection in young meat turkeys

The importance and prevention of the horizontal as well as the vertical transmission of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale were investigated. In our first experiment we observed that specific-pathogen-free broiler chickens that were placed in hatching incubators at a commercial turkey hatchery during hatch showed respiratory tract lesions at postmortem examination that were positive for O. rhinotracheale by bacteriology and immunohistology. It appeared that vertical transmission occurred and that horizontal transmission of O. rhinotracheale is possible. In a second experiment, the turkeys derived from vaccinated parents showed significantly fewer respiratory tract lesions at postmortem examination at 16 days of age than the birds derived from nonvaccinated parents. In a third experiment, all vaccinated young birds, regardless of the vaccination state of their parents, showed significantly fewer respiratory tract lesions at 6 wk of age. We concluded that vaccination of the breeders reduces vertical transmission and that vaccination of the progeny is needed to resist challenge at 6 wk of age.     

Changing dietary habits in a changing world: emerging drivers for the transmission of foodborne parasitic zoonoses

Changing eating habits, population growth and movements, global trade of foodstuff, changes in food production systems, climate change, increased awareness and better diagnostic tools are some of the main drivers affecting the emergence or re-emergence of many foodborne parasitic diseases in recent years. In particular, the increasing demand for exotic and raw food is one of the reasons why reports of foodborne infections, and especially waterborne parasitosis, have increased in the last years. Moreover increasing global demand for protein of animal origin has led to certain farming practices (e.g. aquaculture) increasing in emerging or developing countries, where health monitoring may not be sufficiently implemented. Therefore, high quality epidemiological data are needed which together with biological, economic, social and cultural variables should be taken into account when setting control programs for these increasingly popular production systems in emerging economies. This review focuses on the dietary, social, economic and environmental changes that may cause an increase in human exposure to foodborne parasites. Some examples illustrating these new epidemiological dynamics of transmission foodborne parasitic disease are presented.     

Incidence and vertical transmission rate of Neospora caninum in sheep

The infection by Neospora caninum in sheep can lead to abortion and the birth of weak and debilitated lambs. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of natural infection by Neospora caninum and the vertical transmission rate among sheep. A flock of 50 sheep was monitored for serum antibody titres against N. caninum and seroconversion over a period of six months using an indirect ELISA technique. The offspring of the herd was also investigated regarding anti-N. caninum antibodies to determine the vertical transmission rate through the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The initial and final prevalences of infection by N. caninum were 26.0% (13/50) and 72.0% (36/50), respectively, and the incidence of infection by N. caninum in the present study was 62.2% (23/37). The vertical transmission rate found was 15.4% (2/13). A high incidence of infection by N. caninum in sheep was observed, and this is the first report assessing the incidence of N. caninum among naturally infected sheep.     

鸡大肠杆菌病难控制的原因及防治措施

一 鸡大肠杆菌病难控制的主要原因 1 抗菌药物的不正确使用 用户往往把使用药物当作控制大肠杆菌的主要手段。但药敏试验普及率低,用药盲目性大,且在实际生产中有时用药不合理,如随意加大剂量,或低剂量长时间使用．投药途径不当、不注意轮换用药,     

Successful measures to prevent the spread of bovine papular stomatitis in a dairy farm

Nasal papules and oral ulcers were observed in calves that were group-housed at a dairy farm. The calves were diagnosed with bovine papular stomatitis (BPS) due to parapoxvirus (PPV) infection based on virologic examinations using polymerase chain reaction to detect PPV. To prevent the spread of BPS, we isolated the affected calves, made procedural changes so that the affected herd was managed after the healthy herd, disinfected the bedding with slaked lime, disinfected the stalls and fences with invert soap, and changed the animals’ feed to soft grass which does not damage the oral cavity. As a result, we succeeded in control the infection quickly.     

Cost-effectiveness of measures to prevent classical swine fever introduction into The Netherlands

Recent history has demonstrated that classical swine fever (CSF) epidemics can incur high economic losses, especially for exporting countries that have densely populated pig areas and apply a strategy of non-vaccination, such as The Netherlands. Introduction of CSF virus (CSFV) remains a continuing threat to the pig production sector in The Netherlands. Reducing the annual probability of CSFV introduction (P_CSFV) by preventive measures is therefore of utmost importance. The choice of preventive measures depends not only on the achieved reduction of the annual P_CSFV, but also on the expenditures required for implementing these measures. The objective of this study was to explore the cost-effectiveness of tactical measures aimed at the prevention of CSFV introduction into The Netherlands. For this purpose for each measure (i) model calculations were performed with a scenario tree model for CSFV introduction and (ii) its annual cost was estimated. The cost-effectiveness was then determined as the reduction of the annual P_CSFV achieved by each preventive measure (ΔP) divided by the annual cost of implementing that measure (ΔC). The measures analysed reduce the P_CSFV caused by import or export of pigs. Results showed that separation of national and international transport of pigs is the most cost-effective measure, especially when risk aversion is assumed. Although testing piglets and breeding pigs by a quick and reliable PCR also had a high cost-effectiveness ratio, this measure is not attractive due to the high cost per pig imported. Besides, implementing such a measure is not allowed under current EU law, as it is trade restrictive.     

Role of pet dogs and cats in the transmission of helminthic zoonoses in Europe, with a focus on echinococcosis and toxocarosis

The close emotional tie between people and companion animals is a beneficial relation known as the human-animal bond. However, pet dogs and cats can play an important role in the transmission of helminthic zoonotic agents such as the tapeworms Echinococcus and the roundworms Toxocara which are directly transmitted from pets to the human environment without the involvement of vectors or intermediate hosts. In humans, echinococcosis has emerged in Europe and toxocarosis is still persisting in large endemic areas despite the availability of highly efficient anthelminthics for dogs and cats. Ecological changes significantly contributed to these trends: the high wild fox populations and the high density of freely roaming dogs and cats maintain a permanent infection pressure of these and other parasites. Further, the establishment of urban recreational environments closer to natural ecological systems boosted vole populations that represent urban reservoirs for zoonotic helminths. A good understanding of the parasites’ biology and epidemiology including the transmission to humans is required for planning and implementing effective prevention strategies. The continuous education of veterinarians and the information of the pet owners by providing uniform recommendations are of priority importance. A close collaboration between veterinary and public health professionals in a ‘One Health’ concept is required.